People v. Johnson CA4/3

Filed 10/18/13 P. v. Johnson CA4/3
NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN OFFICIAL REPORTS
California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for
publication or ordered published, except as specified by rule 8.1115(b). This opinion has not been certified for publication
or ordered published for purposes of rule 8.1115.
IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA
FOURTH APPELLATE DISTRICT
DIVISION THREE
THE PEOPLE,
Plaintiff and Respondent, G046825
v. (Super. Ct. No. 10CF3221)
AKEEM JELANI JOHNSON, OPINION
Defendant and Appellant.
Appeal from a judgment of the Superior Court of Orange County, Lance
Jensen, Judge. Affirmed.
Robert L.S. Angres, under appointment by the Court of Appeal, for
Defendant and Appellant.
Kamala D. Harris, Attorney General, Dane R. Gillette, Chief Assistant
Attorney General, Julie L. Garland, Assistant Attorney General, A. Natasha Cortina and
Joy Utomi, Deputy Attorneys General, for Plaintiff and Respondent.
* * *
A jury convicted Akeem Jelani Johnson of rape of an intoxicated person
(Pen. Code, § 261, subd. (a)(3)). Johnson contends the trial court‟s comments at the
sentencing hearing demonstrated the court lacked the requisite impartiality required for
fair sentencing. For the reasons expressed below, we affirm.
I
FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND
Forty-eight-year old Kim K., a resident of Australia, testified she and her
two youngest children (ages 11 and 9) decided to surprise her sister‟s family in Orange
County with a Thanksgiving visit on November 25, 2010. Kim consumed at least one
glass of wine with Thanksgiving dinner. After dinner, she and her adult nephew, Blake,
decided to go out for a drink.
They started out at a Tustin bar called the Swinging Door around 9:00 p.m.
Kim drank at least three vodka drinks, and also had a “B-52” shot. She was “feeling the
effects” of the alcohol. After about two hours, they took a taxi to another bar called
Godfather‟s. Kim recalled only the first 10 minutes of her arrival. She drank a shot of
vodka with Blake‟s high school friends and said “hi” to a group of four men standing
nearby when they commented on her Australian accent. She did not remember leaving
the bar, and woke up in the hospital. Kim testified she had been taking Cymbalta for
depression at the time of the incident, which can increase the effects of alcohol and cause
a person to bruise more easily.
Officer Chris Gerber arrived on the scene around 1:25 a.m. and found Kim
slumped over on a mattress in the alley behind an apartment complex near Godfather‟s.
Kim‟s right pant leg was off her leg, and her right boot was on the ground about 15 feet
away. Gerber found a used condom on the ground next to the boot. Gerber had difficulty
2
understanding Kim, who slurred her words and could not provide her name. The jury
reviewed a videotape of Gerber‟s encounter with Kim in the alley.
Trisha Larue, one of Blake‟s friends, testified Kim appeared sober when
she arrived at Godfather‟s. As the evening progressed, Kim appeared very intoxicated,
and began leaning on people, unable to stand. Kim spent a lot of time with a group of
men, including “BJ” Stelly, who Larue‟s friend knew from Tustin High School. Johnson
was in BJ‟s group. Kim was “almost like sitting in someone‟s lap” and “hanging on
them.”
Paige Tapia was at Godfather‟s with Larue and other friends. Tapia also
knew Stelly. According to Tapia, Kim appeared tipsy when she arrived, and grew
increasingly inebriated as the night wore on. Tapia and Kim stayed at Johnson‟s table
“for the majority of the night.” Tapia spent time with Stelly, and Kim was with Johnson.
Kim was “mostly just hanging on [Johnson] and kind of talking in his ear.” Kim was
“[f]lirtatious” and “initiating the actions” with Johnson. The men brought pitchers of
beer back to the table and everyone was drinking together. At one point, Kim walked to
the bathroom and fell “flat on her face.” She was wearing high heels, lost her balance,
fell pretty hard and “didn‟t even catch herself.” Another time she dropped “money all
over the floor” while trying to get something out of her purse.
Surveillance video from inside Godfather‟s confirmed Kim spent much of
the evening with Johnson‟s group, hugging, leaning on, and kissing the men, including
Johnson. About an hour after her first contact with Johnson‟s group, and after spending
the final 30 minutes standing at their table, Johnson led Kim by the hand out towards the
rear area of the bar. Kim stumbled as she made her way through the crowd and leaned
over Johnson‟s back as they walked out of the bar into the alley.
3
Blood taken from Kim less than three hours after the incident contained a
blood alcohol concentration (BAC) of 0.23 percent. A prosecution expert estimated her
BAC was 0.27 or 0.28 percent at 1:00 a.m. A blood alcohol level in this range would
probably cause “severe mental impairment,” and “gross physical impairment, including
balance and coordination issues.” It could also result in memory loss. The medical
expert testified the scientific literature documented incidents of “blacking out” and “brief
moments of loss of consciousness” at this level of intoxication.
Semen taken from Kim‟s vulva and the inside and outside of her mouth,
and inside the condom recovered at the scene, matched Johnson‟s DNA profile. Kim had
a small red mark on her right forearm, abrasions on her right pinky finger, right knee and
left buttock, and bruises on her right shin and left upper thigh. She had abrasions on the
right and left labial fold, and small tears on the left labial fold and the posterior fourchette
(entryway to the vagina). She also had tears and abrasions close to the “anal verge,”
where the regular skin becomes more of a mucous membrane.
Patrick Wolf testified he was at a coin laundry adjacent to Godfather‟s
when he spotted three men standing near the rear driver‟s side door of a Jeep Cherokee.
The men seemed to be “rooting each other on” and made comments, including “„is her
pussy wet.‟” The men looked toward Wolf and whispered to each other. Wolf
approached and saw another man inside the Jeep, and a woman‟s limbs. The men carried
the woman out of the Jeep by her arms and legs across the alley and “heave-hoed her”
onto the box spring of a mattress “like throwing somebody into the pool.” Wolf yelled
something like “[w]hat the fuck you guys doing?” One of the men responded something
like “[w]hat the fuck are you going to do about it” and laughed. When Wolf took out his
4
cell phone, one of the men said “let‟s get out of here” or “we got to get out of here.
We‟re going to be arrested.” They sped off in the Jeep.
The videotape showed Johnson‟s companions exiting Godfather‟s into the
alley at 1:12 a.m. Wolf‟s 911 call occurred at 1:25 a.m. Wolf reported the license plate,
which belonged to Johnson‟s Jeep, and stated the woman was “intoxicated or drugged or
whatever. . . . [¶] She was definitely incoherent, out of it, didn‟t know what was going
on, didn‟t even seem like she knew she was talking to me.” Wolf identified Stelly from a
photograph, and told an officer he asked Stelly what was going on and Stelly told him to
“[s]hut the fuck up.”
Detective Bonnie Breeze interviewed Johnson around 5:00 a.m. He did not
appear to be under the influence, but she smelled alcohol on him. The prosecutor played
a video recording of the interview at trial. Johnson stated he went to Godfather‟s around
8:00 p.m. with Chris and Ronald. He had three or four beers and met Kim, whose name
he did not know, as he was about to leave. He spoke with Kim for about five minutes
inside the bar. “She was talking [and] coherent.” Johnson claimed she followed him
when he went outside to use his phone, and he kissed her after she flirted with him. Kim
suggested they get in the car. He did not know she was intoxicated and she “act[ed] like
she knew what was going on.” They began “fooling around” after a couple minutes in
the car. He initially denied having vaginal sex, although he admitted she performed oral
sex on him. Johnson subsequently admitted “we had [vaginal] sex but I . . . when I . . .
she was . . . I found out she was intoxicated, I stopped. She was really . . . she was really
drunk and I was like, „You know what? I‟m over this „cause it‟s gonna‟ . . . be something
like this so I stopped.” He acknowledged using a condom and having an orgasm. She
took off her own pants and underwear. He put his penis inside her only for “a minute or
5
two.” She went quickly from being lucid to “acting like she couldn‟t handle herself.”
After he realized she was intoxicated, he told her to get out and he departed. He
estimated they had been in the car about 10 or 15 minutes.
Johnson initially claimed Kim left his car “on her own will” and denied he
and his friends lifted her out of the car and threw her on the mattress. Johnson claimed
she had her pants on when she got out of his car, but later admitted she did not exit the
car on her own and one of his friends helped her out. He tried to put her clothes back on,
“sat her down on the mattress,” and asked if she was okay. The men left when Kim “said
that she was cool” or “I‟m good right here.” He did not walk her back into the bar
because he was “scared” that he would “be misjudged.” He denied anyone had been
standing by his car watching, or that he had anal sex with Kim, and asserted the sexual
activity with Kim “was all consensual.”
Johnson‟s testimony differed from his pretrial statements to Breeze.
Johnson, 26 years old at the time of the incident, testified that after Thanksgiving dinner
with his family, he, Stelly, and two friends left for Godfather‟s to meet Stelly‟s other
friends. Johnson‟s group drank several pitchers of beer. Kim approached their table with
other women. She appeared to have been drinking and held a drink in her hand. She
returned to the table repeatedly throughout the evening and they discussed various topics.
She flirted, touched, hugged and kissed him, and talked about sex in a “joking fashion.”
He kissed her back.
Around midnight, Kim accepted Johnson‟s invitation to go to his car. As
they walked toward the exit, he held her hand while she hugged him from behind, “kind
of draped around [his] shoulders.” He acknowledged the videotape showed Kim
staggered and swayed backwards as they left the bar, but he did not see this. He believed
6
she was “intoxicated,” but not “drunk.” They walked past a security guard, who opened
the door for them. Johnson unlocked the car door and Kim got into the backseat first.
According to Johnson, Kim “[d]efinitely” acted like she knew what was going on as they
began “fooling around.” Johnson began unbuckling his pants, but Kim finished
unbuckling them and pulled his pants down, leaned over him, and began performing oral
sex. This might have lasted 20 minutes. He was not wearing a condom and he ejaculated
in her mouth.
After the oral sex, they began “fooling around” again. She started taking
off her pants, and took off just one pant leg. She left her underwear on but “kind [of] slid
them to the side.” He retrieved a condom from the center console and inserted his penis
into her vagina. He did not “believe . . . she was too intoxicated to know what was going
on.” After a couple minutes, he noticed Kim was “acting differently.” She was “not
incoherent, but she was kind of laying there, acting more drunk than she” had been.
Johnson claimed she was “definitely responsive” and never passed out. Nevertheless, he
immediately stopped because he did not “get down like that. It wasn‟t right. I seen her
acting incoherent, I definitely stopped.” He did not ejaculate. Kim did not react or ask
why he stopped. He could not recall the timing of various events, but agreed he and Kim
were outside for about an hour and a half. He did not know how his condom ended up
next to Kim‟s boot.
Johnson got Kim outside the car, and when Stelly emerged from the bar,
Stelly helped him with Kim‟s pants. He denied his other companions were near the car at
this time, and he did not hear anyone make vulgar comments or laugh. As “we were
getting her out of the car, trying to help her out,” Wolf came from “behind the corner,
yelling and screaming . . . „What are you guys doing? You raping this lady?‟” By now,
7
Kim could not stand on her own. Johnson was “terrified, scared” because “[t]he situation
didn‟t look good” and he was afraid he “was going to be misjudged.” Kim was “way
more intoxicated at this point than when . . . she was inside the bar.” He heard Wolf call
the police and accuse him of rape. He and Stelly sat Kim down on the mattress. He
denied carrying Kim over by her arms and legs and tossing her on the mattress. He asked
Kim if she was “„okay sitting right there‟” and she responded she was fine. Johnson
testified he regretted leaving her on the mattress and admitted it “wasn‟t the right thing to
do,” and he should have taken her back into the bar. His friends urged him to leave.
Johnson admitted lying repeatedly to Detective Breeze to protect his friends and to
minimize his interactions with Kim because he was scared.
Following a trial in March 2012, the jury convicted Johnson of rape of an
intoxicated person, defined as “sexual intercourse accomplished with a person not the
spouse of the perpetrator” where the “person is prevented from resisting by any
intoxicating or anesthetic substance, or any controlled substance, and this condition was
known, or reasonably should have been known by the accused.” (Pen. Code, § 261, subd.
(a)(3); see CALCRIM No. 1002 [“a person is prevented from resisting if he or she is so
intoxicated that he or she cannot give legal consent. In order to give legal consent, a
person must be able to exercise reasonable judgment. In other words, the person must be
able to understand and weigh the physical nature of the act, its moral character, and
probable consequences. Legal consent is consent given freely and voluntarily by
someone who knows the nature of the act involved.”].) The jury acquitted Johnson of
analogous oral copulation and sodomy charges. At sentencing in April 2012, the trial
court imposed the aggravated eight-year prison term.
8
II
DISCUSSION
Johnson contends the trial court‟s “highly inflammatory and inappropriate
language in determining [his] punishment” demonstrated “the trial judge had lost his
impartiality” and therefore the “sentencing hearing did not conform to the requirements
of due process.” He argues we must vacate his sentence and remand for a resentencing
hearing before a different judge. We disagree.
A. Sentencing Hearing
At the sentencing hearing in April 2012, the trial court first heard from the
parties, including Johnson, who maintained Kim consented to having sex with him,
explaining that she “kept coming towards me as the aggressor, so I felt that it was
consensual because she came to me all the times. I was sitting at the table and she kept
coming to me. And we were talking about sex throughout the whole night, so I figured,
you know, it was consensual.”
The trial court rejected Johnson‟s explanation and request for mercy,
observing that Johnson‟s conduct contradicted his good character references. The court
observed that Johnson seemed to blame the victim for his predicament, explaining, “This
is a situation where even to this day you are throwing the victim under the bus, so to
speak; or at least in this case, you threw her on a mattress.” Responding to Johnson‟s
defense of consensual sex and that Kim willingly accompanied him outside the bar, the
court stated, “Well, if that‟s how it went down in your opinion, then, sir, at some point
during your stay in state prison, I would recommend that you get your ears checked and
then I get [sic] your eyes checked because obviously you did not hear anything nor could
you see anything because how you could not come to the conclusion that this young lady
9
was so far gone to the point of almost being unconscious is beyond me. [¶] Certainly, the
videotape, everything this court saw, she was probably borderline, if not unconscious –
practically unconscious when you did the unspeakable things that you did to her.”
Echoing Detective Breeze‟s comments to the probation officer,1 the court
remarked, “You are, unfortunately, living in an antiquated caveman [mentality]. You
think in order to rape a woman, there has to be violence, kicking, screaming, and
dragging. Obviously, in your upbringing, you were never taught otherwise, which is a
shame. [¶] It would appear that after you began a juvenile crime spree in one of the
organizations you got involved in, I think it was [100 Black Men of Orange County], or
something of that nature, which would appear to have been an organization that [] was
probably designed and set up to mentor, intervene, and capture young, promising men
like yourself and show you role models for how a man should conduct himself, regardless
of this race. [¶] But, for some reason, that either didn‟t happen, didn‟t stick, or you
gathered your thoughts about how a woman should be treated in some other antiquated
way.”
The court observed Johnson “fail[ed] to understand that it is illegal to
engage in sexual intercourse with an intoxicated person” and describing Kim as
“„intoxicated‟ [was] a favorable impression” because she “was borderline, almost
unconscious.” The court declared the video showed Kim was “being dragged like a
deadweight because she had both of her arms around you and could barely move her feet
as you pretty much dragged her out to [your] car and had your way with her.”
1
Detective Breeze had advised the probation officer she doubted Johnson
would “ever understand what he did was wrong” and he had a “„caveman mentality, in
that he did not believe a woman could be raped unless she was being violently assaulted
and there was resistance and screaming.”
10
The court again expressed incredulity concerning Johnson‟s claim Kim
consented to having sex with him, explaining “if that‟s what you need to say in order to
justify why you think you‟re innocent or justify your manliness, go ahead, that‟s fine.
But actions speak louder than words, Mr. Johnson.”
The court continued that “after you have used and abused and done just
about everything you could to this young lady in the back of your car and recruit your
buddies, who were nothing more than willing accessories and other animals, as they
cheered you on outside your car and said some of the most despicable things as they
egged you on, in really what was a gang rape. You raped her and they just egged you on.
[¶] And I‟m sure if they had been given the chance, they probably would have joined in
with you. I‟m surprised you didn‟t give them that chance. You just did about everything
else to this young lady. Then to recruit them and in a way of just minimizing and
degrading this individual to something probably as low, if not lower, than a piece of shit
found on the ground and throwing her on some dilapidated mattress in an alleyway is just
disgusting.”
The court also faulted Johnson for his conduct after Wolf intervened: “you
would have thought that maybe a light went on and you would have instantaneously
sobered up and realized or become maybe a human being that what you had done was
incorrect and wrong. But no. There was an attempt to intimidate [Wolf], threaten him or
in some way convey to him that „it‟s none of your business and stay out of it.‟ . . . [¶]
[T]hat did not wake you up to how heinous of a crime that you perpetrated on this young
lady.”
The court found several aggravating factors including “a high degree of
callousness as you tossed this individual half clothed, wearing only one boot in 40 degree
11
night weather,” the particularly vulnerability of the victim, Johnson‟s inducement of his
“posse of drinking buddies” to assist him in dumping Kim in the alley, “some planning
and sophistication” by waiting until Kim was “sufficiently drunk enough” before he made
sexual advances, and that Johnson‟s conduct demonstrated “a serious danger to society.”
The court also cited Johnson‟s prior juvenile record, which included punching a store
clerk while trying to shoplift beer and stealing pizza from a delivery man, probation
violations, and marijuana use, which the court summarized as “ample history of criminal
behavior that is only increasing in seriousness, topped off by this case.” The court
proceeded to impose sentence: “I derive no sadness in sentencing you as follows, sir: As
to count 1, . . . the court has a triad spread three years, six years, and eight years. The
court sentences you to the aggravated term of eight years.”
B. Forfeiture
The Attorney General contends Johnson forfeited his claim that the trial
court‟s comments violated his due process rights because he failed to raise the issue
below. Although Johnson failed to object when the trial court‟s comments allegedly
revealed improper bias, we exercise our discretion to entertain Johnson‟s claim because
the issue implicates fundamental questions about his constitutional right to an impartial
jurist and to forestall any claim counsel was ineffective for failing to object. We
therefore assume in our analysis Johnson requested the court recuse itself from imposing
sentence, and we further assume the court would have denied his request.
C. Due Process Standards
Both the state and federal Constitutions guarantee a criminal defendant the
right to an impartial judge. (People v. Cowan (2010) 50 Cal. 4th 401, 455 (Cowan).)
12
Indeed, “„[a] fair trial in a fair tribunal‟” is a fundamental component of due process.
(Caperton v. A. T. Massey Coal Co. (2009) 556 U.S. 868, 876 (Caperton).)
Relying on Caperton, the California Supreme Court described the
analytical framework used to review an alleged due process claim based on judicial bias.
“[W]hile a showing of actual bias is not required for judicial disqualification under the
due process clause, neither is the mere appearance of bias sufficient. Instead, based on an
objective assessment of the circumstances in the particular case, there must exist „“the
probability of actual bias on the part of the judge or decisionmaker [that] is too high to be
constitutionally tolerable.”‟ [Citation.] Where only the appearance of bias is at issue, a
litigant‟s recourse is to seek disqualification under state disqualification statutes:
„Because the codes of judicial conduct provide more protection than due process requires,
most disputes over disqualification will be resolved without resort to the Constitution.‟
[Citation.]” (People v. Freeman (2010) 47 Cal. 4th 993, 996 (Freeman).)
Freeman explained why the probability of judicial bias, rather than its
appearance, violated due process. “The operation of the due process clause in the realm
of judicial impartiality . . . is primarily to protect the individual‟s right to a fair trial. In
contrast to this elemental goal, a statutory disqualification scheme, like that found in our
Code of Civil Procedure, is not solely concerned with the rights of the parties before the
court but is also „intended to ensure public confidence in the judiciary.‟ [Citation.] Thus,
an explicit ground for judicial disqualification in California‟s statutory scheme is a public
perception of partiality, that is, the appearance of bias.” (Freeman, supra, 47 Cal.4th at
pp. 1000-1001.)
Thus, the scope of due process protection for judicial bias claims is narrow.
As Freeman explains, the Supreme Court has “made it abundantly clear that the due
13
process clause should not be routinely invoked as a ground for judicial disqualification.
Rather, it is the exceptional case presenting extreme facts where a due process violation
will be found. [Citation.] Less extreme cases – including those that involve the mere
appearance, but not the probability, of bias – should be resolved under more expansive
disqualification statutes and codes of judicial conduct.” (Freeman, supra, 47 Cal.4th at
p. 1005.)2
The party claiming bias bears the burden of establishing facts supporting its
claim. (Evans v. Centerstone Development Co. (2005) 134 Cal. App. 4th 151, 162.) The
facts must “clearly . . . establish[]” the requisite bias. (People v. Chatman (2006)
38 Cal. 4th 344, 363.) And, as noted, we employ an objective standard in reviewing these
claims. (Cowan, supra, 50 Cal.4th at p. 457.)
D. The Record Does Not Establish a Probability of Bias
Johnson complains the trial court‟s comments about his “caveman
mentality, his poor upbringing, and his deficient manliness” were degrading, and the
2
As noted above, Johnson did not object or move to disqualify Judge Jensen
at the April 20 sentencing hearing. Approximately one month later, after Johnson filed
his notice of appeal, he moved in the trial court to recall his sentence under Penal Code
section 1170, subdivision (d), and disqualify Judge Jensen under Code of Civil Procedure
section 170.1. According to the record in Johnson‟s writ of mandate petition (G047056),
Judge Jensen struck Johnson‟s challenge because the court believed it properly
commented on the evidence and imposition of an aggravated sentence did not support
disqualification.
This court denied Johnson‟s writ of mandate petition on June 28, 2012.
The denial of Johnson‟s statutory disqualification motion is not reviewable
on appeal. Code of Civil Procedure section 170.3, subdivision (d), provides that the
matter may be reviewed only by a writ of mandate within 10 days of notice to the parties.
(People v. Panah (2005) 35 Cal. 4th 395, 444 [“the statute means what it says, Code of
Civil Procedure section 170.3, subdivision (d), provides the exclusive means for seeking
review of a challenge to a judge, whether the challenge is for cause or peremptory”].)
14
court‟s reference to his companions as “animals” and its description that Johnson treated
the victim like “a piece of shit” showed the court “lost all semblance of impartiality.”
In analyzing these comments, we must keep in mind the context in which
they occurred. The court heard the evidence at Johnson‟s trial, watched the video of
Johnson and the victim leaving the bar, and read and considered the probation report. Of
course, these observations would demonstrate bias if made at the outset of trial, but they
take on a different hue at sentencing. The court‟s comments arguably reflect the
community‟s moral disapproval of Johnson‟s conduct. It is extraordinarily difficult to
disqualify a judge for bias when the judge‟s remarks reflect what the jurist heard and
observed during the proceedings. (See Liteky v. U.S. (1994) 510 U.S. 540, 555 [critical
or even hostile remarks to counsel or the parties based on facts introduced or events
occurring during the proceedings ordinarily do not support a bias motion]; U.S. v. Barry
(1992) 961 F.2d 260, 263 [“remarks reflecting even strong views about a defendant will
not call for a judge‟s recusal so long as those views are based on his own observations
during the performance of his judicial duties”].)
The trial court‟s comments concerning Johnson‟s “antiquated caveman
mentality” reflected its response to Johnson‟s explanation that the incident was merely a
“misunderstanding” because “we were talking about sex throughout the whole night, so I
figured, you know, it was consensual.” The court emphasized the video showed the
victim was “practically unconscious” and “could barely move her feet as you pretty much
dragged her out to her car.” The judge‟s ill-considered remark that Johnson treated the
victim like “a piece of shit” was intemperate, but an unbiased witness described how
Johnson and his cohorts callously tossed the victim onto a mattress in an alley behind the
bar. The description of Johnson‟s friends as “animals” reflected evidence that Johnson‟s
15
friends yelled vulgarities while watching Johnson have sex with the victim. “Mere
expressions of opinion by a trial judge based on actual observation of the witnesses and
evidence in the courtroom do not demonstrate a bias.” (People v. Guerra (2006)
37 Cal. 4th 1067, 1111, overruled on another point by People v. Rundle (2008) 37 Cal. 4th
76, 151.)3
Johnson also asserts the judge revealed his bias in the following statement
during sentencing: “It would appear that after you began a juvenile crime spree in one of
the organizations you got involved in, I think it was a Hundred Black Men of Orange
County or something of that nature, which would appear to have been an organization
that would [sic] was probably designed and set up to mentor, intervene, and capture
young, promising men like yourself and show you role models for how a man should
conduct himself, regardless of this race.” (Italics added.) Johnson assumes the court
reporter incorrectly transcribed the word “this” for “his,” so he asserts the phrase should
read “his race.” From this conjecture, Johnson infers the judge was biased because of the
court‟s “gratuitous and puzzling injection of race.” The Attorney General disagrees and
argues the court reporter meant to transcribe the word “their” rather than “this,” so the
phrase would read “their race.” This argument is also based on supposition.
We decline to entertain these speculations. If Johnson or the Attorney
General suspected the court reporter failed to accurately transcribe the trial court‟s
comments, they should have moved to correct the record under California Rules of Court,
rule 8.155(c)(1)(2), which allows the reviewing court to order the correction of any part
3
In expressing an opinion, the judge must maintain judicial decorum and “be
patient, dignified, and courteous to litigants, jurors, witnesses, lawyers, and others with
whom the judge deals in an official capacity . . . .” (Cal. Code of Jud. Ethics, Canon
3(B)(3), (4).) The court‟s use of profanity was hardly a dignified or courteous way to
make its point.
16
of the record or order the superior court to settle disputes about errors in the record. The
failure to take this step waives the argument.
The court‟s comments, as transcribed, inartfully lament Johnson‟s failure to
learn from mentors “how a man should conduct himself” and that Johnson instead formed
“thoughts about how a woman should be treated in some other antiquated way.” The
court‟s comments focused on Johnson‟s attitude toward women, a legitimate concern
given the risk assessment test for sexual offenders placed him in a “high risk” category
for reoffending. (See Pen. Code, §§ 290.04, 290.06.) These comments, considered in
context, do not demonstrate the “„heightened showing‟” necessary for a judicial bias
claim. (See Cowan, supra, 50 Cal.4th at p. 457.)
Finally, Johnson‟s reliance on United States v. Duhart (9th Cir. 1974)
496 F.2d 941 is unavailing. There, the defendant, a prison inmate, was convicted of
raping at knifepoint a prison employee, and assaulting three other women with the intent
to commit rape. The Court of Appeal remanded for resentencing before a different judge
because the sentencing court suggested that violent revenge by those affected was an
appropriate punishment, but it was not the court‟s “province to do that.” (Id. at p. 946,
fn. 2.) The district court also declared, “There are other things that I have thought about,
I could take the robe off, and I was a man before I was a judge, and you have heard the
expression, every man has, they ought to cut something out, you know what I am talking
about.” (Ibid.) A judge who admits pondering whether to mutilate a defendant
demonstrates actual bias. These comments bear no resemblance to the court‟s
observations during Johnson‟s sentencing hearing.
In sum, the record here does not show the “„extreme facts‟” necessary to
show a heightened probability of judicial bias. (Freeman, supra, 47 Cal.4th at p. 996.)
17
III
DISPOSITION
The judgment is affirmed.
ARONSON, J.
WE CONCUR:
MOORE, ACTING P. J.
IKOLA, J.
18