Falk v. Children's Hospital

Filed 6/3/15 Certified for publication 6/24/15 (order attached)
IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA
SECOND APPELLATE DISTRICT
DIVISION THREE
MICHELLE FALK, B251182
Plaintiff and Appellant, (Los Angeles County
Super. Ct. No. BC496720)
v.
CHILDREN’S HOSPITAL
LOS ANGELES,
Defendant and Respondent.
APPEAL from a judgment of the Superior Court of Los Angeles County,
Jane L. Johnson, Judge. Affirmed in part; reversed in part.
The Gold Firm, Steven Bruce Gold; Law Office of Joseph Antonelli,
Joseph Antonelli, Janelle Carney and Jason Hatcher for Plaintiff and Appellant.
Sheppard, Mullin, Richter & Hampton, Derek R. Havel, Daniel J. McQueen,
Marlene M. Nicolas, Matthew A. Tobias; Ballard Rosenberg Golper & Savitt and
Linda Miller Savitt for Defendant and Respondent.
_________________________
INTRODUCTION
The trial court granted summary judgment in favor of defendant and respondent
Children’s Hospital Los Angeles (Children’s Hospital or the hospital) and against
plaintiff and appellant Michelle Falk on the ground her wage and labor claims were time-
barred. The court rejected Falk’s argument the filing of a prior class action tolled her
limitations periods, under American Pipe & Construction Co. v. Utah (1974) 414 U.S.
538 (American Pipe), which held that, under certain circumstances, the filing of a class
action tolls a limitations period for class members who file subsequent actions. We find
that American Pipe tolling applies to some of Falk’s claims, but not to others. We
therefore affirm in part and reverse in part the judgment.
BACKGROUND
I. The class action complaints.
Since May 2007, four class action complaints, including Falk’s, have been filed
against Children’s Hospital raising wage and labor violations.
A. May 1, 2007: The Palazzolo class action.1
Children’s Hospital employed Thomas Palazzolo from July 2005 to January 2007
as a non-exempt, hourly paid patient care service aide. On May 1, 2007, Palazzolo filed a
class action complaint on behalf of “[a]ll non-exempt or hourly paid persons.” The
complaint asserted these causes of action:
(1) Violation of Labor Code sections 510, 511, and 11982 for unpaid overtime:
plaintiff and class members worked more than 8 hours per day, 12 hours per day or
40 hours per week without overtime compensation. “[I]ncentives in the form of shift
differentials” were not incorporated in overtime.
1
Palazzolo v. Children’s Hospital Los Angeles (Super. Ct. L.A. County, 2007,
No. BC370354).
2
All further undesignated statutory references are to the Labor Code.
2
(2) Violation of sections 201 and 202 for failure to pay wages upon termination:
the hospital failed to pay earned and unearned wages at the time of discharge or within
72 hours of an employee leaving.
(3) Violation of section 204 for failure to pay wages: the hospital failed to pay
wages on regular paydays.
(4) Violation of sections 226.7, subdivision (a), and 512, subdivision (a), for
denial of meal periods: plaintiffs were required to work without meal periods and were
not compensated for work performed during meal periods.
(5) Violation of section 226.7, subdivision (a), for denial of rest periods: plaintiffs
were required to work without compensation during rest periods.
(6) Violation of section 226, subdivision (a), for improper wage statements: the
hospital failed to provide “complete and accurate wage statements that include” the “total
number of hours worked” and employees’ social security numbers.
(7) Violation of section 221 seeking repayment of wages to employer: the hospital
deducted from wages “parking fees and ID deposits” without obtaining prior written
authorization.
(8) Violation of section 2802 seeking indemnification for employee’s expenses:
the hospital failed to reimburse “necessary business-related expenses,” including parking
fees and ID deposits. “Specifically, [the hospital] had, and continue[s] to have, a policy
and practice of requiring employees . . . to pay for parking fees and ID deposits out of
their own funds” and not reimbursing them.
(9) Conversion and theft of labor: the hospital refused to pay wages due on the
next payday after wages were earned.
(10) Violation of the Unfair Competition Law (Bus. & Prof. Code, § 17200
et seq.).
Summary judgment was entered in the hospital’s favor on April 7, 2009. The trial
court ruled on the merits that there were no triable issues of material fact. Class claims
and class certification were never addressed.
3
We affirmed the judgment. (Palazzolo v. Children’s Hospital of Los Angeles
(Dec. 1, 2010, B216508) [nonpub. opn.].) Class certification was also not raised or
addressed in the appeal. The remittitur issued on February 3, 2011.
B. January 27, 2012: The Mays class action.3
Denise Mays, a registered nurse, worked for Children’s Hospital as a “non-exempt
hourly employee.” She began working for the hospital in September 2008, and her
employment ended May 31, 2012.
Mays’s operative class action complaint4 alleged these causes of action against the
hospital:
(1) Recovery of unpaid wages (§§ 204, 206, 218, 226, 510, 511, 1194, 1198): the
hospital, as a matter of policy, scheduled non-exempt hourly employees to work in excess
of eight hours per day and/or in excess of 40 hours per pay week, without paying
overtime compensation. The hospital failed to pay “all wages earned, including
minimum wages, straight time pay, overtime, and remuneration when calculating the
hourly non-exempt employees regular rate of pay . . . .” The hospital, specifically,
employed a “two rate system” in paying its hourly non-exempt employees who were
regularly scheduled to 12-hour shifts: 12-hour shift, non-exempt employees who worked
overtime were paid a “lower ‘standard wage,’ or ‘straight time wage,’ or ‘base pay
wage,’ while employees who did not work overtime were paid the correct wage.5 As to
the “regular rate,” the hospital failed to include compensation for “non-discretionary
bonus, charge nurse premium, shift differential premium, preceptor pay and other types
of remuneration.”
3
Mays v. Children’s Hospital Los Angeles (Super. Ct. L.A. County, 2013,
No. BC477830) (Mays).
4
Mays filed first (February 6, 2012), second (August 15, 2012), and third
(March 29, 2013) amended complaints.
5
Mays explained that if an employee who is scheduled to work a 12-hour shift
works an eight-hour shift, she is paid $35 per hour. If that same employee works a
12-hour shift, the hospital reduces her pay to $30 per hour.
4
(2) Violation of Business and Professions Code section 17200.
(3) Failure to pay wages upon separation from employment (§ 200): the hospital’s
final paychecks failed to include all pay owed, including penalties for each day the
employee was paid late.
(4) Failure to allow rest periods (§ 226.7): the hospital has a policy of
discouraging non-exempt employees from taking a rest break for any work period greater
than two hours and up to four hours.
(5) Failure to allow meal periods (§ 226.7): the hospital failed to provide and
discouraged legally compliant meal periods. Employees were required to carry pagers
and to answer them while on breaks. The hospital required employees to punch in and
out for meal periods, regardless of whether the meal period was taken.
(6) Failure to provide proper wage statements (§ 226): the hospital failed to
provide the class with an itemized wage statement that included total hours worked, net
wages earned, and all applicable hourly rates and the corresponding number of hours
worked.
(7) Recovery of unpaid wages and penalties (§§ 221, 223, 224): the hospital had a
“practice of paying each employee a differing hourly rate of pay that varies depending
solely on the number of hours worked by the employee who is regularly scheduled to
work 12 hours in a day.” This “retention operates as a ‘kickback’ ” to the hospital.
(8) Private Attorney General Act (§§ 2698-2699).
In Mays, Children’s Hospital filed a form notice of related case to Palazzolo.6
C. December 3, 2012: The Falk class action.
Falk worked at Children’s Hospital from March 6, 2006 to August 25, 2006 as a
licensed vocational nurse. Falk’s class action alleged these causes of action,
substantively identical to Mays, against the hospital:7
6
The hospital also filed, in Schmidt, discussed post, a notice of related case to
Mays.
7
The hospital conceded for the purposes of the motion for summary judgment that
Mays and Falk “set forth essentially the same claims for unpaid wages under a ‘dual rate’
5
(1) Failure to reimburse for business expenses (§ 2802): Falk was not reimbursed
for work related expenses, such as parking at the facility.
(2) Injunctive and declaratory relief and restitution (Bus. & Prof. Code, § 17200).
(3) Recovery of unpaid wages and penalties (§§ 204, 206, 218, 226, 510, 511,
1194, 1198): the hospital failed to pay all wages earned, including minimum wages,
straight time pay, overtime, and remuneration.
(4) Failure to provide proper wage statements (§ 226).
(5) Failure to allow meal periods (§§ 226.7, 512).
(6) Failure to allow rest periods (§§ 226.7, 512).
(7) Failure to pay wages upon separation from employment (§ 200).
D. January 24, 2013: The Schmidt action.8
On January 24, 2013, Joseph Schmidt filed a class action for, among other things,
Labor Code violations against Children’s Hospital.9
II. Children’s Hospital moves for summary adjudication and judgment.10
A. The motion for summary judgment.
Before class certification was decided, the hospital moved for summary judgment
on the ground that the statutes of limitations applicable to Falk were not tolled by
Palazzolo or Mays. The hospital argued that American Pipe tolling did not apply to
Falk’s claims because the judgment in Palazzolo was the equivalent of an adverse ruling
on the substantive merits of the class; American Pipe tolling applies only to individual
theory, as well as nearly identical meal period, rest period and derivative causes of
action.”
8
Schmidt v. Children’s Hospital Los Angeles (Super. Ct. L.A. County, 2013,
No. BC499818) (Schmidt).
9
We do not discuss Schmidt in detail, because it is irrelevant to the issue of tolling,
as Schmidt was filed after Falk’s complaint.
10
The parties agreed that the trial court would consider, in a motion for summary
adjudication, the statute of limitations issue.
6
actions and not to successive class actions; and Palazzolo did not place the hospital on
notice of Falk’s dual rate wage claims and highly specific meal and rest period claims.
Falk responded that Palazzolo tolled her claims; the hospital was judicially
estopped from arguing that Falk was unrelated to Mays and Palazzolo; and the statutes of
limitations should be equitably tolled.
It was undisputed that the trial and appellate courts in Palazzolo never addressed
class certification.
B. The trial court’s ruling.
The trial court granted summary judgment against Falk on July 3, 2013. Judgment
was entered on July 15, 2013. The court found American Pipe tolling inapplicable
because judgment in Palazzolo was on the ground the individual plaintiff had no viable
causes of action. The court also rejected the notion that American Pipe permits
“piggybacking” of successive class actions. Even if American Pipe applied, the court
found that Palazzolo did not put the hospital on notice of the “esoteric ‘dual rate’ ” claim
raised by Falk.11
DISCUSSION
I. Standard of review.
We independently review the trial court’s order granting summary judgment and
determine if the undisputed facts establish that Children’s Hospital is entitled to judgment
as a matter of law on its statute of limitations defense. (Code Civ. Proc., § 437c, subd.
(c); Aguilar v. Atlantic Richfield Co. (2001) 25 Cal. 4th 826, 849, 860.)
11
The trial court also found that Palazzolo did not toll the statutes of limitation for
the claims in Mays. But because Mays filed her complaint on January 27, 2012, while
she was still employed by the hospital, her claims were allowed to go forward based on
that filing date.
7
II. American Pipe tolling.
Falk’s employment ended on August 25, 2006. Assuming that four years is the
outermost limitations period applicable to her claims,12 her complaint had to be filed by
August 25, 2010 to state a claim. Her complaint was not filed until December 3, 2012.
Falk, however, contends that her complaint was timely because any limitations period
was tolled from May 1, 2007 (the day Palazzolo was filed) to February 3, 2011 (the day
we issued the remittitur in Palazzolo),13 and from January 27, 2012 (the day Mays was
filed) under American Pipe, supra, 414 U.S. 538.
A. American Pipe tolling commences when the initial class action is filed.
American Pipe applied tolling under the following circumstances. Utah filed a
putative class action. Class certification was denied, under Federal Rules of Civil
Procedure, rule 23 (28 U.S.C.) (Rule 23), because the class was so numerous that joinder
of all members was impracticable. (American Pipe, supra, 414 U.S. at p. 543.) Class
members then filed motions to intervene, but their motions were denied on statute of
limitations grounds. (Id. at p. 544.) American Pipe concluded that Utah’s filing of the
putative class action tolled the statute of limitations for the intervenors: “where class
action status has been denied solely because of failure to demonstrate that ‘the class is so
numerous that joinder of all members is impracticable,’ the commencement of the
original class suit tolls the running of the statute for all purported members of the class
12
The parties appear to agree that actions for a penalty (e.g., the wage statement
cause of action) are subject to a one-year limitations period (Code Civ. Proc., § 340,
subd. (a); Murphy v. Kenneth Cole Productions, Inc. (2007) 40 Cal. 4th 1094, 1108);
actions for unpaid wages are subject to a three-year statute of limitations (Code Civ.
Proc., § 338, subd. (a); Pineda v. Bank of America, N.A. (2010) 50 Cal. 4th 1389, 1395-
1396); and actions for restitution and under Business and Professions Code section 17200
are subject to a four-year statute of limitations (Bus. & Prof. Code, § 17208; Cortez v.
Purolator Air Filtration Products Co. (2000) 23 Cal. 4th 163, 178-179).
13
We discuss post whether any tolling period would be to the day judgment was
entered (April 7, 2009) or the day the remittitur issued (February 3, 2011).
8
who make timely motions to intervene after the court has found the suit inappropriate for
class action status.” (Id. at pp. 552-553.)
Crown, Cork & Seal Co. v. Parker (1983) 462 U.S. 345 (Crown, Cork), extended
American Pipe. The plaintiffs filed a class action discrimination case. Their motion for
class certification was denied because the named plaintiffs’ claims were atypical of those
of the class, they were not adequate representatives, and the class was not so numerous as
to make joinder impracticable. (Crown, Cork, at pp. 347-348.) After denial of class
certification, Parker filed an individual action alleging similar claims as in the class
action. Crown, Cork held that the “filing of a class action tolls the statute of limitations
‘as to all asserted members of the class,’ [citation] not just as to intervenors.” (Id. at
p. 350.) “Once the statute of limitations has been tolled, it remains tolled for all members
of the putative class until class certification is denied. At that point, class members may
choose to file their own suits or to intervene as plaintiffs in the pending action.” (Id. at
p. 354.)
Our California Supreme Court summarized the tolling rule derived from American
Pipe and Crown, Cork: “under limited circumstances, if class certification is denied, the
statute of limitations is tolled from the time of commencement of the suit to the time of
denial of certification for all purported members of the class who either make timely
motions to intervene in the surviving individual action [citation], or who timely file their
individual actions [citation].” (Jolly v. Eli Lilly & Co. (1988) 44 Cal. 3d 1103, 1119
(Jolly).)
Based on American Pipe and its progeny, Falk contends that the filing of
Palazzolo, as well as Mays, tolled any limitations periods for her subsequent class action.
Sawyer v. Atlas Heating & Sheet Metal Works, Inc. (7th Cir. 2011) 642 F.3d 560, 562
(Sawyer), is instructive. A class action was filed. Before the district court had decided
whether to certify the class, the plaintiff voluntarily dismissed the complaint, leaving the
other putative class members “in the lurch.” (Id. at p. 561.) Sawyer tried to intervene in
the action to keep it alive, but the district court denied intervention. Sawyer therefore
filed his own class action. In applying American Pipe tolling to Sawyer’s action, the
9
court rejected the defendant’s argument the initial action did not “count” because it was “
‘never a class action.’ ” (Sawyer, at p. 563.) That could not be determinative, because
American Pipe and Crown, Cork also were never class actions. (Ibid.)
Rather, the “rationale of American Pipe does not permit a distinction among
situations in which the putative class representative gives up before, or after, the judge
decides whether the case may proceed on behalf of a class. Tolling lasts from the day a
class claim is asserted until the day the suit is conclusively not a class action—which may
be because the judge rules adversely to the plaintiff, or because the plaintiff reads the
handwriting on the wall and decides not to throw good money after bad.” (Sawyer,
supra, 642 F.3d at p. 563; see also American Pipe, supra, 414 U.S. at p. 554 [“the
commencement of a class action suspends the applicable statute of limitations as to all
asserted members of the class who would have been parties had the suit been permitted to
continue as a class”], italics added.) American Pipe’s “goal of enabling members of a
putative class to rely on a pending action to protect their interests can be achieved only if
the way in which the first suit ends—denial of class certification by the judge,
abandonment by the plaintiff, or any other fashion—is irrelevant.” (Sawyer, at p. 562.)14
Denial of certification, however, is important to the extent denial is based on a
“reason that would be equally applicable to any later suit,” “for example, that the
supposed victims are too few to justify class litigation, that a common question does not
predominate, or that person-specific issues would make class treatment unmanageable,”
in which circumstances tolling would not apply. (Sawyer, supra, 642 F.3d at p. 564; see
generally Yang v. Odom (3d Cir. 2004) 392 F.3d 97, 104 [“American Pipe tolling applies
to would-be class members who file a class action following the denial of class
certification due to Rule 23 deficiencies of the class representative. American Pipe
tolling would not apply to sequential class actions where the earlier denial of certification
14
Accord, Leyse v. Bank of America, N.A. (3d Cir. 2013) 538 Fed.Appx. 156.
10
was based on a Rule 23 defect in the class itself”];15 McKowan Lowe & Co., Ltd v.
Jasmine, Ltd. (3d Cir. 2002) 295 F.3d 380, 389 [“class claims of intervening class
members are tolled if” class certification is denied for “reasons unrelated to the
appropriateness of the substantive claims for certification”]; Perkin v. San Diego Gas &
Electric Co. (2014) 225 Cal. App. 4th 492, 507-508 (Perkin) [class certification was not
denied because of “ ‘subtle factors’ ” but because of insufficient commonality and the
class action was not superior to individual litigation; tolling therefore was inappropriate].)
What happened here is similar to Sawyer. Palazzolo was filed as a class action.
Class certification was never denied or granted.16 Indeed, the issue was never addressed
in the trial court. Instead, the hospital chose to move for summary judgment on
Palazzolo’s individual claims, before the certification issue was decided.17 That motion
for summary judgment was granted because Palazzolo, not the class, failed to state viable
15
Yang agreed with a line of cases refusing to “toll limitations periods for
substantively identical class actions in which the earlier putative class was denied
certification because the substantive claims were inappropriate for class treatment.”
(Yang v. Odom, supra, 392 F.3d at p. 104.)
16
American Pipe tolling has been applied in other cases where no class certification
decision was rendered. (In re Hanford Nuclear Reservation Litigation (9th Cir. 2008)
534 F.3d 986, 1008-1009 [motion for class certification withdrawn; class members who
filed individual suits while the motion for class certification was pending were entitled to
American Pipe tolling]; In re Worldcom Securities Litigation (2d Cir. 2007) 496 F.3d
245, 256 [“because Appellants were members of a class asserted in a class action
complaint, their limitations period was tolled under the doctrine of American Pipe until
such time as they ceased to be members of the asserted class, notwithstanding that they
also filed individual actions prior to the class certification decision”]; see Kandel v.
Brother Int’l Corp. (C.D.Cal. May 12, 2009, No. CV 08-1040 DSF (RCx)) 2009
U.S.Dist. Lexis 105242 [tolling applied to second class action filed while certification of
first class action pending; the two class actions were consolidated].)
17
Where a lead plaintiff in a class action is no longer a suitable representative, leave
should be granted to add a new representative; this “rule prevents a prospective defendant
from avoiding a class action by ‘picking off’ prospective class action plaintiffs one by
one.” (Larner v. Los Angeles Doctors Hospital Associates, LP (2008) 168 Cal. App. 4th
1291, 1298-1299.)
11
causes of action. The merits of Palazzolo’s individual claims were therefore addressed
and adjudicated but not the merits of the class claims. Although it appears that Palazzolo
tried to preserve the class claims, he failed.18 Like the putative class members left in a
“lurch” when the lead plaintiff voluntarily dismissed the class action in Sawyer, the
putative class members in Palazzolo were, through no fault of their own, left without an
action to pursue their claims. Where certification was not denied based on a reason that
would be applicable to a subsequent action or, as here, not addressed at all, American
Pipe tolling should apply.
B. Palazzolo gave Children’s Hospital sufficient notice of claims in Falk.
Still, tolling will not apply unless the two policy considerations underlying
American Pipe are met. Those considerations are, first, protection of efficiency and
economy in litigation as promoted by the class action device, and, second, effectuation of
the purpose of the statute of limitations to protect a defendant from unfair claims. (Jolly,
supra, 44 Cal.3d at pp. 1121-1122.) Crucial to this second consideration is that the initial
class action provide the defendant with sufficient notice of the substantive claims brought
against it as well as the “ ‘number and generic identities of the potential plaintiffs.’ ”
(Id. at p. 1121, quoting American Pipe, supra, 414 U.S. at pp. 554-555.)
Justice Blackmun thus cautioned that American Pipe “must not be regarded as
encouragement to lawyers in a case of this kind to frame their pleadings as a class action,
intentionally, to attract and save members of the purported class who have slept on their
rights. . . . [¶] . . . [Class members] will be permitted to press their claims subject only to
the requirement that they have an interest relating to the property or transaction and be
18
After summary judgment was granted, Palazzolo filed an application to amend the
complaint to add Lisa Aguilar as a class representative, and Aguilar filed an application
to intervene. (Palazzolo v. Children’s Hospital, supra, B216508, at [p. 7, fn. 5].)
Aguilar’s application was denied and the trial court did not rule on Palazzolo’s motion.
We dismissed an appeal of those matters on jurisdictional grounds. (Ibid.)
Falk suggests that Palazzolo’s attorney committed malpractice by failing to
preserve the class claims, and she submits documents showing that Palazzolo’s trial
counsel was sued for malpractice in connection with its handling of another class action.
12
impaired or impeded in their ability to protect that interest. . . . Such claims, therefore,
invariably will concern the same evidence, memories, and witnesses as the subject matter
of the original class suit, and the defendant will not be prejudiced by later
intervention . . . .” (American Pipe, supra, 414 U.S. at pp. 561-562 (conc. opn. of
Blackmun, J.); see also Crown, Cork, supra, 462 U.S. at p. 354 [“The tolling rule of
American Pipe is a generous one, inviting abuse. It preserves for class members a range
of options pending a decision on class certification. The rule should not be read,
however, as leaving a plaintiff free to raise different or peripheral claims following denial
of class status”] (conc. opn. of Powell, J.).)
Hence, that the initial class action put the defendant on notice of claims against it
is essential to the applicability of tolling. (Crown, Cork, supra, 462 U.S. at p. 355
(conc. opn. of Powell, J.); Jolly, supra, 44 Cal.3d at p. 1122 [prior class action involving
the drug DES did not toll subsequent personal injury action for DES-related claims;
noting that mass tort claims are not amenable to class actions].) The claims in the
first action need not necessarily be identical to the ones in the subsequent action, but
they must be substantively similar, based on the same claims and subject matter and
similar evidence. (Perkin, supra, 225 Cal.App.4th at p. 504; see, e.g., Tosti v. City of
Los Angeles (9th Cir. 1985) 754 F.2d 1485, 1489.)
Did Palazzolo put Children’s Hospital on sufficient notice of the claims in Falk?
Palazzolo was light on specifics. It was brought on behalf of “all non-exempt or hourly”
employees. As to the unpaid wages/overtime claim, the complaint generically alleged
that the hospital failed to pay “premium wages for overtime compensation” at one and a
half or two times the regular hourly rate. The pleading also referred to “incentives in the
form of shift differentials” which were not incorporated in overtime.19
19
In affirming the judgment in Palazzolo, we noted that the complaint alleged
plaintiff “and the putative class worked in excess of 12 hours per day for which they were
not compensated, and the shift differentials were not properly calculated into the
overtime rate of pay. [¶] Palazzolo’s opinion that the shift differential threw off the
overtime compensation does not raise a triable issue of fact as to the proper overtime rate.
This evidence does not dispute the Children[’]s Hospital’s overtime policy complies
13
In contrast to these general allegations in Palazzolo, Mays and Falk were specific.
With respect to unpaid wages, Mays and Falk alleged that the hospital used a “dual rate”
compensation system that deprived employees of proper overtime pay by reducing the
“regular rate of pay” for overtime hours. In other words, a 12-hour shift employee was
paid a lower hourly rate than an eight-hour employee to offset the overtime hours. The
12-hour shift employees against whom this dual rate scheme was instituted were a
“subclass” of a “ ‘regular rate class.’ ” The regular rate class were “hourly non-exempt
employees . . . from January 2003 to the present and who were not paid all earned wages,
as a result of the [hospital’s] failure to include certain remuneration that must be included
in hourly non-exempt employees’ regular rate.” The “remuneration” includes forms of
compensation such as “nondiscretionary bonuses, charge nurse premium, shift
differentials premium, preceptor premium, shift bonuses, and in-house registry into the
hourly non-exempt employees’ regular rate.” “Plaintiff . . . alleges that [the hospital]
does not add all compensation paid to hourly non-exempt employees when calculating
the regular rate as required by law.”20
Tolling applies. Palazzolo claimed that the hospital failed to pay proper overtime.
Falk raises the same claim, although Falk explains in detail how overtime was improperly
calculated by describing the dual rate system. Falk’s specificity does not undermine the
notice the hospital had, by virtue of Palazzolo, that the hospital was allegedly not paying
legal overtime wages. The evidence to support both claims would be the same or similar,
in that how the overtime rate is calculated would be at issue in Palazzolo and Falk. Had
with the law.” (Palazzolo v. Children’s Hospital of Los Angeles, supra, B216508, at
[pp. 9-10].)
20
It is unclear whether Falk alleges a class of non-exempt hourly workers who do
not necessarily work overtime but who the hospital nonetheless fails to pay the proper
regular rate of pay by excluding other remuneration. Because no party raised this issue,
we do not address whether Palazzolo, which was limited to overtime pay, put the hospital
on notice of any claim that all non-exempt hourly employees were not paid the proper
regular rate of pay.
14
Palazzolo gone forward, evidence of any dual rate scheme presumably would have been
discovered.
Similarly, as to causes of action concerning meal and rest periods, Palazzolo and
Falk raise the same substantive claims. Palazzolo alleged, generally, that employees
were required to work without meal and rest periods and were not compensated for work
performed during those periods. Falk elaborated: the hospital discouraged these periods,
required the class to carry pagers and to answer them during meal periods, and required
hourly employees to punch out and in for meal periods even if a meal was not taken.
Falk’s elaboration of the ways in which the class was deprived of meal and rest periods
does not somehow render the meal and rest period claims different from those in
Palazzolo. Although the hospital dismisses the similarity in the evidence and witnesses
in Palazzolo and Falk as neither here nor there, for this will often be the case in wage and
hour lawsuits against an entity, the similarity in evidence and witnesses weighs in favor
of tolling.
The hospital concedes that the Business and Professions Code section 17200,
improper wage statement, and waiting time penalty claims are derivative of the unpaid
wages/overtime and meal and rest period claims. Because they rise or fall based on the
unpaid wages and meal and rest period claims that we have found subject to tolling, they
are also tolled.21
The timeliness, however, of Falk’s claims still depends on the length of the tolling
period, which we address next.
C. The tolling period.
The tolling period began May 1, 2007, when Palazzolo was filed. The parties
disagree as to when the tolling period ended.
The hospital contends that any tolling period ended on April 7, 2009, when
judgment was entered in Palazzolo. The hospital thus equates the judgment with a denial
21
Falk’s last day of work was August 25, 2006. Absent tolling, she therefore had to
August 25, 2007 to file one-year claims; to August 25, 2009 to file three-year claims; and
to August 25, 2010 to file four-year claims.
15
of class certification. (See generally Jolly, supra, 44 Cal.3d at p. 1119 [American Pipe
held that “under limited circumstances, if class certification is denied, the statute of
limitations is tolled from the time of commencement of the suit to the time of denial of
certification”]; Bangert v. Narmco Materials, Inc. (1984) 163 Cal. App. 3d 207, 212-213
[statute of limitations tolled until the day class certification denied].)
Falk contends that the tolling period ended February 3, 2011, when the remittitur
issued in Palazzolo. She distinguishes Jolly and Bangert because no class certification
ruling was ever made in Palazzolo like in those cases. Falk again cites Sawyer, which
found, “[t]olling lasts from the day a class claim is asserted until the day the suit is
conclusively not a class action.” (Sawyer, supra, 642 F.3d at p. 563.)
Under the somewhat unique circumstances here, where no certification decision
was made before the action was dismissed, tolling until the date the remittitur issued,
thereby conclusively ending the case and any opportunity putative class members might
have had to intervene in Palazzolo, is equitable. The hospital chose to litigate the merits
of Palazzolo’s individual claims before the class was certified. (See Fireside Bank v.
Superior Court (2007) 40 Cal. 4th 1069, 1081 [procedural class-action issues must
ordinarily be resolved before a decision on the merits]; Williams v. Superior Court (2013)
221 Cal. App. 4th 1353, 1360 [class certification motion is not a trial on the merits].) The
hospital took the risk that the putative class would remain extant when the hospital chose
to attack Palazzolo’s individual claims before class certification could be decided.
Falk’s claims were therefore tolled from May 1, 2007 to February 3, 2011
(1375 days or 3 years 9 months 3 days). Because 249 days 22 had already run on Falk’s
claims by the time Palazzolo was filed, she only had 116 days left to file her complaint to
preserve any cause of action subject to a one-year limitations period. Even assuming that
Mays started a new tolling period, 116 days from February 3, 2011 expired before Mays
filed her class action on January 27, 2012. Claims subject to a one-year limitations
22
Falk’s employment ended August 25, 2006. Two hundred forty-nine days later,
Palazzolo was commenced, on May 1, 2007.
16
period, i.e., the wage statement claim, are therefore time-barred. 23 Remaining claims
subject to a three-or four-year limitations period are timely.
D. “Piggybacking” class actions is, under certain circumstances, permissible.
American Pipe and Crown, Cork applied tolling to individuals intervening in the
initial putative class action and to subsequent individual actions. They did not address
subsequent class actions seeking the benefit of tolling based on a prior class action. The
valid concern is “stacking” or “piggybacking” class actions (as opposed to individual
actions) could allow a limitations period to run indefinitely.
But the Ninth Circuit has allowed “piggybacking” of class actions under certain
circumstances: if class certification is denied in the earlier action based solely on Rule 23
deficiencies in the putative class representative—and not on Rule 23 deficiencies in the
class itself—then tolling applies. (Yang v. Odom, supra, 392 F.3d 97; Catholic Social
Services, Inc. v. I.N.S. (9th Cir. 2000) 232 F.3d 1139 [successive class actions
permissible where the subsequent class is not attempting to relitigate an earlier denial of
class certification or to correct a procedural deficiency in the earlier would-be class]; see
Kandel v. Brother Int’l Corp., supra, 2009 U.S.Dist. Lexis 105242 [tolling applies to
second class action, consolidated with the first, where second action asserted identical
claims against defendant and did not seek to relitigate a denial of class certification or
correct a procedural deficiency]; Sawyer, supra, 642 F.3d at pp. 563-565; Wasserman,
Tolling: The American Pipe Tolling Rule and Successive Class Actions (2006) 58 Fla.
23
Falk appears to concede that this claim is barred, and we therefore do not reach
any argument regarding judicial estoppel and/or equitable tolling except to note that a
notice of related case does not constitute an admission that matters are “related” for the
purposes of judicial estoppel. (See generally Aguilar v. Lerner (2004) 32 Cal. 4th 974,
986-987 [the “doctrine applies when ‘(1) the same party has taken two positions; (2) the
positions were taken in judicial or quasi-judicial administrative proceedings; (3) the party
was successful in asserting the first position (i.e., the tribunal adopted the position or
accepted it as true); (4) the two positions are totally inconsistent; and (5) the first position
was not taken as a result of ignorance, fraud, or mistake.’ [Citations.]]”; Jackson v.
County of Los Angeles (1997) 60 Cal. App. 4th 171, 181; Cal. Rules of Court, rule 3.300
[a notice of related case is a procedural, case management device obligating parties to
inform the court whether an action is related to another].)
17
L.Rev. 803; but see Robbin v. Fluor Corp. (9th Cir. 1987) 835 F.2d 213 [stacking
limitations periods by filing successive class actions is not permissible].)
Because there was no ruling in Palazzolo implicating any deficiency in the
putative class (as opposed to Palazzolo’s individual claims), Falk may file a successive
class action.24
DISPOSITION
The judgment is affirmed in part and reversed in part. The judgment is affirmed as
to claims subject to a one-year limitations period. The judgment is reversed as to claims
subject to a three-or four-year limitations period. The parties are to bear their own costs
on appeal.
ALDRICH, J.
WE CONCUR:
KITCHING, Acting P. J.
EGERTON, J.*
24
We need not address the propriety of “double piggybacking,” because Falk’s
claims, except those subject to a one-year limitations period, are timely based on the
tolling period established by Palazzolo.
*
Judge of the Superior Court of Los Angeles County, assigned by the Chief Justice
pursuant to article VI, section 6 of the California Constitution.
18
Filed: 6/24/15
CERTIFIED FOR PUBLICATION
IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA
SECOND APPELLATE DISTRICT
DIVISION THREE
MICHELLE FALK, B251182
Plaintiff and Appellant, (Los Angeles County
Super. Ct. No. BC496720)
v.
ORDER CERTIFYING
CHILDREN’S HOSPITAL OPINION FOR PUBLICATION
LOS ANGELES, [NO CHANGE IN JUDGMENT]
Defendant and Respondent.
THE COURT:
The opinion in the above-entitled matter filed on June 3, 2015, was not certified
for publication in the Official Reports. For good cause it now appears that the opinion
should be published in the Official Reports and it is so ordered.
[There is no change in the judgment.]