In re Brian P. CA2/1

Filed 5/28/15 In re Brian P. CA2/1
NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN THE OFFICIAL REPORTS
California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for
publication or ordered published, except as specified by rule 8.1115(b). This opinion has not been certified for publication
or ordered published for purposes of rule 8.1115.
IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA
SECOND APPELLATE DISTRICT
DIVISION ONE
In re BRIAN P., a Person Coming Under B255259
the Juvenile Court Law. (Los Angeles County
Super. Ct. No. KJ38005)
THE PEOPLE,
Plaintiff and Respondent,
v.
BRIAN P.,
Defendant and Appellant.
APPEAL from an order of the Superior Court of Los Angeles County. Geanene
Yriarte, Judge. Affirmed.
Gerald Peters, for Defendant and Appellant.
Kamala D. Harris, Attorney General, Gerald A. Engler, Chief Assistant Attorney
General, Lance E. Winters, Assistant Attorney General, Mary Sanchez and Nathan
Guttman, Deputy Attorneys General, for Plaintiff and Respondent.
___________________________________
When confronted by store loss prevention personnel after having stolen store
merchandise, defendant Brian P. brandished but did not discharge a canister labeled
“pepper spray.” The trial court sustained allegations that defendant committed robbery
and burglary, used tear gas in commission of the offenses, and personally used a
dangerous weapon, namely tear gas. On appeal, defendant contends that brandishing a
tear gas canister does not without more constitute “use” of tear gas, and no evidence
supported the finding that defendant used a dangerous weapon. We disagree with both
contentions. Brandishing a weapon constitutes “use” whether or not the weapon is
discharged. And whether the pepper spray in defendant’s canister, if any, was actually
dangerous is irrelevant for purposes of the enhancement statute, as the weapon was
designed to be dangerous and appeared to be capable of carrying out its design, which
suffices.
Accordingly, we affirm the judgment.
BACKGROUND
On February 20, 2013, defendant and a companion took seven portable Bluetooth
speakers from a Wal-Mart without paying for them. When they were confronted in the
parking lot by Kyle McDaniel, a loss prevention officer employed by the store, defendant
produced a canister labeled “pepper spray” and said he would spray McDaniel if he did
not get back. After defendant was subdued, he admitted he threatened McDaniel with the
pepper spray to prevent him from finding the speakers and said he carried the spray for
protection.
At trial, the only evidence concerning the contents of the pepper spray canister
was a photograph of the canister bearing a label that said, “18% Pepper Spray” and
“Warning: Strong Irritant.”
After a contested hearing, the trial court found defendant violated Penal Code
sections 211 (robbery), 459 (burglary), and 22810, subdivision (g)(1) (use of tear gas),
and found true the allegation that defendant personally used a dangerous weapon within
the meaning of Penal Code section 12022, subdivision (b)(1). The trial court declared
2
defendant a ward of the court, placed him on home probation, and terminated wardship as
of the same date.
He timely appealed.
DISCUSSION
A. “Use” of Tear Gas
Defendant contends brandishing a pepper spray canister without discharging any
spray does not constitute “use” of the weapon. We disagree.
“[A]ny person who uses tear gas or any tear gas weapon except in self-defense is
guilty of a public offense.” (Pen. Code, § 22810, subd. (g)(1).) A tear gas weapon is
“[a]ny shell, cartridge, or bomb capable of being discharged or exploded, when the
discharge or explosion will cause or permit the release or emission of tear gas.” (Pen.
Code, § 17250, subd. (a).) Tear gas is “any liquid, gaseous or solid substance intended to
produce temporary physical discomfort or permanent injury through being vaporized or
otherwise dispersed in the air.” (Pen. Code, § 17240, subd. (a).)
“Threatening another with any weapon, including a tear gas weapon,” constitutes
“use” of the weapon. (People v. Hamilton (1998) 61 Cal. App. 4th 149, 154 [defendant
pointed an unloaded tear gas gun at the victim and clicked the trigger]; People v. Wims
(1995) 10 Cal. 4th 293, 302 [“use” includes intentionally displaying a weapon in a
menacing manner].) The weapon need not be discharged or even be capable of
discharge, so long as there is evidence it was designed to discharge tear gas and gave the
appearance of the capability to do so. (See People v. Nelums (1982) 31 Cal. 3d 355, 359-
360 [defendant used an inoperable firearm].)
Here, defendant brandished a pepper spray canister and told McDaniel he would
use it. That constituted use of a tear gas weapon for purposes of Penal Code section
22810.
B. Use of a “Dangerous” Weapon
“A person who personally uses a deadly or dangerous weapon in the commission
of a felony or attempted felony shall be” subject to a sentence enhancement. (Pen. Code,
§ 12022, subd. (b)(1).) Defendant contends insufficient evidence supported the finding
3
that he used a deadly or dangerous weapon because there was no evidence his pepper
spray canister was loaded, no evidence that any spray it may have contained was of
sufficient strength to be dangerous, and no evidence that pepper spray is itself dangerous.
“‘In order to find “true” a section 12022(b) allegation, a fact finder must conclude
that, during the crime or attempted crime, the defendant himself or herself intentionally
displayed in a menacing manner . . . an instrument capable of inflicting great bodily
injury or death. . . .’ . . . In determining whether an object which is not inherently deadly
or dangerous has been used as a dangerous or deadly weapon, ‘the trier of fact may
consider the nature of the object, the manner in which it is used, and all other facts
relevant to the issue.’” (People v. Blake (2004) 117 Cal. App. 4th 543, 555, fns. omitted.)
“‘[A] distinction should be made between two classes of “dangerous or deadly
weapons.” There are, first, those instrumentalities which are weapons in the strict sense
of the word, and, second, those instrumentalities which are not weapons in the strict sense
of the word, but which may be used as such. The instrumentalities falling in the first
class, such as guns, dirks and blackjacks, which are weapons in the strict sense of the
word and are “dangerous or deadly” to others in the ordinary use for which they are
designed, may be said as a matter of law to be “dangerous or deadly weapons.” This is
true as the ordinary use for which they are designed establishes their character as such.
The instrumentalities falling into the second class, such as ordinary razors, pocket-knives,
hatpins, canes, hammers, hatchets and other sharp or heavy objects, which are not
weapons in the strict sense of the word and are not “dangerous or deadly” to others in the
ordinary use for which they are designed, may not be said as a matter of law to be
“dangerous or deadly weapons.” When it appears, however, that an instrumentality other
than one falling within the first class is capable of being used in a “dangerous or deadly”
manner, and it may be fairly inferred from the evidence that its possessor intended on a
particular occasion to use it as a weapon should the circumstances require, we believe
that its character as a “dangerous or deadly weapon” may be thus established, at least for
the purposes of that occasion.’” (People v. Graham (1969) 71 Cal. 2d 303, 327-328,
disapproved on other grounds in People v. Ray (1975) 14 Cal. 3d 20, 32.)
4
Pepper spray is a dangerous weapon as a matter of law, as the ordinary use for
which it is designed establishes its character as such. (See Pen. Code, § 17250, subd. (a)
[tear gas “weapon” is any cartridge capable of being discharged and releasing tear gas];
see, e.g., United States v. Neill (9th Cir. 1999) 166 F.3d 943, 949-950.) Although the
effects of pepper spray are normally temporary, there is no question that it may disable by
causing difficulty breathing, burning eyes, nausea, and temporary incapacitation. (People
v. Blake (2004) 117 Cal. App. 4th 543, 558.) Even if pepper spray were not inherently
dangerous, it may be fairly inferred from the evidence here that defendant intended to use
his canister as a dangerous weapon, in that he brandished it at McDaniel to dissuade him
from carrying out his duty, a goal that could have been accomplished only if the
perceived danger was great enough to overwhelm the duty.
It is true the only evidence of the degree of danger posed by defendant’s pepper
spray canister was that it appeared to be such a canister, it was labeled “pepper spray,”
and the label stated the spray was “18% strength” and constituted a “strong irritant.” This
evidence does not establish the canister was loaded or that any pepper spray it contained
was of sufficient strength to injure McDaniel. But the canister was designed to injure and
reasonably appeared to be capable of doing so, and defendant depended at least on that
appearance to dissuade McDaniel from apprehending him. It does not matter whether the
spray itself would have been capable of injuring McDaniel had it been discharged. The
legislative purpose underlying weapons penalty enhancement statutes is to deter those
engaged in felonies from creating a risk of death or injury by having a weapon at the
scene of the crime. (People v. Bland (1995) 10 Cal. 4th 991, 1001.) The risk arises not
only from potential use of the weapon to protect the defendant or ward off police, but
also from potential police reaction to the weapon itself. The deterrence objective is best
fulfilled by imposing an enhanced penalty whether or not the weapon is functional, so
long as it was designed to function and gave the reasonable appearance of being able to
do so. (People v. Nelums, supra, 31 Cal.3d at pp. 359-360.)
5
DISPOSITION
The judgment is affirmed.
NOT TO BE PUBLISHED.
CHANEY, J.
We concur:
ROTHSCHILD, P. J.
JOHNSON, J.
6