People v. Choto CA6

Filed 6/26/15 P. v. Choto CA6
Received for posting 8/26/15
NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN OFFICIAL REPORTS
California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for
publication or ordered published, except as specified by rule 8.1115(b). This opinion has not been certified for publication
or ordered published for purposes of rule 8.1115.
IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA
SIXTH APPELLATE DISTRICT
THE PEOPLE, H040943
(Santa Cruz County
Plaintiff and Respondent, Super. Ct. No. F25093)
v.
WILIAN HERNANDO CHOTO,
Defendant and Appellant.
After the court denied defendant Wilian Hernando Choto’s motion to suppress
evidence obtained following a search of his person (Pen.Code, § 1538.5), defendant
pleaded no contest to one count of possession for sale of heroin (Health & Saf. Code,
§ 11351). The court sentenced defendant to two years in prison. On appeal, defendant
contends his motion to suppress evidence should have been granted because the detention
and search of his person were unreasonable under the federal and California
Constitutions. (U.S. Const., 4th & 14th Amends, Cal Const., art I, § 13.) We disagree
and affirm the judgment.
Standard of Review
In ruling on a motion to suppress, the trial court is vested with the power to judge
the credibility of witnesses, resolve conflicts in the testimony, weigh the evidence, and
draw factual inferences. (People v. Lawler (1973) 9 Cal. 3d 156, 160, superseded by
statute on another ground as stated in People v. Trujillo (1990) 217 Cal. App. 3d 1219,
1223.) Accordingly, we review the evidence in the light most favorable to the trial
court’s ruling and accept its express and implied findings of fact if supported by
substantial evidence. (People v. Woods (1999) 21 Cal. 4th 668, 673.) It is the trial court
that selects the applicable rule of law and applies it to the facts to determine the legality
of police conduct, and both of these determinations are subject to our independent
review. (People v. Carter (2005) 36 Cal. 4th 1114, 1140; People v. Alvarez (1996) 14
Cal. 4th 155, 182; People v. Glaser (1995) 11 Cal. 4th 354, 362.) Our review is based on
the evidence presented to the trial court at the suppression hearing, which we summarize
below. (Cf., e.g., People v. Marks (2003) 31 Cal. 4th 197, 219, fn. 3 [review of
competency determination limited to evidence presented at competency hearing].)
“ ‘ Pursuant to article I, section 28, of the California Constitution, a trial court may
exclude evidence under Penal Code section 1538.5 only if exclusion is mandated by the
federal Constitution.’ [Citation.]” (People v. Robinson (2010) 47 Cal. 4th 1104, 1119.)
Facts
At approximately 11:00 p.m. on July 11, 2013, while on patrol on Soquel Drive in
Aptos, Deputy Besk of the Santa Cruz County Sheriff’s Office saw a black BMW parked
in the rear parking lot of a strip mall. At that hour all the businesses were closed;
however, the parking lot was illuminated in places. In March 2013, Deputy Besk had
observed drug sales in this particular parking lot. Deputy Besk decided to approach the
BMW to see what was going on. The parking lot had parking spots on either side of a
center lane where cars could go in either direction. The BMW was parked in a parking
spot on one side of the lot; Deputy Besk parked his patrol car in a parking spot on the
opposite side of the lot. Deputy Besk got out of his partrol car and walked toward the
BMW. Before leaving his patrol vehicle, Deputy Besk contacted dispatch and gave them
the registration number of the BMW as a safety precaution.
As Deputy Besk walked to the BMW, he noticed an ice cream cup on the roof of
the car. He heard the BMW’s engine turn on and had to step out of the way as the car
backed out of the parking spot. The BMW stopped and the front seat passenger stepped
2
out and retrieved the ice cream cup.1 Before the passenger reentered the BMW Deputy
Besk greeted her and asked what she was doing there. While talking to the passenger,
Deputy Besk saw that she had some objective symptoms of controlled substance use—
pale clammy skin, constricted pupils, and blood shot and watery eyes—plus she was
animated and spoke very quickly. Deputy Besk saw that the passenger’s lips were
chapped and her mouth dry. She appeared unkempt.
The passenger got back into the BMW. Deputy Besk asked her if she could roll
down the car window. The driver of the BMW said the passenger side window was
broken and rolled down her window instead.2 Deputy Besk walked around the car and
talked to the driver through the open window.3 Again, he noticed the driver displayed
objective symptoms of controlled substance use—yellowish skin tone, dark rings under
her eyes, bloodshot watery eyes, constricted pupils, and nervousness, and she was
“shaking pretty heavily.” While speaking with the driver, Deputy Besk noticed someone
in the back seat of the BMW. This person, identified as the defendant, was wearing a
flat-billed hat and lowered his head so the bill of the hat obscured his face; Deputy Besk
testified that at that point he “just wanted to know who he was.”
Deputy Besk asked the two women the name of the person in the back seat and
they said his name was Orlando, but they did not know his last name. Deputy Besk asked
if the back window rolled down and the driver said yes and rolled it down. Deputy Besk
“greeted” defendant and said that he thought he recognized him. Defendant said that the
officer did not know him. Deputy Besk asked defendant his name and defendant told him
1
This passenger was identified as Stephanie Kelly.
2
The driver was identified as Claire Abot.
3
During the time that Deputy Besk was walking over to talk to the BMW’s driver,
a second deputy arrived. Deputy Nunes parked his patrol car to the rear of and
perpendicular to the BMW between the BMW and the Soquel Avenue exit of the parking
lot. While Deputy Besk was talking to the BMW’s driver, he heard Deputy Nunes, who
was on the passenger side of the BMW, say “Would you mind taking your hands out of
your pockets.”
3
that it was Orlando Lopez. Again, the deputy saw that defendant displayed objective
symptoms of being under the influence of a controlled substance—his voice was low and
raspy consistent with opiate use, his pupils were constricted and his eyes were watery and
bloodshot, his skin was greasy and clammy, his eyelids were drooping and relaxed, and
his whole demeanor was very relaxed, consistent with opiate use.
Deputy Besk testified that he obtained the names of the three people in the BMW
and contacted dispatch to request a records’ check. Defendant had given Deputy Besk a
“couple of different dates” when asked by the deputy for his date of birth.4 Deputy Besk
had asked defendant if he had any identification on him and defendant told him that he
did not and that he had not been issued a driver’s license or state-issued identification
card. The deputy asked defendant if he was on probation and defendant told him that he
was not. The deputy thought that defendant was lying to him about his name and date of
birth. Deputy Besk asked defendant if he had any tattoos and defendant told him he did
not.
After Deputy Nunes told Deputy Besk to detain defendant for failing to follow
instructions to show his hands, Deputy Besk asked defendant to get out of the car.
Defendant did not get out of the car so Deputy Besk opened the car door and told him to
get out. As he did so, Deputy Besk saw a white-handled knife on the floorboard near
defendant. Deputy Besk asked defendant about the knife and the defendant told him it
was his; defendant began reaching for the knife. Deputy Besk told defendant to stop
reaching for the knife, defendant complied. Defendant got out of the car. According to
Deputy Besk, based on seeing the knife, he pat-searched defendant for additional
weapons. The deputy testified that defendant was wearing loose clothing and he was not
able to see his pocket area or his belt line. Before pat-searching defendant, Deputy Besk
4
Deputy Besk testified that defendant “told [him] a couple of different dates, and
then ultimately . . . got hung up on the year that he was born, between ’85 and ’95.”
4
felt defendant tense up and try to pull his fingers away from the grip he had on him.
Accordingly, Deputy Besk placed defendant in handcuffs “for officer safety.”
As Deputy Besk was pat-searching defendant he felt a wallet in his back pocket.
The deputy asked defendant if it was his wallet; defendant confirmed that it was. Then
the deputy asked if there was any identification inside; defendant told him there was not.
Deputy Besk removed the wallet and looked inside where he found an identification card
with defendant’s real name. On cross-examination, Deputy Besk confirmed that
defendant was not under arrest at the time he searched him and that he was conducting a
“Terry search[.]”5
The proceedings at the suppression hearing focused on what led up to the search
and did not address what occurred after a record check on the name Wilian Hernando
Choto. From preliminary hearing testimony it appears that once Deputy Besk ran a
record check on that name he discovered that the person had a tattoo. As Deputy Besk
un-tucked defendant’s shirt to examine his body for tattoos, a plastic bag containing a
substance, which was later confirmed to be heroin, fell to the ground. The heroin
weighed 10.6 grams.
At the suppression hearing, the court took judicial notice of the fact that defendant
was placed on probation in two different cases and was ordered to submit to search and
seizure for illegal controlled substances.
At the end of the suppression hearing, defense counsel argued that Deputy Besk
did not have a reasonable suspicion for an investigatory stop and even if he did it was
unreasonably prolonged and the officer engaged in a “fishing expedition.” Defense
counsel asserted that defendant had a right to privacy in his wallet and the discovery of
the wallet was “completely outside the bounds of the Terry frisk.” Defense counsel
argued that the officer should not have taken the wallet or searched it; and all the
5
Terry v. Ohio (1968) 392 U.S. 1, 22 (Terry).
5
evidence that “flowed out of this case came because of the search of the wallet . . . .”
The court found that Deputy Besk’s conduct “was reasonable, that he believed
Mr. Choto was committing at least one crime when he conducted the pat-down.
[¶] There was [sic] some officer safety concerns, based on the knife and the conduct: the
defendant not cooperating, putting his hands in his pocket, not showing his hands, that
sort of thing. [¶] And the identification was obtained from the wallet after the defendant
indicated he didn’t have any identification.” Relying on People v. Watkins (2009) 170
Cal. App. 4th 1403, the court held that defendant should not be “able to benefit from lying
to the officer regarding having search terms.” Accordingly, the court denied the motion
to suppress.
Discussion
Defendant contends that his detention preceded any grounds to suspect that he had
engaged in criminal conduct; the pat search was unjustified because, handcuffed and
under the control of two armed officers, he posed no objectively reasonable danger to
officer safety and the warrantless search into his pocket, seizure of his wallet, and search
through his wallet exceeded the scope of a valid Terry stop.
We address each of defendant’s contentions in turn. Initially, however, we make
the following observations.
Repeatedly, it has been held that the fact that a detainee happens to be in a
high-crime neighborhood is, of itself, insufficient to support a reasonable suspicion for a
peace officer to stop that person. (In re Tony C. (1978) 21 Cal. 3d 888, 897, superseded
by statue on other grounds as stated in In re Christopher B. (1990) 219 Cal. App. 3d 455,
460, fn.2.;6 People v. Pitts (2004) 117 Cal. App. 4th 881, 887; People v. Medina (2003)
6
“Since the passage of Proposition 8 in 1982 (Cal. Const., art. I, § 28), the
subjective belief of the citizen set out in In re Tony C. (1978) 21 Cal. 3d 888, no longer
applies in analyzing whether an encounter is a detention. [Citation.] Rather the federal
standard of analyzing the objective facts of the incident controls. [Citation.]” (In re
Christopher B., supra, 219 Cal.App.3d at p. 460, fn. 2.)
6
110 Cal. App. 4th 171, 177.) As our high court has explained, “The ‘high crime area’
factor is not an ‘activity’ of an individual. Many citizens of this state are forced to live in
areas that have ‘high crime’ rates or they come to these areas to shop, work, play, transact
business, or visit relatives or friends. The spectrum of legitimate human behavior occurs
every day in so-called high crime areas. As a result, this court has appraised this factor
with caution and has been reluctant to conclude that a location’s crime rate transforms
otherwise innocent-appearing circumstances into circumstances justifying the seizure of
an individual. [Citations.]” (People v. Bower (1979) 24 Cal. 3d 638, 645, superseded by
statute on other grounds, as stated in People v. Lloyd (1992) 4 Cal. App. 4th 724, 733; see
also People v. Loewen (1983) 35 Cal. 3d 117, 124.)
Moreover, the California Supreme Court has observed that “an individual is free to
avoid contact with a police officer . . . ‘[t]o hold that the mere exercise of this liberty
justifies a detention would be tantamount to holding that an officer may insist upon an
encounter without adequate cause.’ [Citation.]” (People v. Souza (1994) 9 Cal. 4th 224,
234; see also People v. Bower, supra, 24 Cal.3d at p. 648, [an individual, unless he or she
is properly detained and so notified, is as free to avoid the officer as to avoid any other
person].) Similarly, the United States Supreme Court has held that a person approached
by police for questioning “need not answer any question put to him; indeed, he may
decline to listen to the questions at all and may go on his way. [Citations.] He may not
be detained even momentarily without reasonable, objective grounds for doing so; and
his refusal to listen or answer does not, without more, furnish those grounds.” (Florida v.
Royer (1983) 460 U.S. 491, 498.)
Detention
“[L]aw enforcement officers do not violate the Fourth Amendment by merely
approaching an individual on the street or in another public place, by asking him [or her]
if he [or she] is willing to answer some questions, by putting questions to him [or her] if
the person is willing to listen . . . . [Citations.]” (Florida v. Royer, supra, 460 U.S. at
7
pp. 497-498; see also People v. Bower, supra, 24 Cal.3d at p. 648; see also People v.
Hughes (2002) 27 Cal. 4th 287, 328.)
“Police contacts with individuals may be placed into three broad categories
ranging from the least to the most intrusive: consensual encounters that result in no
restraint of liberty whatsoever; detentions, which are seizures of an individual that are
strictly limited in duration, scope, and purpose; and formal arrests or comparable
restraints on an individual’s liberty. [Citations.]” (In re Manuel G. (1997) 16 Cal. 4th
805, 821.)
“Whether a Fourth Amendment violation has occurred ‘turns on an objective
assessment of the officer’s actions in light of the facts and circumstances confronting him
at the time,’ . . . and not on the officer’s actual state of mind at the time the challenged
action was taken.” (Maryland v. Macon (1985) 472 U.S. 463, 470-471, quoting Scott v.
United States (1978) 436 U.S. 128, 136, 138, 139 fn.13.)
A temporary detention for questioning or investigation may be justified by
circumstances falling short of the probable cause needed for an arrest. (Terry, supra, 392
U.S. at p. 22.) To justify such a detention, an officer need only have a reasonable
suspicion of criminal activity; more specifically,“ ‘the circumstances known or apparent
to the officer must include specific and articulable facts causing him to suspect that
(1) some activity relating to crime has taken place or is occurring or about to occur, and
(2) the person he intends to stop or detain is involved in that activity. Not only must he
subjectively entertain such a suspicion, but it must be objectively reasonable for him to
do so: the facts must be such as would cause any reasonable police officer in a like
position, drawing when appropriate on his training and experience [citation], to suspect
the same criminal activity and the same involvement by the person in question.’ ”
(People v. Loewen, supra, 35 Cal.3d at p. 123.) Since the officer’s subjective suspicion
must be objectively reasonable, “ ‘an investigative stop or detention predicated on mere
curiosity, rumor, or hunch is unlawful, even though the officer may be acting in complete
8
good faith. [Citation.]’ [Citation.] But where a reasonable suspicion of criminal activity
exists, ‘the public rightfully expects a police officer to inquire into such circumstances
“in the proper exercise of the officer’s duties.” [Citation.]’ [Citation.]” (People v. Wells
(2006) 38 Cal. 4th 1078, 1083.)
In contrast to a temporary detention, a consensual encounter does not require any
justification and does not trigger Fourth Amendment scrutiny because it is not a seizure
or a constitutionally cognizable restraint on a person’s liberty. “Only when the officer, by
means of physical force or show of authority, in some manner restrains the individual’s
liberty, does a seizure occur.” (In re Manuel G., supra, 16 Cal.4th at p. 821.)
Conversely, “[a]s long as a reasonable person would feel free to disregard the police and
go about his or her business, the encounter is consensual and no reasonable suspicion is
required on the part of the officer.” (Ibid.; Florida v. Bostick (1991) 501 U.S. 429, 434.)
“The guiding principle in determining the propriety of an investigatory detention
is ‘the reasonableness in all the circumstances of the particular governmental invasion of
a citizen’s personal security.’ [Citations.] In making our determination, we examine ‘the
totality of the circumstances’ in each case. [Citations.]” (People v. Wells, supra, 38
Cal.4th at p. 1083.)
Deputy Besk had the right to approach the car in which defendant was a
passenger—as he would with any other group of citizens—and to inquire if the occupants
of the car were willing to answer some questions. Although the deputy had the right to
seek the voluntary cooperation of the occupants, absent a reasonable suspicion that they
were involved in criminal activity, he could not compel that cooperation by detaining
them.
Once the driver of the BMW stopped backing out of the parking spot and the front
seat passenger stepped out and retrieved the ice cream cup, Deputy Besk noticed that she
displayed objective symptoms of being under the influence of a controlled substance.
Accordingly, a reasonable suspicion of criminal activity existed for a detention of the
9
front seat passenger. After the passenger got back into the BMW, Deputy Besk asked if
the passenger could roll down the window. Deputy Besk was alone and did not force the
BMW to stop or pull his gun such that a reasonable person would have felt that he or she
was not free to leave. Voluntarily, the driver rolled down the driver’s side window, at
which point Deputy Besk walked over and spoke to her. Again, he noticed that she was
displaying objective symptoms of being under the influence of a controlled substance.
Accordingly, a reasonable suspicion of criminal activity existed for a detention of the
driver. Being under the influence of a controlled substance is a criminal offense. (Health
& Saf. Code, § 11550, subd. (a).) Deputy Besk’s opinions were based on his training in
recognizing objective symptoms of being under the influence of a controlled substance
and his experience being on the narcotics enforcement team for three years during which
time he evaluated in excess of 200 people for being under the influence of narcotics.
“ ‘[C]ircumstances and conduct [that] would not excite the suspicion of the man on the
street might be highly significant to an officer who had had extensive training and
experience.’ ” (In re Frank V. (1991) 233 Cal. App. 3d 1232, 1240-1241.)
In Brendlin v. California (2007) 551 U.S. 249, the United States Supreme Court
held that for the duration of a traffic stop, the police officer effectively seizes everyone in
the vehicle, the driver and all passengers. (Id. at p. 255.) In a traffic stop setting, an
officer lawfully detains the driver and all passengers pending inquiry into the vehicular
violation. (Id. at p. 263.) In this case, Deputy Besk could lawfully detain the car and its
occupants because he reasonably suspected that the driver was under the influence of a
controlled substance. Driving under the influence of a controlled substance is a criminal
offense. (Veh. Code, § 23152, subd. (e).) Since defendant was a passenger in a car that
was lawfully detained, he too was lawfully detained.
Moreover, even if officers have no basis for suspecting an individual of a crime,
they may generally ask questions, ask for identification, and ask for consent to search.
(People v. Brown (1998) 62 Cal. App. 4th 493, 499.)
10
In Maryland v. Wilson (1997) 519 U.S. 408, the United States Supreme Court held
that officers lawfully may ask passengers to exit the vehicle during a traffic stop without
violating the Fourth Amendment. (Maryland v. Wilson, supra, 62 Cal.App.4th at p. 415.)
Once a passenger has been asked to get out of a vehicle during a traffic stop, an officer
may lawfully conduct a pat-down for weapons to protect officer safety if the officer
reasonably concludes the person might be armed and presently dangerous. (Id. at
pp. 414-415; Arizona v. Johnson (2009) 555 U.S. 323, 331-332, [pat-down of occupants
of vehicle in a traffic stop permissible if based on reasonable suspicion that they may be
armed and dangerous].)
When Deputy Besk asked defendant to get out of the BMW, he noticed the
white-handled knife on the floorboard close to defendant; defendant started to reach for
the knife. Although defendant complied with Deputy Besk’s command to stop reaching
for the knife, Deputy Besk was justified in pat-searching defendant for other weapons.
The Supreme Court has permitted limited intrusions on a suspect’s liberty during a Terry
stop to protect the officer’s safety; a police officer may take reasonable measures to
neutralize the risk of physical harm and to determine whether the person in question is
armed. (United States v. Hensley (1985) 469 U.S. 221, 235; Terry, supra, 392 U.S. at
p. 24.)
Officer Besk acted reasonably in removing defendant from the BMW and
handcuffing him while he pat-searched him to make sure that he was not carrying any
other weapons. (Cf. People v. Osbourne (2009) 175 Cal. App. 4th 1052, 1062 [officer
acted reasonably in handcuffing nervous defendant who tensed up as if attempting to
remove hand from officer’s grasp which caused officer to fear that defendant, who was
larger than officer, might be able to break free and assault officer].)
Scope of the Pat Search
Given the presence of the knife in the BMW and defendant’s attempt to pull his
hands away from Deputy Besk, the decision to frisk defendant in handcuffs for further
11
weapons was justified. That being said, we must determine if Deputy Besk exceeded the
scope of the pat search by reaching into defendant’s pocket and removing and then
searching defendant’s wallet for identification.
The rules for determining the legality of a pat search are well settled. It is worth
repeating that when an officer has a reasonable belief that the individual whose
suspicious behavior he is investigating at close range is armed and presently dangerous to
the officer or to others, the officer has the power to take necessary measures to determine
whether the person is in fact carrying a weapon and to neutralize the threat of physical
harm. (Terry, supra, 392 U.S. at p. 24.) Nevertheless, “[t]he sole justification of the
search . . . is the protection of the police officer and others nearby, and it must therefore
be confined in scope to an intrusion reasonably designed to discover guns, knives, clubs,
or other hidden instruments for the assault of the police officer.” (Id. at p. 29.) In
general, if a pat search demonstrates that the objects found on a suspect’s person are not
weapons or contraband, the search ends and the objects may not be seized. (People v.
Dickey (1994) 21 Cal. App. 4th 952, 956-957.)
Even if the officer had reasonable grounds to stop and detain appellant under
Terry, we must determine whether Deputy Besk was justified in removing defendant’s
wallet in search of his identification. In People v. Garcia (2006) 145 Cal. App. 4th 782,
784-788 (Garcia), our colleagues in Division Six of the Court of Appeal, Second
Appellate District held that Terry does not justify a search for ordinary evidence,
including identification. They stated: “A fair reading of Terry v. Ohio, and its reference
to the lower court opinion in State v. Terry (1966) 5 Ohio App. 2d 122, show that the
‘frisk’ allowable upon a proper showing was ‘ “only a ‘frisk’ for a dangerous weapon. It
by no means authorizes a search for contraband, evidentiary material, or anything else in
the absence of reasonable grounds to arrest. Such a search is controlled by requirements
of the Fourth Amendment, and probable cause is essential.” ’ [Citation.] Our own
Supreme Court has unanimously so held. (People v. Lawler (1973) 9 Cal. 3d 156, 161
12
[pat-down search only for weapons].) If stare decisis means anything (and it does) and if
the word ‘only’ means ‘only’(and it does), the trial court was required to grant this
suppression motion as a matter of law. [Citation.]” (Garcia, supra, at p. 788.) The
Garcia court then concluded its discussion of this issue by expressly stating, “[T]here is
no legal justification for a patdown search for identification.” (Ibid.)
In Garcia, the defendant was riding a bicycle without an operative headlamp. An
officer lawfully detained him for violating Vehicle Code section 21201, subdivision (d),
and requested his identification. Garcia, who spoke limited English, said that he had no
identification. He did not provide a false name and birth date. The officer then started to
pat down Garcia, and used force to restrain him when he pulled away. He continued the
search and located incriminating evidence. Under those circumstances, the Garcia court
concluded that the search was unlawful. (Garcia, supra, 145 Cal.App.4th at pp. 784-785,
789.)
Defendant’s situation is more akin to that of the defendant in People v. Loudermilk
(1987) 195 Cal. App. 3d 996 (Loudermilk), where the court upheld the seizure of a wallet.
In Loudermilk, officers stopped a hitchhiking defendant who matched the description of a
person suspected of committing a firearm assault. The officers asked the defendant to
produce identification and the defendant responded that he did not have any. One of the
officers then performed a pat-down search for weapons and felt what appeared to be a
wallet in the defendant’s rear pocket. The officer reached in, removed the wallet, opened
it, and began searching for identification. (Id. at p. 1000.) Noting that the right to inquire
into a suspect’s identity is necessary for an effective investigatory detention, the court
stated that “[t]o require defendant . . . to display his driver’s license or other proof of
identification is a minor intrusion which is strictly limited to the sole justification of the
detention.” (Id. at p. 1002.) “[T]he Terry suspect may not lie to the officer with
impunity about his identity if there is a quick and minimally intrusive method of
resolving the doubt.” (Ibid.) The court concluded that the seizure of the defendant’s
13
wallet was reasonably related to the purpose and scope of the investigative detention and
that the officer was not conducting a general “ ‘fishing expedition’ ” for whatever
evidence he could find, but merely seeking to ascertain the defendant’s identity. (Ibid.)
Where the defendant had “lied to the officer and himself created the confusion as to his
own identity[,] [t]he seizure of [his] wallet was minimal and strictly limited to the
legitimate inquiry into his identity.” (Id. at p. 1004.)
Nevertheless, the Loudermilk court observed: “We must emphasize that we do not
hold that a suspect may be detained and searched merely because he either refused to
identify himself or refused to produce proof of identification. Nor do we hold that each
time an officer conducts a Terry stop he may immediately conduct a search for
identification. The rule we announced does not provide officers with unfettered
discretion and does not open citizens to harassment. Our decision, allowing the officer to
seize the wallet, is limited to the unique facts of this case, where defendant lied to the
officer and himself created the confusion as to his own identity. The seizure of
defendant’s wallet was minimal and strictly limited to the legitimate inquiry into his
identity. We conclude that the seizure of defendant’s wallet was reasonable within the
meaning of the Fourth Amendment.” (Loudermilk, supra, at p. 1004, second italics
added.)
Loudermilk adopted the analysis set forth in State v. Flynn (1979) 92 Wis. 2d 427,
(Flynn). In Flynn, the Supreme Court of Wisconsin balanced the need for an
identification search against the invasion of personal rights and concluded a limited
search to find that a suspect’s identification was reasonable and constitutional if the
suspect refused to identify himself. (State v. Flynn, supra, 92 Wis.2d at pp. 448-449.
The New Jersey Superior Court in State v. Wilcox (1981) 180 N.J. Super. 452 (Wilcox)
followed Flynn and held an identification search incident to a detention was proper when
the officer disbelieved a detainee’s oral identification and the detainee produced a false
identification from his wallet. (Id. at p. 457.) We find Loudermilk, Flynn, and Wilcox
14
persuasive under the facts of this case and conclude that the limited search for
defendant’s proper identification was reasonable within the meaning of the Fourth
Amendment since defendant lied to the officer and could not or would not give the
officer a correct date of birth.7 This is not a case such as in Garcia where the sole reason
for the pat down was to gather evidence of identification. (Garcia, supra, 145
Cal.App.4th at p. 785, 787.)
Here the extent of the pat-down search was not inconsistent with Terry. An
officer may seize nonthreatening contraband that is detected during a pat-down search.
(Minnesota v. Dickerson (1993) 508 U.S. 366, 373-374.) The contraband may be
detected either because it is in plain view or because the officer detected it by touch. (Id.
at pp. 375-376.) “If a police officer lawfully pats down a suspect’s outer clothing and
feels an object whose contour or mass makes its identity immediately apparent, there has
been no invasion of the suspect’s privacy beyond that already authorized by the officer’s
search for weapons; if the object is contraband, its warrantless seizure would be justified
by the same practical considerations that inhere in the plain-view context.” (Ibid.) The
same can be said of something that is not contraband, but can help clear up any confusion
in a situation such as is present in this case. Here, Deputy Besk detected defendant’s
wallet during a legitimate pat-down search for weapons at a time when Deputy Besk
reasonably believed that defendant was committing or had committed a crime. Given
7
The People suggest that the search was a lawful incident to an arrest. “It is
axiomatic that an incident search may not precede an arrest and serve as part of its
justification.” (Sibron v. New York (1968) 392 U.S. 40, 63.) Defendant was not arrested
for anything until after the heroin was found. Alternatively, the People suggest that the
search can be justified as a probation search. “A search pursuant to a parole or probation
search condition is normally valid only if the officer knew of the condition when he did
the search. [Citations.] This is so because ‘the reasonableness of a search must be
determined from the circumstances known to the officer when the search was
conducted[,] consistent with the primary purpose of the exclusionary rule—to deter
police misconduct.’ [Citation.]” (People v. Watkins, supra, 170 Cal.App.4th at p. 1409.)
At the time of the search, Deputy Besk did not know that defendant was on probation.
15
that defendant had difficulty remembering his date of birth, Deputy Besk reasonably
suspected that defendant was trying to conceal his real identity.8 Thus, we believe that it
was reasonable for the officer to check the defendant’s identification in his wallet during
the lawful Terry stop and frisk. (See United States v. Hernandez–Rivas (7th Cir. 2003)
348 F.3d 595, 599; United States v. Brown (7th Cir. 2004) 366 F.3d 456, 461.)
We stress, however, that our holding is very narrow and limited to a situation
where the officer, while conducting a lawful Terry frisk for weapons, reasonably believes
that the suspect is not being candid about his or her identity.
Accordingly, we conclude that the lower court did not err in denying defendant’s
motion to suppress.
Disposition
The judgment is affirmed.
8
We are mindful that California law prohibits a person who has been lawfully
detained by law enforcement from giving a false name or otherwise falsely identifying
himself or herself to the law enforcement officer. (Pen. Code, § 148.9)
16
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ELIA, J.
WE CONCUR:
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RUSHING, P. J.
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PREMO, J.