Townley v. BJ's Restaurants, Inc.

Filed 6/4/19; Certified for Publication 7/8/19 (order attached)
IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA
THIRD APPELLATE DISTRICT
(San Joaquin)
----
KRISTA TOWNLEY, C086672
Plaintiff and Appellant, (Super. Ct.
No. STKCVUOE20140003168)
v.
BJ'S RESTAURANTS, INC.,
Defendant and Respondent.
Plaintiff Krista Townley (Townley) appeals from the judgment entered after the
trial court granted summary judgment in favor of defendant BJ’s Restaurants, Inc. (BJ’s)
on her sole cause of action under the Labor Code Private Attorneys General Act of 2004
(Lab. Code, § 2698 et seq.; PAGA), 1 which sought civil penalties on behalf of herself
and other “aggrieved employees” for Labor Code violations. 2 In this appeal, we are
1 Undesignated statutory references are to the Labor Code.
2 Under PAGA, “an ‘aggrieved employee’ may bring a civil action personally and on
behalf of other current or former employees to recover civil penalties for Labor Code
1
asked to determine whether section 2802 requires an employer to reimburse its
employees for the cost of slip-resistant shoes as “necessary expenditures . . . incurred by
the employee[s] in direct consequence of the discharge of [their] duties.” (§ 2802, subd.
(a).) Because we conclude the statute does not impose such a requirement, we affirm the
judgment.
FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND
The relevant facts are undisputed. BJ’s is a California corporation that operates 63
restaurants in California. From approximately April 2011 to April 2013, Townley
worked at a BJ’s restaurant in Stockton as a server.
To avoid slip and fall accidents, BJ’s adopted a safety policy that required all
hourly restaurant employees to wear black, slip-resistant, close-toed shoes. The policy
did not require employees to purchase a specific brand, style, or design of shoes. Nor did
the policy prohibit employees from wearing their shoes outside of work.
During her employment with BJ’s, Townley purchased a pair of canvas shoes that
complied with BJ’s policy but was not reimbursed for the cost of the shoes, which was
consistent with BJ’s policy and practice.
In April 2014, Townley filed a class and representative action against BJ’s,
alleging two PAGA claims for Labor Code violations. 3 In October 2015, she filed a first
amended complaint, styled as a representative action, alleging one PAGA claim, seeking
civil penalties on behalf of herself and other “aggrieved employees” for Labor Code
violations. In support of her PAGA claim, Townley alleged: “[BJ’s] failed to reimburse
violations. [Citation.] Of the civil penalties recovered, 75 percent goes to the Labor and
Workforce Development Agency, leaving the remaining 25 percent for the ‘aggrieved
employees.’ ” (Arias v. Superior Court (2009) 46 Cal.4th 969, 980-981, fn. omitted.) An
“ ‘aggrieved employee’ ” is “any person who was employed by the alleged violator and
against whom one or more of the alleged violations was committed.” (§ 2699, subd. (c).)
3 “Actions under [PAGA] may be brought as class actions.” (Arias v. Superior Court,
supra, 46 Cal.4th at p. 981, fn. 5.)
2
restaurant employees for a business expense associated with a required safety item. In
particular, BJ’s requires hourly restaurant employees to wear ‘slip resistant, black, close-
toed shoes’ for safety reasons. Employers are required to furnish and provide safety
equipment to employees free of charge pursuant to [workplace safety standards in] Labor
Code §§ 6401 and 6403. [Citation.] . . . [BJ’s] did not provide such shoes free of cost,
or reimburse restaurant employees for their cost, all in violation of Labor Code § 2802.
Violations of Labor Code § 2802 give[] rise to a PAGA action under Labor Code
§ 2699.5.”
In October 2017, BJ’s filed a motion for summary judgment. It argued, among
other things, that Townley’s PAGA claim failed because BJ’s is not required, as a matter
of law, to reimburse its hourly restaurant employees for the cost of slip-resistant shoes
under the Labor Code. In her opposition, Townley abandoned her “PAGA theory based
on violations of §§ 6401 and 6403,” 4 stating that the first amended complaint’s
“reference to a . . . duty under Cal-OSHA §§ 6401 and 640[3] to provide safety items is
an alternative theory of liability that [Townley] has chosen not to pursue.” Instead,
4 Sections 6401 and 6403 are provisions under the California Occupational Safety and
Health Act of 1973 (Cal-OSHA) (§ 6300 et seq.). The provisions of Cal-OSHA are
intended to “assur[e] safe and healthful working conditions for all California working
men and women by authorizing the enforcement of effective standards, assisting and
encouraging employers to maintain safe and healthful working conditions, and by
providing for . . . enforcement in the field of occupational safety and health.” (§ 6300.)
Section 6401 provides: “Every employer shall furnish and use safety devices and
safeguards, and shall adopt and use practices, means, methods, operations, and processes
which are reasonably adequate to render such employment and place of employment safe
and healthful. Every employer shall do every other thing reasonably necessary to protect
the life, safety, and health of employees.” Section 6403 similarly requires employers to
“provide and use safety devices and safeguards reasonably adequate to render the
employment and place of employment safe”; “adopt and use methods and processes
reasonably adequate to render the employment and place of employment safe”; and “do
every other thing reasonably necessary to protect the life, safety, and health of
employees.” (§ 6403, subds. (a)-(c).)
3
Townley argued that summary judgment was improper because BJ’s had failed to show
that it was not required to reimburse its employees for the cost of slip-resistant shoes
under section 2802, which requires an employer to reimburse “employee[s] for all
necessary expenditures . . . incurred by the employee[s] in direct consequence of the
discharge of [their] duties . . . .” (§ 2802, subd. (a).) Townley maintained that “[BJ’s]
arguments about [her] ability to prove a Cal-OSHA violation have no relevance to [her]
actual PAGA claim, which is based solely on [BJ’s] violation of its reimbursement
obligations under § 2802.” Townley argued that “§ 2802 imposes an independent duty
[on an employer] to reimburse employees’ business expenses that they incurred in order
to perform their duties to the employer, regardless of any other statutory or regulatory
obligation that also may exist, including under Cal-OSHA or . . . Wage Order [No. 5].” 5
In reply, BJ’s argued that Townley’s “attempt to apply . . . § 2802 in a way that would
mandate reimbursement for slip-resistant footwear is preempted by the Federal
Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970 [OSHA], which does not require employers
to pay for slip-resistant shoes.” BJ’s further argued that, “[e]ven assuming arguendo that
. . . § 2802 is not preempted by [OSHA], [Townley’s PAGA] claim still fails because
employers are not required to provide or pay for non-uniform work clothing under
California law.”
In January 2018, the trial court granted summary judgment, finding that Townley
could not establish that BJ’s violated California law by failing to reimburse its employees
5 Labor Code and Industrial Welfare Commission (IWC) wage order No. 5-2001 (Wage
Order No. 5) governs the public housekeeping industry, which includes restaurants.
(Wage Order No. 5, Cal. Code Regs., tit. 8, § 11050, subd. 2(P)(1).) As relevant here,
Wage Order No. 5 provides: “When uniforms are required by the employer to be worn
by the employee as a condition of employment, such uniforms shall be provided and
maintained by the employer. The term ‘uniform’ includes wearing apparel and
accessories of distinctive design or color. [¶] NOTE: This section shall not apply to
protective apparel regulated by the Occupational Safety and Health Standards Board.”
(Cal. Code Regs., tit. 8, § 11050, subd. 9(A).)
4
for the cost of slip-resistant shoes. In so ruling, the court concluded that OSHA and Cal-
OSHA specifically provide that an employer is not required to reimburse employees for
the cost of non-specialty shoes that offer some slip-resistant characteristics, but are
otherwise ordinary clothing in nature. 6 The court further concluded that because the
reimbursement exception under OSHA and Cal-OSHA for non-specialty, slip-resistant
shoes is more specific than the general reimbursement language in section 2802, it must
harmonize the seemingly conflicting statutes by interpreting section 2802 to mean that
the cost of slip-resistant shoes is not a “necessary expenditure” within the meaning of the
statute.
Following the entry of judgment, Townley filed a timely notice of appeal.
DISCUSSION
1.0 Standard of Review
We review an order granting summary judgment de novo. (Aguilar v. Atlantic
Richfield Co. (2001) 25 Cal.4th 826, 860.) We make an independent assessment of the
correctness of the trial court’s ruling, applying the same legal standard as the trial court in
determining whether there is no triable issue as to any material fact and the moving party
6 In reaching this conclusion, the trial court relied on an OSHA regulation involving an
employer’s obligation to provide certain protective equipment to employees at no cost.
The regulation identifies specific items for which an employer is not required to pay. As
relevant here, the regulation states that an “employer is not required to pay for non-
specialty safety-toe protective footwear (including steel-toe shoes or steel-toe boots) . . . ,
provided that the employer permits such items to be worn off the job-site.” (29 C.F.R.
§ 1910.132(h)(2).) The court also relied on a 2011 OSHA directive, which interpreted
this regulation as not requiring employers to “pay for non-specialty shoes that offer some
slip-resistant characteristics, but are otherwise ordinary clothing in nature.” (See OSHA,
Enforcement Guidance for Personal Protective Equipment in General Industry, Directive
No. CPL 02-01-050 (Feb. 10, 2011) p. 36

[as of June 4, 2019], archived at: .) The court concluded
that this rule applies in California because California did not adopt a Cal-OSHA
regulation requiring employers to reimburse employees for the cost of such footwear.
5
is entitled to a judgment as a matter of law. (Doe v. Good Samaritan Hospital (2018) 23
Cal.App.5th 653, 661.) “ ‘We will affirm a summary judgment if it is correct on any
ground, as we review the judgment, not its rationale.’ ” (Marshall v. County of San
Diego (2015) 238 Cal.App.4th 1095, 1107.)
2.0 The Trial Court Properly Granted Summary Judgment
Townley contends the trial court erred in granting summary judgment because
BJ’s is required, as a matter of law, to reimburse its employees for the cost of slip-
resistant shoes under section 2802. According to Townley, the slip-resistant shoes at
issue in this case are not items regulated by either OSHA or Cal-OSHA, as BJ’s required
its employees to wear the shoes as part of a company safety policy, not to comply with
the requirements of OSHA or Cal-OSHA. Because we assume for purposes of this
appeal that section 2802 applies, we need not and do not decide the applicability of
OSHA or Cal-OSHA. For the reasons stated post, we will affirm the judgment.
In 2015, the United States Court of Appeals, Ninth Circuit, in an unpublished
opinion, decided the identical issue presented in this appeal. In that case, the court held
that section 2802 did not require Denny’s Inc. (Denny’s) to reimburse its employees for
the cost of slip-resistant shoes. (Lemus v. Denny’s Inc. (9th Cir. 2015) 617 Fed.Appx.
701, *703 (Lemus).) 7 In so holding, the court reasoned as follows: “It is not necessary to
decide the applicability of OSHA or CAL/OSHA, because, even if section 2802 applies,
it does not require Denny’s to reimburse the cost of its employees’ slip-resistant
footwear. California Labor Code section 2802[, subdivision] (a) provides that ‘[a]n
employer shall indemnify his or her employee for all necessary expenditures or losses
7 We note that Lemus is citable as persuasive, although not precedential, authority.
(Pacific Shore Funding v. Lozo (2006) 138 Cal.App.4th 1342, 1352, fn. 6 [“California
Rules of Court, rule 977 [now rule 8.1115(a)], . . . only bars citation of unpublished
California opinions”].) In the trial court, BJ’s argued that Townley’s theory of liability
predicated on a violation of section 2802 was foreclosed by Lemus. In granting summary
judgment, the trial court did not rely on or discuss Lemus.
6
incurred by the employee in direct consequence of the discharge of his or her duties.’
Lemus has not presented any authority that has applied section 2802 in a way that
requires an employer to pay for an employee’s non-uniform work clothing. Nor can he,
because (under California law) a restaurant employer must only pay for its employees’
work clothing if the clothing is a ‘uniform’ or if the clothing qualifies as certain
protective apparel regulated by CAL/OSHA or OSHA. See Cal. Code Regs. tit. 8,
§ 11050(9)(A) (2001).” (Lemus, at p. *703.)
The Ninth Circuit explained, “California’s Division of Labor Standards
Enforcement (‘DLSE’) has clarified:[ 8] [¶] ‘The definition and [DLSE] enforcement
policy is sufficiently flexible to allow the employer to specify basic wardrobe items
which are usual and generally usable in the occupation, such as white shirts, dark pants
and black shoes and belts, all of unspecified design, without requiring the employer to
furnish such items. If a required black or white uniform or accessory does not meet the
test of being generally usable in the occupation the emplolyee [sic] may not be required
to pay for it.’ [¶] Cal. Office of the State Labor Comm’r, Div. of Labor Standards
Enforcement, Dep’t of Indus. Relations, Opinion Letter No. 1990.09.18 1 (1990)
(alteration in original). Lemus has not argued that the black, slip-resistant shoes that he
purchased were part of a ‘uniform’ or were not ‘generally usable in the [restaurant]
occupation.’ [Citation.] In fact, Lemus’s counsel conceded at oral argument that this
was not a uniform situation. Therefore, despite the general indemnification provision in
section 2802, under California labor law, Denny’s is not required to provide the cost of
8 “ ‘The DLSE’s opinion letters, while not controlling upon the courts by reason of their
authority, do constitute a body of experience and informed judgment to which courts and
litigants may properly resort for guidance.’ ” (Lemus, supra, 617 Fed.Appx. at p. *703,
fn. 1; see Troester v. Starbucks Corp. (2018) 5 Cal.5th 829, 841 [DLSE opinion letters
are “not binding, although they may be a source of informed judgment to which courts
and litigants may resort for guidance”].)
7
slip-resistant footwear. Thus, the district court did not err in granting summary judgment
to Denny’s on this claim.” (Lemus, supra, 617 Fed.Appx. at p. *703, fn. omitted.) 9
We are persuaded by the reasoning of Lemus and follow it here. We conclude that
BJ’s is not required, as a matter of law, to reimburse its employees for the cost of the slip-
resistant shoes at issue in this case under section 2802. The cost of the shoes does not
qualify as a “necessary expenditure” within the meaning of the statute. Here, like in
Lemus, Townley has not argued that the slip-resistant shoes she was required to purchase
were part of a uniform or were not usual and generally usable in the restaurant
occupation. Further, she does not cite any authority holding that an employer is required,
under section 2802, to reimburse an employee for basic, non-uniform wardrobe items,
such as the slip-resistant shoes at issue in this case. 10 Accordingly, the trial court did not
err in granting summary judgment.
DISPOSITION
The judgment is affirmed. Costs on appeal are awarded to BJ’s. (Cal. Rules of
Court, rule 8.278(a)(1), (2).)
s/BUTZ , Acting P. J.
9 In a footnote, the Ninth Circuit noted that because it did not reach the issue of whether
OSHA preempts section 2802, it need not address Lemus’s alternative contention that
Cal-OSHA requires reimbursement for slip-resistant footwear, explaining that “Lemus
made it clear in his briefing that he only provided the CAL/OSHA argument in case the
panel concluded that [section] 2802 was preempted by OSHA.” (Lemus, supra, 617
Fed.Appx. at p. *703, fn. 2.)
10 Given our conclusion, we do not address Townley’s argument that the trial court erred
in concluding the “OSHA Exception” (i.e., 29 C.F.R. § 1910.132(h)(2)) applies to this
case and conflicts with and supersedes the reimbursement obligations imposed on
employers under section 2802. Nor do we address the alternative grounds for affirmance
asserted by BJ’s, including BJ’s contention that OSHA preempts section 2802.
8
We concur:
DUARTE, J.
RENNER, J.
9
Filed 7/5/19
CERTIFIED FOR PUBLICATION
IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA
THIRD APPELLATE DISTRICT
(San Joaquin)
----
KRISTA TOWNLEY, C086672
Plaintiff and Appellant, (Super. Ct.
No. STKCVUOE20140003168)
v. ORDER GRANTING
PUBLICATION
BJ'S RESTAURANTS, INC., [NO CHANGE IN JUDGMENT]
Defendant and Respondent.
APPEAL from a judgment of the Superior Court of San Joaquin County, Carter P.
Holly, Judge. Affirmed.
Keller Grover LLP, Eric A. Grover and Robert W. Spencer; Gaines & Gaines,
Miriam Leigh Schimmel for Plaintiff and Appellant.
Sheppard Mullin Richter & Hampton LLP, Matthew Martin Sonne for Defendant
and Respondent.
THE COURT:
The opinion in the above-entitled matter filed on June 4, 2019, was not certified
for publication in the Official Reports. For good cause, we grant defendant and
respondent’s request to publish the opinion in the Official Reports, and it is so ordered.
s/BUTZ , Acting P. J.
We concur:
1
s/DUARTE , J.
s/RENNER , J.
2