People v. Perkins CA1/3

Filed 8/25/16 P. v. Perkins CA1/3
NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN OFFICIAL REPORTS
California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for
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IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA
FIRST APPELLATE DISTRICT
DIVISION THREE
THE PEOPLE,
Plaintiff and Respondent,
v. A144225
ELONZIA PERKINS, JR.,
(Contra Costa County
Defendant and Appellant. Super. Ct. No. 51305390)
This is an appeal from judgment after a jury convicted defendant Elonzia Perkins,
Jr., of second degree murder and negligent discharge of a firearm, and found true the
allegation that he personally used a firearm, causing death. On appeal, defendant raises
several challenges to the trial court’s instructions to the jury with respect to the issues of
self-defense and the lesser included offense of involuntary manslaughter. We affirm.
FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND
On August 27, 2014, an amended information was filed charging defendant with
murder (Pen. Code, § 187) (count one); being a felon in possession of a firearm (Pen.
Code, § 12021, subd. (a)(1)) (count two); and firing at an occupied vehicle (Pen. Code,
§ 246) (count three).1 It was further alleged with respect to counts one and three that
defendant personally used a firearm, causing death, within the meaning of section
12022.53, subdivisions (b), (c), and (d). In addition, the information alleged both prior
felony convictions and one strike offense.
1
Unless otherwise stated, all statutory citations herein are to the Penal Code.
1
Trial by jury began on September 8, 2014, at which the following evidence was
presented. On August 1, 2009, just before 4:00 a.m., Lisa Pipkins arrived at 1209 West
Street in Pittsburg, to retrieve her employee name tag from the house of her friend, Karen
Dimaggio, while en-route to an early morning shift. As she approached, Pipkins heard a
car engine revving erratically. Pipkins told Dimaggio about this odd noise, and
Dimaggio then decided to investigate. Dimaggio walked down West Street, looking at
each vehicle. As she reached the residence at 1165 West Street, Dimaggio found a man
in a blood-stained shirt slumped over the driver’s seat of a Chevy Cavalier.2
Shortly thereafter, Pittsburgh Police Officer William Hatcher was dispatched to
the scene, arriving within minutes of Dimaggio. As he moved his police vehicle behind
the parked Chevy, Officer Hatcher heard the engine revving loudly and saw exhaust
fumes. It appeared to the officer that the vehicle had been left in park, and that the
slumped-over man, later identified as Daniel Harrington (victim), had his foot on the gas
pedal. All four doors were closed, three windows were rolled up, and the fourth window
was rolled down about three inches. Finding the victim unresponsive and with what
appeared to be a gunshot wound, Officer Hatcher turned off the engine and began to
secure the scene. Officer Hatcher later reported there were no weapons or narcotics in
the Chevy. The victim, in turn, had a $20 bill clenched in his left hand, a wallet with
identification in his back pants pocket, and about $65 and change in his left front pocket.
Pittsburgh Detective Edgar Sanchez joined Officer Hatcher at the scene. He
observed an apparent gunshot entry wound on the victim’s right shoulder, as well as an
exit would on the victim’s left side. Based on his observation of damage to the vehicle’s
B pillar, the detective concluded the gunshot had been fired from the vehicle’s front
passenger seat. Detective Sanchez further observed a cigarette butt with an inch-long ash
on the driver’s seat, as well as a beer can in the center console with the mouthpiece facing
the front passenger seat.
2
A neighbor, Christina Atkinson, testified that she believed the residence at 1165
West Street was a “drug house” because she routinely saw people drive up in their
vehicles, meet briefly with one of the residents, and then drive away.
2
Pittsburgh Police Inspector Conaty and his partner went to interview Ronald
Bryant (also known as La-La), a resident of 1165-1167 West Street, on August 19, 2009.
At the residence, they found defendant seated on a couch on the upper porch. Conaty
asked defendant if he was aware that a homicide had recently occurred in the area, and
defendant responded that he was not. Conaty then described the victim to defendant and
asked whether he had seen such person in the area. Defendant responded in the negative.
Defendant added that he had just returned from Brentwood, where he had been staying
due to “female problems.” He acknowledged being on parole, but denied having dealt
drugs since the last time he had been in trouble.
Police laboratory technicians tested DNA retrieved from the beer can found in the
victim’s vehicle and, when the profile was run through the CODIS system, defendant’s
name was returned. On October 17, 2012, defendant provided an actual reference
sample, which matched the DNA from the beer can at a frequency of one in 110
quadrillion African-Americans, one in 670 quintillion Caucasians, and one in 7.5
sextillion Hispanics.
Nicole Arteaga, defendant’s longtime, on-and-off-again girlfriend and mother of
his three children, testified that defendant was often in the West Street vicinity, a known
drug area, because his uncle, La-La, lived at 1165-1167 West Street. On the day in
question, Arteaga had been at a bus stop on West 10th Street, not far from the crime
scene, between 5 a.m. and 6 a.m. on her way to work, and had heard the police
commotion. Bystanders at the bus stop told her there had been a homicide. A few weeks
later, defendant appeared at her house on York Street, asking to take a shower. He
appeared anxious, stressed and unbathed and, during his shower, called her into the
bathroom to ask whether she had heard anything about the August 1 homicide. When she
said that she had, defendant told her that he was the killer, but insisted it was an accident,
as he had not intended to kill anyone. Defendant explained that he had been in a car with
a man doing a drug deal, when the man suddenly reached under the driver’s seat.
Defendant, who had his gun out and positioned at the man’s side, thought the man was
reaching for a weapon, so he fired. Defendant told Arteaga that he was thinking of
3
turning himself in since it was an accident, but then stated that he was also thinking about
leaving town.
Over the next few years, Arteaga repeatedly threatened to turn defendant into
police, particularly when he showed up at her house unexpectedly. Defendant would
respond with his own threats to harm or kill her if she did. Arteaga took these threats
seriously, as defendant had beaten her in the past, and, in 2010, she got a restraining order
against him.
In October 2012, Inspectors Conaty and Deplitch approached Arteaga, falsely
representing to her that defendant had already admitted killing the victim in self-defense,
and insisting they merely sought confirmation of his story from her. Believing the
inspectors’ representation, Arteaga told them what defendant had said about his role in
the homicide the day he used her shower a few weeks after the crime.
Arteaga subsequently testified at defendant’s preliminary hearing. Not long
afterward, she took her children to visit defendant at jail. When they were leaving,
defendant told Arteaga while laughing: “Hey, you think we can forget about that
conversation in the bathroom?” Arteaga told him to stop talking and walked away.
On September 29, 2014, the jury acquitted defendant of first degree murder, but
found him guilty of the lesser offense of second degree murder. In addition, the jury
acquitted him of firing at an occupied vehicle, but found him guilty of the lesser offense
of grossly negligent discharge of a firearm. The jury then found true the allegation that
defendant personally and intentionally discharged a firearm, causing death. In a
bifurcated trial, the court found defendant guilty of being a felon in possession of a
firearm, and found true the prior felony allegations. The court subsequently found untrue
the prior strike allegation.
On January 30, 2015, the trial court sentenced appellant to an aggregate term of 41
years to life. Defendant filed a timely notice of appeal on February 2, 2015.
DISCUSSION
Defendant raises the following issues for our consideration. First, defendant
contends the trial court erred two-fold when giving the jury an ambiguous and misleading
4
supplemental instruction regarding the right of an “initial aggressor” to claim self-
defense. Second, defendant contends the trial court erred by instructing the jury on the
theory of contrived self-defense in the absence of sufficient evidentiary support. Third,
defendant contends the trial court misinstructed the jury on the lesser included offense of
involuntary manslaughter. Finally, defendant claims prejudice arising from each of these
alleged errors, as well as from the cumulative effect of multiple instructional errors with
respect to his self-defense theory. We address these issues in turn after setting forth the
governing law.
I. The Applicable Law of Self-Defense/Instructional Error.
The rules guiding our review of defendant’s claims of instructional error with
respect to his self-defense theory (theories) are well-established. Turning first to the
substantive law, “[t]he elements of murder are (1) an unlawful killing of a human being
. . . (2) committed with malice aforethought. (§ 187, subd. (a).) Malice may be express
or implied. (§ 188.) Malice is implied ‘when a killing results from an intentional act, the
natural consequences of which are dangerous to human life, and the act is deliberately
performed with knowledge of the danger to, and with conscious disregard for, human
life.’ [Citation.]” (People v. Timms (2007) 151 Cal. App. 4th 1292, 1296.) Manslaughter,
on the other hand, is “the unlawful killing of a human being without malice.” (§ 192.)
“ ‘A murder . . . may be reduced to voluntary manslaughter if the victim engaged
in provocative conduct that would cause an ordinary person with an average disposition
to act rashly or without due deliberation and reflection.’ ” (People v. Enraca (2012) 53
Cal. 4th 735, 758-759.) For example, the ordinary self-defense doctrine, sometimes
referred to as perfect self-defense, is applicable “when a defendant reasonably believes
that his safety is endangered.” (People v. Enraca, supra, 53 Cal.4th at p. 761.) Further,
“ ‘one who kills in imperfect defense of others — in the actual but unreasonable belief he
must defend another from imminent danger of death or great bodily injury — is guilty
only of manslaughter.’ [Citation.] . . . To satisfy the imminence requirement, ‘[f]ear of
future harm—no matter how great the fear and no matter how great the likelihood of the
harm — will not suffice. The defendant’s fear must be of imminent danger to life or great
5
bodily injury. “ ‘[T]he peril must appear to the defendant as immediate and present and
not prospective or even in the near future. An imminent peril is one that, from
appearances, must be instantly dealt with.’. . . [¶] . . .” Put simply, the trier of fact must
find an actual fear of an imminent harm.’ (In re Christian S. (1994) 7 Cal. 4th 768, 783
[30 Cal. Rptr. 2d 33, 872 P.2d 574].) . . . [¶] Imperfect defense of others, like imperfect
self-defense, is not a true defense, but a shorthand description for a form of voluntary
manslaughter. (See People v. Elmore (2014) 59 Cal. 4th 121, 134 [172 Cal. Rptr. 3d 413,
325 P.3d 951]; [People v.] Randle [(2005)] 35 Cal.4th [987,] 997 [defendant lacked
malice required for murder].) It follows that voluntary manslaughter arising from the
imperfect defense of another is a lesser included offense of the crime of murder.”
(People v. Trujeque (2015) 61 Cal. 4th 227, 270-271. See also People v. Elmore (2014)
59 Cal. 4th 121, 138 [“unreasonable self-defense entails a reaction that is ‘“caused by the
circumstances,” ’ ” rather than one based upon the defendant’s “purely delusional
perceptions of threats to personal safety”].)
Here, defendant challenges the trial court’s instructions to the jury with respect to
the relevant principles of self-defense. As defendant notes, “a defendant has a right to an
instruction that pinpoints the theory of the defense.” (People v. Panah (2005) 35 Cal. 4th
395, 486.) “Review of the adequacy of instructions is based on whether the trial court
‘fully and fairly instructed on the applicable law.’ [Citation.] ‘ “ ‘In determining whether
error has been committed in giving or not giving jury instructions, we must consider the
instructions as a whole . . . [and] assume that the jurors are intelligent persons and
capable of understanding and correlating all jury instructions which are given.’
[Citation.]” ’ [Citation.] ‘ “Instructions should be interpreted, if possible, so as to
support the judgment rather than defeat it if they are reasonably susceptible to such
interpretation.” ’ [Citation.]” (People v. Ramos (2008) 163 Cal. App. 4th 1082, 1088-
1089.)
With these legal principles in mind, we return to defendant’s arguments.
6
A. Instruction on the Right of an “Aggressor” to Invoke Self-Defense.
Defendant contends, first, that a supplemental instruction given to the jury at the
prosecutor’s request and over his objection was misleading and ambiguous, such that it
was reasonably likely to have caused the jury to misapply the law. The challenged
supplemental instruction is as follows: “An aggressor whose victim fights back in self-
defense may not invoke the doctrine of self-defense against the victim’s legally justified
acts.” According to defendant, the supplemental instruction “obscured” the fact than an
aggressor, like defendant, may in fact invoke self-defense so long as the defendant
reasonably believed the victim was the initial aggressor (to wit, perfect self-defense), or
unreasonably, but actually, believed the victim was the aggressor (to wit, imperfect self-
defense).3 Defendant thus argues the jury may have misapplied the supplemental
3
This instruction was supplemental to the standard instruction on self-defense that
was given to the jury, which tracked CALCRIM No. 3470. This standard instruction,
which has not been challenged on appeal, reads as follows: “505. Justifiable Homicide:
Self-Defense or Defense of Another. The defendant is not guilty of murder or
manslaughter if he was justified in killing someone in self-defense. The defendant acted
in lawful self-defense if: (1) The defendant reasonably believed that he was in imminent
danger of being killed or suffering great bodily injury; (2) The defendant reasonably
believed that the immediate use of deadly force was necessary to defend against that
danger; [¶] AND [¶] (3) The defendant used no more force than was reasonably
necessary to defend against that danger.
“Belief in future harm is not sufficient, no matter how great or how likely the
harm is believed to be. The defendant must have believed there was imminent danger
of death or great bodily injury to himself. Defendant’s belief must have been reasonable
and he must have acted only because of that belief. The defendant is only entitled to
use that amount of force that a reasonable person would believe is necessary in the same
situation. If the defendant used more force than was reasonable, the killing was not
justified.
“When deciding whether the defendant's beliefs were reasonable, consider all the
circumstances as they were known to and appeared to the defendant and consider what
a reasonable person in a similar situation with similar knowledge would have believed. If
the defendant's beliefs were reasonable, the danger does not need to have actually
existed.
“The defendant’s belief that he was threatened may be reasonable even if he relied
on information that was not true. However, the defendant must actually and reasonably
have believed that the information was true.
7
instruction to reject out of hand his perfect or imperfect self-defense theory upon finding
that he was the aggressor even though, as a matter of law, he could have prevailed on his
theory even if he was the aggressor so long as the jury found true, as a matter of fact, that
he reasonably believed, or unreasonably but actually believed, the victim was the
aggressor. We reject this argument for several reasons.
First, the law is clear that a party may not complain on appeal that a jury
instruction otherwise correct in the law and supported by the evidence is ambiguous or
incomplete unless the party requested in the trial court a modification to, amplification of
or clarification of the challenged instruction. (People v. Guiuan (1998) 18 Cal. 4th 558,
570 [“ ‘Generally, a party may not complain on appeal that an instruction correct in law
and responsive to the evidence was too general or incomplete unless the party has
requested appropriate clarifying or amplifying language’ ”]; People v. Rundle (2008) 43
Cal. 4th 76, 151 [“[t]he long-standing general rule is that the failure to request
clarification of an instruction that is otherwise a correct statement of law forfeits an
appellate claim of error based upon the instruction given”], disapproved on other grounds
in People v. Doolin (2009) 45 Cal. 4th 390, 394.) Here, while defense counsel objected
that the supplemental instruction “interferes with the jury’s deliberations and highlights
certain elements of the law that are otherwise included in the instructions already,” he did
not propose, or even request, a clarification or amplification of the instruction. As such,
defendant may not argue on appeal that the trial court’s instruction, otherwise correct in
law, was ambiguous, misleading or incomplete in his case. (Ibid.)
Moreover, and in any event, the question on appeal is whether there is a
reasonable likelihood the jury could have misconstrued or misapplied the law of self-
“A defendant is not required to retreat. He or she is entitled to stand his or her
ground and defend himself or herself and, if reasonably necessary, to pursue an
assailant until the danger of death/great bodily injury has passed. This is so even if
safety could have been achieved by retreating. Great bodily injury means significant or
substantial physical injury. It is an injury that is greater than minor or moderate harm.
“The People have the burden of proving beyond a reasonable doubt that the killing
was not justified. If the People have not met this burden, you must find the defendant
not guilty of murder or manslaughter.”
8
defense when the supplemental instruction is considered in light of the entire jury charge,
as well as the record as a whole, not when it is considered in mere isolation. (People v.
Ramos, supra, 163 Cal.App.4th at p. 1088.) Here, there is no such likelihood. As the
People note, the source of the supplemental instruction was a footnote in the California
Supreme Court decision, In re Christian S. (1994) 7 Cal. 4th 768, 773, fn. 1, which states:
“It is well-established that the ordinary self-defense doctrine – applicable when a
defendant reasonably believes that his safety is endangered –may not be invoked by a
defendant who, through his own wrongful conduct (e.g., the initiation of a physical
assault of the commission of a felony), has created circumstances under which his
adversary’s attack or pursuit is legally justified. (See generally, 1 Witkin & Epstein, Cal.
Criminal Law (2d ed. 1988) Defenses, § 245, p. 280; 2 Robinson, Criminal Law Defenses
(1984) § 131(b)(2), pp. 74-75.) It follows, a fortiori, that the imperfect self-defense
doctrine cannot be invoked in such circumstances. For example, the imperfect self-
defense doctrine would not permit a fleeing felon who shoots a pursuing officer to escape
a murder conviction even if the felon killed his pursuer with an actual belief in the need
for self-defense.”
The supplemental instruction in our case comports with the legal principle(s) set
forth in the California Supreme Court’s footnote. To wit, an “aggressor,” as the term is
used in the supplemental instruction, includes “a defendant who, though his own
wrongful conduct . . . has created circumstances under which his adversary’s attack . . . is
legally justified.” (In re Christian S., supra, 7 Cal.4th at p. 773, fn. 1.) Thus, an
“aggressor,” like the defendant who, in acting unlawfully, created circumstances under
which his adversary’s attack was legally warranted, cannot benefit from the exculpatory
effects of the self-defense doctrine, even if he or she harbored a reasonable belief, or an
unreasonable but actual belief, that the unlawful conduct toward his or her adversary was
necessary for self-preservation. Or, otherwise stated, it is the defendant’s initial actions
with respect to the victim, not the defendant’s response to the victim’s actions, that
9
determines the applicability of the self-defense doctrine.4 (Ibid.; see also Millman,
Sevilla & Tarlow, California Criminal Defense Practice, ch. 73, § 73.11 (Matthew
Bender, 2016) [“a defendant has a valid defense to a crime if the defendant’s use of force
in self-defense was reasonable in the circumstances and did not exceed that necessary to
prevent the impending injury. [Fn.] The defense is generally unavailable if the defendant
was the aggressor in the situation that brought about the danger of harm . . . .”] [italics
added].)
Moreover, the evidence in this case fully supported the prosecution’s theory,
reflected in the supplemental instruction, that defendant was the initial aggressor who
created circumstances under which the victim was legally justified in taking action in
self-defense and, thus, that defendant was barred from invoking the doctrine of self-
defense. To wit, defendant’s former long-term girlfriend and mother of his children,
Arteaga, testified consistently with her statement to police that defendant admitted
placing his gun “to the victim’s side” while they were seated in the victim’s Chevy
consummating a drug deal. It was only then that, according to what defendant told
Arteaga, the victim reached under his seat, possibly for a weapon, triggering in defendant
the belief (reasonable or not) that he needed to fire his gun to preserve his own life.
Inexplicably, defendant fails to account for this evidence in his briefing. However, there
is no contrary evidence in the record to cast doubt on defendant’s admitted role as the
instigator of aggression, directing his gun at the victim’s body before the victim took any
action that could have led defendant to believe that he needed to protect himself against
deadly force.
4
This bar to invocation of the self-defense doctrine does not apply where an
aggressor or mutual combatant “really and in good faith endeavored to decline any
further struggle before the homicide was committed,” in which case the killing is deemed
justifiable homicide. (See § 197, subd. (3).) However, defendant does not claim for
purposes of appeal that he endeavored in good faith to end his confrontation with the
victim prior to the shooting, rendering the justifiable homicide doctrine irrelevant to our
discussion.
10
Accordingly, because the supplemental instruction comports with both the law of
self-defense and the evidence presented at trial, defendant’s challenge fails. Quite
simply, the jury could have reasonably found on this record and in light of the jury charge
as a whole that, because defendant acted as the initial aggressor in placing a gun to the
victim’s side, he was not entitled to invoke the doctrine of self-defense, perfect or
imperfect, to justify his subsequent shooting of the victim, notwithstanding the victim’s
apparent attempt to reach under his seat for a weapon. (See People v. Frye (1998) 18
Cal. 4th 894, 957 [“ ‘ “a single instruction to a jury may not be judged in artificial
isolation, but must be viewed in the context of the overall charge. [Citations.]” ’ ”].)
Finally, in reaching this conclusion, we acknowledge defendant’s related
contention that the term “aggressor,” as used in the supplemental instruction, was
prejudicially ambiguous or misleading when considered in conjunction with CALCRIM
No. 3471, which instructed the jury that a person who “engages in mutual combat or
starts a fight” has a right to self-defense only if he: (1) “actually and in good faith tried to
stop fighting,” (2) “indicated, by word or by conduct, to his opponent, in a way that a
reasonable person would understand, that he wanted to stop fighting and that he had
stopped fighting,” and (3) gave his opponent “a chance to stop fighting.” According to
defendant, the jury was reasonably likely to have misinterpreted or misapplied this
language because the instructions failed to distinguish “between the person who created
or contributed to a volatile situation and the person whose physical act or threat of a
physical act fixed the legal point at which his opponent could physically respond in self-
defense.”
As an initial matter, as before, defendant’s challenge fails on forfeiture grounds.
Defendant, who does not claim the supplemental instruction or the version of CALCRIM
No. 3471 read to the jury misstated the law, made no effort in the trial court to request or
propose any modification or clarification of the instructions and, thus, cannot claim
prejudicial ambiguity or confusion on appeal. (E.g., People v. Rundle, supra, 43 Cal.4th
at p. 151.)
11
Further, even assuming for the sake of argument that defendant’s proposed legal
distinction between those who initiate aggression by use of physical force and those who
do so by nonphysical force has merit, we question, on this record, the impact it could
have made. As we just pointed out, the only on-point evidence produced at trial was that
defendant placed a gun to the side of the victim during a drug deal and, only then, when
the victim reacted by reaching below his seat for what defendant believed was a weapon,
did defendant shoot and kill the victim. Thus, the evidence showed defendant not only
“created or contributed to a volatile situation” by placing his gun on the victim’s body,
but that, in doing so, he engaged in the “physical act [that] fixed the legal point at which
his opponent could physically respond in self-defense.” There was no contrary evidence.
At the same time, the jury was given a comprehensive set of instructions on the doctrine
of self-defense, including standard versions of CALCRIM Nos. 3470, 3471, and 3472,
none of which have been challenged on appeal. As such, even assuming the two
instructions cited above could be deemed ambiguous when considered together based
upon their failure to distinguish between physical and non-physical acts (a point we need
not reach), we would nonetheless conclude any such ambiguity was harmless. 5 As
5
We reject defendant’s claim that the more-stringent standard of prejudice, set forth
in Chapman v. California (1967) 386 U.S. 18, applies because the purported errors with
respect to the supplemental instruction infringed upon his constitutional rights to present
a defense and to have each element of the crime proved beyond a reasonable doubt,
requiring reversal unless the error was harmless beyond a reasonable doubt. (See People
v. Thomas (2013) 218 Cal. App. 4th 630, 645 [concluding that, in a murder case, failure to
give a heat-of-passion instruction implicates the federal Constitution].) Rather, we agree
with the People that prejudice in this context is properly assessed under People v. Watson
(1956) 46 Cal. 2d 818, 836. Indeed, this is not a case where the court wholly failed to
instruct on the doctrine of self-defense. Rather, as defendant acknowledges, the jury was
read a panoply of standard instructions regarding this substantive defense. Nor is this a
capital murder case. Under these circumstances, we disagree with defendant that his
constitutional rights were implicated by the court’s purported failure to provide clearer
instructions. (People v. Breverman (1998) 19 Cal. 4th 142, 178 [failure to properly or
fully instruct the jury on a lesser included offense in a noncapital case does not require
reversal unless “ ‘after an examination of the entire cause, including the evidence’
[citation], it appears ‘reasonably probable’ the defendant would have obtained a more
favorable outcome had the error not occurred”].)
12
before, there is simply no reasonable likelihood the jury could have misapplied the
court’s instructions on self-defense, read as a whole and in connection with the factual
record, in a way that could have caused defendant any undue prejudice. (See People v.
Frye, supra, 18 Cal.4th at p. 957.) We thus continue on to the next issue.
B. Instruction on Contrived Self-Defense.
Defendant next argues the trial court erred in instructing the jury on the doctrine of
contrived self-defense because there was no evidence in the case to support it. We again
disagree.
The challenged instruction, which tracked CALCRIM No. 3472, reads as follows:
“A person does not have the right to self-defense if he or she provokes a fight or quarrel
with the intent to create an excuse to use force.”
Defendant does not quarrel with the legal correctness of this instruction; nor could
he. (See People v. Hinshaw (1924) 194 Cal. 1, 26 [“self-defense is not available as a plea
to a defendant who has sought a quarrel with the design to force a deadly issue and thus,
through his fraud, contrivance or fault, to create a real or apparent necessity for making a
felonious assault”].) Defendant nonetheless disputes that there was evidence that he
“provoked [the victim] into an attack that [he] then warded off through contrived self-
defense.” He then argues that, “in the absence of any evidence on which to accurately
focus the instruction, the jury would interpret it to mean that Perkins, engaged in a drug
deal, had intentionally placed himself in a potentially volatile and violent situation, and
could not, in accord with the instruction, therefore invoke a right to self-defense. This is
not the law.”
Defendant’s argument again fails on the record. As we have already twice
discussed, there was evidence in the form of Arteaga’s testimony that defendant told her
that he placed his gun “to the side” of the victim before the victim reached under his seat
(possibly for a weapon), instilling in defendant a belief in the need to defend himself
against potentially lethal force. This evidence, viewed in a light favorable to the
judgment, supported the court’s instruction on contrived self-defense. To wit, the jury
could have reasonably found based on Arteaga’s testimony that defendant did indeed
13
provoke a fight with the victim by placing a gun to his side during a drug deal with the
intent to create an excuse to then fire this gun at the victim, thereby causing his death.
Nothing more was required. (See People v. Marshall (1997) 15 Cal. 4th 1, 39-40 [trial
court must give a requested instruction if it is supported by substantial evidence, meaning
“evidence sufficient to deserve jury consideration”].)
II. Instruction on Involuntary Manslaughter.
Defendant further argues the jury was misinstructed on his theory of involuntary
manslaughter, which, in turn, was based upon his statement that he accidentally shot the
victim during the course of a drug deal.
The challenged instruction on involuntary manslaughter, a modified version of
CALCRIM No. 580, was as follows:
“When a person commits an unlawful act but does not intend to kill and does not
act with conscious disregard for human life, then the crime is involuntary manslaughter.
“The difference between other homicide offenses and involuntary manslaughter
depends on whether the person was aware of the risk to life that his or her actions created
and consciously disregarded that risk. An unlawful killing caused by a willful act done
with full knowledge and awareness that the person is endangering the life of another, and
done in conscious disregard of that risk, is voluntary manslaughter or murder. An
unlawful killing resulting from a willful act committed without intent to kill and without
conscious disregard of the risk to human life is involuntary manslaughter.
“The defendant committed involuntary manslaughter if:
1. The defendant committed a crime;
2. The defendant committed the crime with criminal negligence;
AND
3. The defendant’s acts caused the death of another person.
“The People allege that the defendant committed the following crime: brandishing
a firearm in the presence of an occupant of a motor vehicle, in violation of Penal Code
section 417.3.
“Instruction 980 tells you what the People must prove in order to prove that the
14
defendant committed the crime of brandishing a firearm in the presence of an occupant of
a motor vehicle.
“Criminal negligence involves more than ordinary carelessness, inattention, or
mistake in judgment. A person acts with criminal negligence when:
1. He or she acts in a reckless way that creates a high risk of death or great
bodily injury;
AND
2. A reasonable person would have known that acting in that way would create
such a risk.
“In other words, a person acts with criminal negligence when the way he or she
acts is so different from the way an ordinarily careful person would act in the same
situation that his or her act amounts to disregard for human life or indifference to the
consequences of that act.
“The People allege that the defendant committed the following crime with
criminal negligence: brandishing a firearm in the presence of an occupant of a motor
vehicle. You may not find the defendant guilty unless all of you agree that the People
have proved that the defendant committed that act.
“In order to prove murder or voluntary manslaughter, the People have the burden
of proving beyond a reasonable doubt that the defendant acted with intent to kill or with
conscious disregard for human life. If the People have not met either of these burdens,
you must find the defendant not guilty of murder and not guilty of voluntary
manslaughter.”
The court then instructed the jury on the crime of Brandishing Firearm in Presence
of Occupant of Motor Vehicle, codified in section 417.3, as follows:
“To Prove that the defendant is guilty of this crime, the People must prove that:
1. The defendant drew or exhibited a firearm in the presence of another person
who was in a motor vehicle that was being driven on a public street or highway;
2. The defendant drew or exhibited the firearm against the other person in a
threatening manner that would cause a reasonable person to fear bodily harm;
15
AND
3. The defendant did not act in self-defense. [¶¶ ].”6
Defendant’s challenge to these instructions is two-fold. First, defendant argues the
statutory offense of brandishing that underlies the involuntary manslaughter instruction in
this case is, by its nature, an inherently dangerous felony rather than mere criminal
negligence and, thus, under the instruction, could not support a finding of involuntary
manslaughter. Second, defendant argues the section 417.3 offense requires evidence that
the brandishing occurred within a moving vehicle and, here, he claims, there is no such
evidence. Under these circumstances, defendant insists the trial court should have simply
instructed the jury that it could find him guilty of the lesser offense of involuntary
manslaughter so long as there was evidence he committed “an unlawful killing without
the intent to kill and without conscious disregard for human life,” without reference to the
brandishing offense. According to defendant, requiring the jury to find true the elements
of felony brandishing as a predicate for returning a verdict of involuntary manslaughter
despite the lack of evidentiary support was prejudicial error. For reasons to follow, we
disagree.
As an initial matter, as the People note, both parties’ counsel concurred on the trial
court’s selection of the underlying offense of brandishing a firearm in the presence of a
motor vehicle occupant for the involuntary manslaughter charge. In any event, putting
aside defendant’s complicity in the purported error, and assuming for the sake of
argument he is correct that use of the section 417.3 offense for purposes of the
involuntary manslaughter charge was erroneous, we nonetheless conclude there is no
basis on this record for finding undue prejudice. (See People v. Breverman (1998) 19
6
Section 417.3 provides in relevant part: “Every person who, except in self-
defense, in the presence of any other person who is an occupant of a motor vehicle
proceeding on a public street or highway, draws or exhibits any firearm, whether loaded
or unloaded, in a threatening manner against another person in such a way as to cause a
reasonable person apprehension or fear of bodily harm is guilty of a felony punishable by
imprisonment pursuant to subdivision (h) of Section 1170 for 16 months or two or three
years or by imprisonment for 16 months or two or three years and a three thousand dollar
($3,000) fine.”
16
Cal. 4th 142, 178 [failure to properly or fully instruct the jury on a lesser included offense
in a noncapital case does not require reversal unless “ ‘after an examination of the entire
cause, including the evidence’ [citation], it appears ‘reasonably probable’ the defendant
would have obtained a more favorable outcome had the error not occurred”].)
First, as defendant accepts, involuntary manslaughter requires evidence that the
killing was committed without malice. (People v. Cook (2006) 39 Cal. 4th 566, 596.)
“Malice is implied, however, when a killing results from an intentional act, the natural
consequences of which are dangerous to human life, and the act is deliberately performed
with knowledge of the danger to, and with conscious disregard for, human life.” (Ibid.)
Here, the evidence showed that defendant directed a firearm at the victim while seated in
a closed vehicle, placing the deadly weapon at the victim’s side before pulling the trigger
and thereby causing his death. While defendant may have described this incident to
Arteaga as an accident given that he had not intended to kill the victim, there was no
evidence to contradict his statement to Arteaga that his gun was already out, directed at
the victim’s side, before defendant fired the weapon in response to the victim’s sudden
motion of reaching under the seat.7 As such, notwithstanding defendant’s argument on
appeal, the actual evidence presented at trial raised no material issue as to whether he
acted without malice, such that the trial court had no sua sponte duty to give an
involuntary manslaughter instruction. (People v. Cook. supra, 39 Cal.4th at p. 596;
People v. Benavides (2005) 35 Cal. 4th 69, 102 [“a court is not obligated to instruct on
involuntary manslaughter in the absence of substantial evidence that the defendant killed
his victim ‘ “ ‘in the commission of an unlawful act, not amounting to [a] felony; or in
the commission of a lawful act which might produce death, in an unlawful manner, or
without due caution and circumspection” ’ ”].)
In addition, as the People also point out, the jury found true the allegation that
defendant “personally discharged a firearm” and “intended to discharge a firearm” within
the meaning of section 12022.53, subdivision (d). Given these findings, the jury
7
Defendant rested without presenting any evidence at trial.
17
necessarily determined that defendant’s act of shooting and thereby killing the victim was
intentional, and not merely unlawful and without knowledge of the danger to or
conscious disregard for human life. (See People v. Benavides, supra, 35 Cal.4th p. 103.)
As such, the jury implicitly rejected any theory that defendant accidentally fired his
weapon, rendering any misdirection of the jury on the issue of involuntary manslaughter
of no consequence. (People v. Koontz (2002) 27 Cal. 4th 1041, 1085-1086 [“Error in
failing to instruct the jury on a lesser included offense is harmless when the jury
necessarily decides the factual questions posed by the omitted instructions adversely to
defendant under other properly given instructions”].)
Accordingly, for the reasons stated, we decline to find error or prejudice with
respect to the involuntary manslaughter instruction in this case.
III. Cumulative Error.
Finally, defendant contends the cumulative effect of the purported instructional
errors by the trial court was to deprive him of his right to due process under the federal
Constitution. Under the “cumulative error” doctrine, we reverse the judgment if there is a
“reasonable possibility” that the jury would have reached a result more favorable to
defendant absent a combination of errors. (E.g., People v. Williams (2009) 170
Cal. App. 4th 587, 646; In re Avena (1996) 12 Cal. 4th 694, 772, fn. 32 [“Under the
‘cumulative error’ doctrine, errors that are individually harmless may nevertheless have a
cumulative effect that is prejudicial”].)
We reject this argument. As we have discussed at length above, few if any
instructional errors were made at trial, and no prejudicial error occurred that would
require reversal. As the California Supreme Court explains, “Lengthy criminal trials are
rarely perfect, and this court will not reverse a judgment absent a clear showing of a
miscarriage of justice.” (People v. Hill (1998) 17 Cal. 4th 800, 844.) Here, even assuming
defendant’s trial was imperfect, there has been no clear showing that miscarriage of
justice occurred. (See People v. Cuccia (2002) 97 Cal. App. 4th 785, 795 [“The ‘litmus
test’ for cumulative error ‘is whether defendant received due process and a fair trial’ ”].)
18
DISPOSITION
The judgment is affirmed.
_________________________
Jenkins, J.
We concur:
_________________________
McGuiness, P. J.
_________________________
Pollak, J.
People v. Elonzia Perkins, Jr., A144225
19