People v. Chavez CA4/2

Filed 6/5/15 P. v. Chavez CA4/2
NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN OFFICIAL REPORTS
California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for
publication or ordered published, except as specified by rule 8.1115(b). This opinion has not been certified for publication
or ordered published for purposes of rule 8.1115.
IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA
FOURTH APPELLATE DISTRICT
DIVISION TWO
THE PEOPLE,
Plaintiff and Appellant, E061357
v. (Super.Ct.No. CJR1400419)
AVE CHAVEZ, OPINION
Defendant and Respondent.
APPEAL from the Superior Court of San Bernardino County. James Robert
Gericke, Temporary Judge. (Pursuant to Cal. Const., art. VI, § 21.) Order reversed.
Michael A. Ramos, District Attorney, Eric M. Ferguson, Deputy District Attorney,
for Plaintiff and Appellant.
Correen Ferrentino, under appointment by the Court of Appeal, for Defendant and
Respondent.
During a hearing on a petition to revoke the community supervision on which
defendant, Ave Chavez, had been placed, a hearing officer (Pen. Code, § 3455, subd.
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(a))1 in the trial court concluded that defendant’s supervision was subject to early
termination under the provisions of section 3456 and terminated that supervision and
discharged defendant from it. The People appeal, contending this was error. We agree
and reverse the order.
FACTS, ISSUES AND DISCUSSION
Defendant pled nolo contendere to transporting methamphetamine (Health & Saf.
Code, § 11379, subd. (a)) and possessing methamphetamine for sale (Health & Saf. Code,
§ 11378) and he admitted having suffered six prior convictions for which he served
prison terms. An agreed-to sentence of 10 years was imposed, but suspended, and he was
granted felony probation. About a year later, following a revocation of his probation, he
was sentenced to prison for four years.2 He was released from prison on April 8, 2013
and placed on Community Supervision, which was set to terminate on April 8, 2016. On
April 4, 2014, his probation officer filed a petition to revoke his community supervision
and remand him, recommending that defendant serve 180 days and be reinstated on
community supervision. In the petition, the probation officer stated that defendant had
violated two of the terms of his community supervision by, in June, 2013, using another
person’s credit card to pay $761.24 of his own bills and by not cooperating with his
1 All further statutory references are to the Penal Code unless otherwise indicated.
2 This is what the petition states. However, the original abstract of judgment
states that a 10-year term was imposed, even though it accounts for only 9 of those 10
years, and the amended abstract shows a total term of 9 years being imposed.
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probation officer in a plan of rehabilitation and following all the latter’s reasonable
directives. The petition also stated that defendant had served two prior flash
incarcerations—one, for five days, beginning on October 16, 2013, and another, for ten
days, beginning on December 31, 2013, from which defendant was released on January 9,
2014.
At the April 17, 2014 hearing on the petition, the probation officer stated that
defendant had signed waivers for both flash incarcerations, and the officer had a copy of
the one that was signed as to the first flash incarceration. That copy is not part of the
record before this court. Defendant asserted that more than a year had elapsed since he
had been released on community supervision and, according to the terms of section 3456,
he was entitled to early termination of that supervision. The People argued that
defendant’s flash incarceration that ended on January 9, 2014 rendered defendant
ineligible for early termination. Section 3456 provides, in pertinent part, “(a) The county
agency responsible for [community] supervision . . . shall maintain [said] supervision
over a person under [said] supervision . . . until one of the following events occurs: [¶]
(1) The person has been subject to . . . supervision . . . for three years at which time the
offender shall be immediately discharged from . . . supervision. [¶] Any person
on . . . supervision for six consecutive months with no violations of his or her conditions
of . . . supervision that result in a custodial sanction may be considered for immediate
discharge by the supervising county. [¶] (3) The person who has been on . . . supervision
continuously for one year with no violation of his or her conditions of . . . supervision
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that result in a custodial sanction shall be discharged from supervision within 30 days.
[¶] (4) Jurisdiction over the person has been terminated by operation of law.” (§ 3456,
subd. (a), italics added.)
The hearing officer ruled that a flash incarceration was not a custodial sanction
within the meaning of section 3456 because “in the course of it” defendant had not been
properly advised of his right to contest the allegation that he had violated the terms of his
community supervision and because defendants are usually in custody when they execute
waivers concerning their violation of the terms, they act without advice of counsel. The
hearing officer further concluded that in order for a flash incarceration to be considered a
custodial sanction, a hearing officer or other magistrate must make a determination that a
violation of the condition of community supervision has occurred. The hearing officer
ruled that more than a year had elapsed since defendant was released on community
supervision, during which defendant had not suffered a custodial sanction, therefore
defendant’s community supervision had terminated and defendant was discharged from
it.
However, we conclude that a flash incarceration is a custodial sanction within the
meaning of section 3456. Section 3454, subdivision (b) categorizes a flash incarceration
as an “immediate, structured, and intermediate sanction” that is “encouraged as one
method of punishment for violations of an offender’s condition of . . . supervision.”
Subdivision (c) goes on to explain, concerning flash incarcerations, “[s]horter, but if
necessary more frequent, periods of detention for violations of an
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offender’s . . . supervision conditions shall appropriately punish an offender while
preventing the disruption in a work or home establishment that typically arises from
longer term revocations.” Section 3450, subdivision (b)(8) describes such intermediate
sanctions as “[c]ommunity-based punishment” and “correctional sanctions.” Section
3455 provides that if the intermediate sanctions provided in section 3454, subdivision (b),
which include flash incarcerations, are not appropriate, the supervising agency may
petition the court to revoke, modify or terminate community supervision. Upon a finding
that the defendant violated the condition(s) of supervision, the revocation hearing officer
may, inter alia, return him or her to community supervision with modifications of the
conditions, including a period of incarceration in county jail, or revoke and terminate
community supervision and order him or her to be confined in the county jail.
Subdivision (d) of section 3455 refers to these jail confinements as “custodial
sanction[s].” Post-modification and post-revocation jail confinement serve the same
purpose as flash incarcerations, therefore, there is no reason to consider the latter
anything other than a custodial sanction. Certainly, there can be no doubt that a flash
incarceration, like a post-modification or post-revocation incarceration, is a punishment
and a sanction for a violation of the conditions of community supervision.
Defendant contends that community supervision can be likened to probation,
therefore, like probation, the decision to terminate it falls within the discretion of the
hearing officer, which is subject to the abuse of discretion standard. However, the
provision upon which the hearing officer relied, i.e., section 3456, invests the hearing
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officer with no discretion whatsoever. It merely provides that if a defendant has survived
a year after community supervision began without suffering a custodial sanction, that
defendant is entitled to have his or her community supervision terminated early, i.e,
before the customary three-year term. Ignoring the confines of the hearing officer’s
ruling,3 defendant cites no authority and provides no persuasive argument for us to ignore
the clear dictates of section 3456, and simply view an early termination of community
supervision as akin to the modification and/or termination of probation, the latter of
which is subject to the trial court’s discretionary powers.
Defendant points to section 1203.2, which he asserts “‘incorporate[s] the
procedural due process protections held to apply to probation revocation procedures
under Morrissey v. Brewer (1972) 408 U.S. 471 [(Morrissey)],[4] and People v. Vickers
(1972) 8 Cal.3d 451 [(Vickers)], and their progeny’ . . . (see 2012 Cal. Legis.Serv. Ch. 43
(S.B. 1023) § 2, subd. (b).)” to the decision to revoke, terminate or modify community
supervision. However, section 1203.2 provides, in pertinent part, “At any time during the
period of supervision of a person . . . subject to revocation of . . . community supervision
pursuant to Section 3455 . . . if any probation officer . . . has probable cause to believe
3We presume that defendant is, sub silentio, invoking the rule of “right ruling,
wrong reason.” (See People v. Campbell (1994) 23 Cal.App.4th 1488, 1494.)
4 Contrary to defendant’s assertion that “Morrissey . . . discuss[ed] the due
process rights afforded to probationers.” Morrissey dealt with parole revocation, not
probation. Vickers made the due process rights outlined in Morrissey applicable to
probationers facing revocation. (Vickers, supra, 8 Cal.3d at pp. 458-459.)
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that the supervised person is violating any term or condition of his or her supervision, the
officer may, without warrant . . . rearrest the supervised person and bring him or her
before the court or the court may in its discretion issue a warrant for his or her rearrest.
. . . [T]he court may revoke and terminate the supervision of the person if the interests of
justice so require and the court, in its judgment, has reason to believe . . . that the person
had violated any of the conditions of his or her supervision, has become abandoned to
improper associates or a vicious life, or has subsequently committed other offenses . . . .
[¶] . . . Upon its own motion or upon the petition of the supervised person, the
probation . . . officer, or the district attorney, the court may modify, revoke or terminate
supervision of the person pursuant to this subdivision . . . . A person supervised
on . . . community supervision pursuant to Section 3455 may not petition the court
pursuant to this section for early release from supervision . . . .” While defendant is
correct that the provisions of section 1203.2 governed the proceedings triggered by his
probation officer’s petition, they did not convert his “defense” against the petition’s
recommendation that his community supervision be reinstated with an additional term of
180 days of incarceration, i.e, his invocation of the early termination provision of section
3456, into a probation-like discretionary call by the hearing officer, subject only to
reversal on the grounds that the call was arbitrary and irrational. Even if it did, we would
conclude that the hearing officer’s ruling was arbitrary and irrational because it was
legally incorrect. (People v. Superior Court (Humberto S.) (2008) 43 Cal.4th 737, 742.)
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Defendant’s reliance on section 1203.3 is also misplaced. Section 1203.2 provides
for the modification, revocation or termination of the supervision of a defendant under
community supervision, as well as, inter alia, a probationer and one under supervision
pursuant to section 1170, subdivision (h). Section 1203.3 provides the trial court with the
authority “when the ends of justice will be subserved thereby, and when the good conduct
and reform of the person . . . held on probation shall warrant it, terminate the period of
probation and discharge the person so held.” (§ 1203.3, subd. (a).) Section 1203.3 also
authorizes the trial court to revoke, modify or change the conditions of the court’s order
suspending the execution of the concluding portion of the person’s term for those
supervised under section 1170, subdivision (h). Conspicuously absent from section
1203.3 is any mention of defendants under community supervision, although the
preceding section, i.e., section 1203.2, expressly provides for them, as discussed above.
Therefore, we cannot agree that section 1203.3 should be read to empower a trial court to
terminate community supervision under the presumptive validity of the exercise of its
discretion.
Nor are we persuaded that the language of section 3456, subdivision (a)(2) means
that the “trial court,” as defendant puts it, had discretion in this case in discharging him
from community supervision. Section 3456 directs the county agency responsible for
community supervision to supervise anyone under community supervision until any one
of six different events occurs. Defendant correctly points out that one such event is
comprised of being on community supervision for “six consecutive months with no
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violations of . . . [the] conditions of . . . supervision that result in a custodial sanction”
and such person “may be considered for immediate discharge by the supervising county.”
(§ 3456, subd. (a)(2), italics added.) There are two problems with defendant’s reliance on
this provision. First, it is not the subdivision relied upon by the hearing officer below,
which provides that a person on community supervision “shall be discharged from
supervision within 30 days” if that person has been on community supervision
continuously for one year with no violations of the conditions that result in custodial
supervision. Thus, there is no discretion provided by the subsection upon which the
hearing officer here relied. Second, section 3456 applies to “the county agency
responsible for . . . supervision” and not to a hearing officer at the trial court. The court
is given the power to terminate, modify or revoke supervision (§ 3455, subd. (a)(2)) in
the context of its determination upon a revocation petition. (§ 3456, subd. (a)(6).)
Section 3455 deals with violations that the supervising officer, in this case, the probation
officer, elects to present to the court for more severe custodial punishment than is
available without judicial intervention. Otherwise, under section 3456, it is the county
supervising agency which determines whether the conditions for early termination have
been met. Even if section 3456 can be read to vest the hearing officer at the trial court
with any amount of discretion in terminating community supervision, we conclude, as we
have before, that construing a flash incarceration upon violation of a term of supervision
to not be a “custodial sanction” within the meaning of the statutes governing such
supervision to be an error of law, and, therefore, an abuse of discretion.
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Finally, defendant asserts that because he was not afforded his constitutional rights
during either of his flash incarcerations, they may not be used to deprive him of early
termination of his community supervision under section 3456. Defendant asserts that the
rights set forth in Morrissey and Vickers, i.e., to written notice of the violation, disclosure
to the defendant of the evidence against him, the opportunity to be heard in person and to
present witnesses and documentary evidence, the right to confront and cross-examine
adverse witnesses, a neutral and detached hearing body and a written statement by the
fact finder of evidence relied upon and the reasons for revocation, and, in Vickers, the
right to counsel except in the case of summary probation where the defendant is not in
custody (Morrissey, supra, 408 U.S. at p. 489; Vickers, supra, 8 Cal.3d at pp. 458-460)
were not accorded to him before his flash incarcerations occurred. For proof of this fact,
he cites the provisions of section 3453, subdivision (q), which state that a person subject
to community supervision “shall waive any right to a court hearing prior to the imposition
of a period of ‘flash incarceration’ . . . of not more than 10 consecutive days for any
violation of his or her . . . supervision conditions.” Of course, a parolee may waive his or
her right to a hearing, admit the charges and agree to a return to custody. (Cal. Code
Regs., tit. 15, former § 2645.) Defendant asserts that “[n]othing in the statute suggests
that [he] had the right to choose not to sign this waiver. Hence, any waiver of his
constitutional rights was involuntary, and, as such, invalid.”5 First, defendant cites no
5As already stated, the record before us contains no copy of either waiver
purportedly executed by defendant.
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authority holding that the rights that apply to revocations of probation and parole should
apply to flash incarcerations. Flash incarcerations are designed to be a swifter, but milder
and less disabling sanction than a return to court with its potential term of many months.
It is also clearly designed to relieve the courts of the burden of having to adjudicate and
punish minor violations. If, contrary to our holding, flash incarcerations are not viewed
as custodial sanctions, supervising officers will be forced to use the formal court process
in order to prevent the period of supervision from automatically and, undesirably,
expiring. This would result inevitably in longer periods of incarceration, especially given
the time necessary to schedule and complete court hearings. Second, as defendant,
himself, acknowledges, “[t]he record is devoid of any evidence to suggest that [he] was
properly advised of his constitutional rights prior to signing the waiver. . . . [T]here is no
evidence to show how, when, or where this waiver was signed.” Equally, the record does
not show that defendant was not advised of any rights he might have had.
DISPOSITION
The order terminating defendant’s community supervision and discharging him
from it is reversed.
NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN OFFICIAL REPORTS
RAMIREZ
P. J.
We concur:
HOLLENHORST
J.
CODRINGTON
J.
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