The People v. Ambriz CA2/4

Filed 9/6/13 P. v. Ambriz CA2/4
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IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA
SECOND APPELLATE DISTRICT
DIVISION FOUR
THE PEOPLE, B238305
Plaintiff and Respondent, (Los Angeles County
Super. Ct. No. BA376570)
v.
FERNANDO AMBRIZ et al.,
Defendants and Appellants.
APPEAL from a judgment of the Superior Court of Los Angeles County,
Anne H. Egerton, Judge. Affirmed in part, reversed in part and remanded with
directions.
Allen G. Weinberg, under appointment by the Court of Appeal, for
Defendant and Appellant, Fernando Ambriz.
Matthew Alger, under appointment by the Court of Appeal, for Defendant
and Appellant, Freddy Ambriz.
Kamala D. Harris, Attorney General, Dane R. Gillette, Chief Assistant
Attorney General, Lance E. Winters, Assistant Attorney General, Paul M.
Roadarmel, Jr. and Robert C. Schneider, Deputy Attorneys General, for Plaintiff
and Respondent.
________________________________
INTRODUCTION
Appellants Fernando Ambriz and Freddy Ambriz appeal from judgments of
1
conviction for first degree murder. They contend (1) the trial court erred in
declining to hold a hearing to examine alleged juror misconduct, (2) the court erred
in denying a mistrial motion brought after a prosecution witness mentioned he had
previously arrested Fernando, (3) there was instructional error with respect to
Freddy‟s role as an aider and abettor, and (4) the 10-year gang enhancement must
be stricken. The People concede there was sentencing error. We affirm the
convictions, and remand for resentencing in light of this opinion.
STATEMENT OF THE CASE
A jury found appellants guilty of the crime of first degree murder of
2
Shaquana Watson (Pen. Code, § 187, subd. (a)). It found true the special
allegation that the crime was committed for the benefit of a criminal street gang,
within the meaning of section 186.22, subdivision (b)(1)(C). As to Fernando, the
jury found that he personally discharged a firearm within the meaning of section
12022.53, subdivision (d). As to Freddy, the jury found true the allegation that a
principal personally used a firearm within the meaning of section 12022.53,
subdivisions (d) and (e)(1).
After Fernando admitted he had suffered a prior serious felony conviction
for which he served a prison term, the trial court sentenced him to state prison for
81 years to life, consisting of 25 years to life, doubled for the prior strike for the
murder, plus a 25-year firearm use enhancement pursuant to section 12022.53,
1
To avoid confusion, when we refer to appellants individually, we will use
their first names.
2
All further statutory citations are to the Penal Code.
2
subdivision (d), plus six years for the prior conviction and prison term. A section
186.22, subdivision (b)(1)(C) 10-year enhancement was imposed and stayed.
Freddy admitted he had suffered three prior serious or violent felony
convictions and prison terms. He was sentenced to 82 years to life, consisting of
25 years to life, doubled, for the murder, plus a 25-year firearm use enhancement
pursuant to section 12022.53, subdivisions (d) and (e)(1), plus seven years for the
prior convictions and prison terms. A section 186.22, subdivision (b)(1)(C) 10-
year enhancement was imposed and stayed.
Appellants timely appealed.
STATEMENT OF THE FACTS
Berneal Holman testified that on July 27, 2010, he had gone to a liquor store
at 54th Street and Broadway with his stepbrother, Gregory Draper, and his cousin,
Shaquana Watson. Holman was driving a black Lexus. Draper was in the front
passenger seat, and Watson was in the back, on the driver‟s side. After leaving the
store and heading north on Broadway, Holman saw a person he knew as “Two,”
from the Broadway Gangster Crips (Broadway) gang. Holman pulled over to
speak with him. As he did so, he saw Two duck. Holman turned to see a white
van pull up, and Fernando start shooting at his car. Holman identified Fernando in
court as the shooter. He had previously identified Fernando as the shooter from a
photographic six pack.
Holman‟s car was hit multiple times. Watson told Holman she had been hit,
and Holman drove away. Watson died from a bullet wound to the heart. The
shooting was captured on a security camera video, and the videorecording was
shown to the jury.
Ivan Matthews testified he knew appellants, as his girlfriend was a friend of
Freddy‟s girlfriend. He identified Fernando and Freddy at trial. He testified that
3
appellants were members of the “Playboys” gang, and were known by their
monikers of “Panic” (Fernando) and “Stranger” (Freddy).
On July 27, 2010, Matthews was at 53rd Street and Broadway waiting for
his friends, who were members of the Broadway gang. Matthews testified that the
area was Broadway gang territory. The territories of the Playboys gang, which is
primarily Hispanic, and the Broadway gang, which is primarily an African-
American gang, bordered each other.
Matthews noticed a white van making a right turn onto Broadway.
Matthews saw Fernando stick his head out the passenger window of the van, and
give him a “look” that made Matthews think Fernando had recognized him.
Matthews testified he had seen the same van a few days before. At that time,
appellants had yelled at Matthews from the van in a confrontational manner.
Two weeks earlier, Matthews had been in a fight with Fernando and Freddy,
after Matthews stated “I don‟t bang just Playboys.” Later that same day, when
Matthews was with friends, Fernando and Freddy drove by in a black truck. They
fired two or three shots in the air, and yelled “Playboys.” That night, Freddy
repeatedly drove by Matthews‟s home and shouted racial epithets in Spanish.
Matthews testified that on July 27th, about five to six minutes after first
seeing the white van, he saw it again. The van made a right turn onto 53rd Street
from Broadway, and Matthews heard 12 or 13 shots coming from the direction of
Broadway. Matthews then saw the van turn onto 53rd, and heard more shots. He
saw Fernando shooting from the passenger window. He saw that Freddy was
driving the white van, and he could see a Playboy gang tattoo on Freddy‟s neck.
Fernando continued shooting as the van made the turn and passed Matthews.
Some Broadway gang members shot back at the van.
4
After learning of Watson‟s death, Matthews called the police on September
29, 2010. Los Angeles Police Department (LAPD) Detective Julio Benavides took
Matthews to the police station to be interviewed. On the way, Matthews told the
police Fernando and Freddy were responsible. At the station, he identified
appellants and the white van from photos shown to him by the police. Matthews
told the police that when they found the van, it would have bullet holes in it. At
trial, Matthews testified he was 100 percent certain Freddy and Fernando were in
the van.
After the interview, Detective Benavides went to Cesar Gomez‟s home,
which also was Fernando‟s residence. He found a baseball cap with a Playboy pin
on it on the dashboard of the white van. On the van‟s seat, Benavides found a
nine-millimeter handgun loaded with 11 live rounds of ammunition.
Gomez testified he spoke with Detectives Benavides and Arnega on
September 29, 2010. He testified that appellants were his wife‟s brothers, and that
he had heard Fernando called by the moniker “Panic.” He knew appellants were
affiliated with the “Playboys” gang. Gomez had seen Fernando with a gun once or
twice before.
Gomez owned a white van. He testified that he would often let Fernando
borrow his van. Around July or August 2010, Gomez had noticed some holes in
the van. The van did not have holes in it when he purchased it. Fernando had put
caulking and tape over the holes. Gomez asked Fernando about the holes, and
Fernando replied, “shots were fired at us.” Gomez also testified he found a bullet
inside the van near the dashboard.
An LAPD forensics examiner determined that the shell casings from the
crime scene were fired from the handgun found in Gomez‟s van. She also matched
three of four bullet fragments from the shooting scene and two fragments removed
5
from Ms. Watson‟s body to the handgun. Detective Benavides, who testified as
the prosecution gang expert, opined that the shooting and murder in this case were
for the benefit of the Playboys gang.
Appellants did not testify. The joint defense called two witnesses. Melissa
Carlo, an investigator working for Fernando‟s defense counsel, testified she
interviewed Matthews. Matthews told her he did not recognize Freddy the first
time the van passed by. William Tobin, a forensic metallurgist, opined that the
match between bullet fragments and the gun found in Gomez‟s van was not
reliable. The determination of a match was based upon the questionable notion
that firearms of the same type generate firing characteristics unique to that specific
firearm. Tobin testified he was aware of many examples of firearm
misidentification.
DISCUSSION
On appeal, appellants contend the trial court abused its discretion and
committed reversible error by failing to conduct a hearing into a juror‟s
misconduct. Fernando contends a prosecution witness committed prejudicial
misconduct by referring to a prior arrest. Freddy contends the trial court erred by
failing to clarify that an aider and abettor can be guilty of a lesser crime than the
perpetrator. Finally, appellants contend a 10-year gang enhancement should be
3
stricken. We address each issue in turn.
3
Appellants join in each other‟s arguments on appeal. We conclude,
however, that the arguments about the prosecution witness‟s alleged misconduct
and the allegedly erroneous aiding and abetting jury instructions are limited to
Fernando and Freddy, respectively.
6
I. Juror Misconduct
A. Factual Background
Before opening statements and presentation of evidence, the prosecutor
brought to the court‟s attention an issue regarding a juror. The prosecutor, Ms.
Knight, described the incident:
“As I was getting off the elevator this morning, this man [Juror No. 5]
approached me and I did not immediately recognize him as a juror, and he was
wearing sunglasses . . . . [A]s he was passing by[,] [he] said „Ms. Knight‟[,] said
„Good Morning‟ and then he said „You look very nice today‟ and I just said „Thank
you,‟ and I still did not realize at that point he was a juror. . . . [T]hen he said
something to the effect of [„]And I know we‟re not suppose to be talking, and I
wanted to say good morning[‟] and then I realized that he was one of our jurors.
So that was it, and I just sort of said thank you and walked away.”
The trial judge then stated:
“All right. So I mean if this is the one I‟m thinking of, he‟s been quite
smiling . . . throughout jury selection and is one of the more upbeat jurors, and
obviously I would remind the jurors they‟re not even so much try to have any
conversation with counsel or any officer or anybody they think is a
witness. . . . [I]s there anything else you want to say about number 5?”
Defense counsel for appellants requested that the juror be excused for
misconduct. The judge denied the request, stating:
“I will note for the record that the jur[or] appears to be [a] Hispanic male[]
and defense made an issue [of] having enough Hispanic males on the jury, and I
don‟t think that rises to the level of misconduct and I don‟t think the defense [has]
demonstrated a misconduct to require this jur[or] to be discharged and I‟ll deny the
motion to discharge.”
7
At no time did defense counsel ask the court to conduct a hearing or interview the
juror.
B. Analysis
Appellants contend the trial court abused its discretion in failing to conduct a
hearing to inquire about the juror‟s potential bias. We disagree.
“The decision whether to investigate the possibility of juror bias,
incompetence, or misconduct rests within the sound discretion of the trial court.
[Citation.] A hearing is required only where „“the court possesses information
which, if proven to be true, would constitute „good cause‟ to doubt a juror‟s ability
to perform his duties and would justify his removal from the case.”‟ [Citation.]”
(People v. Burgener (2003) 29 Cal.4th 833, 878, italics omitted.) Here, there was
no “good cause” to doubt the juror‟s ability to perform his duties or to justify his
removal from the case. His comments did not suggest he could not perform his
duties as a juror. Rather, the comments were nonprejudicial, and any misconduct
was of a trifling nature.
People v. Stewart (2004) 33 Cal.4th 425 is instructive. There, the testimony
of a female witness was interrupted by a break for lunch. While in the restroom, a
female juror commented to her, “„“We‟re not supposed to have any contact but I
just wanted to tell you that you‟re a very beautiful lady.”‟” The defendant moved
for a new trial based upon juror misconduct, which the trial court denied. The
Supreme Court affirmed, concluding the juror misconduct was of a “„trifling‟”
nature. (Id. at pp. 509, 510.) It also found the interaction was not “„inherently or
substantially likely to have influenced the juror.‟” (Id. at p. 511.) Here, the juror
made similarly trifling comments prior to the start of opening statements or witness
testimony.
8
Appellants suggest the juror‟s comments indicated he could be biased
against defendants, because he might be romantically attracted to the prosecutor.
Aside from the speculative nature of this argument, a juror‟s attraction to an
interested person is not, by itself, sufficient to render the juror misconduct
prejudicial. People v. Miranda (1987) 44 Cal.3d 57 (Miranda) is directly on point.
There, a male juror had two out-of-court conversations with the defendant‟s
girlfriend while the trial was ongoing. The juror admitted that he found the woman
attractive, and that he had spoken with her about “going out” after the case ended.
After the jury returned its penalty verdict, the defendant moved for a new trial
based upon the juror‟s misconduct. The trial court denied the motion, although it
noted the juror had “some kind of a romantic attachment” to the young woman.
The Supreme Court affirmed, as the misconduct was of a “trifling nature” and
nonprejudicial. The court found that substantial evidence showed the juror
appeared to have separated his responsibilities as a juror from his desire to “„go out
with‟” the woman. (Id. at pp. 115-118.) Here, the facts showed a much lesser
degree of misconduct than that at issue in Miranda. There is no indication the
juror had a romantic attachment to the prosecutor, or that he wanted to go out with
her after the case ended. Nor is there evidence of any subsequent similar conduct
by the juror. Finally, there is no reason to infer the juror would not follow the
court‟s future instructions. On this record, the trial court did not abuse its
discretion in declining to conduct an inquiry before denying the motion to excuse
the juror for misconduct.
II. Prosecution Witness‟s Misconduct
A. Factual Background
In response to the prosecutor‟s question, Detective Benavides testified he
was familiar with appellants. The following colloquy then occurred:
9
“Q: With regard to Fernando Ambriz, do you believe that he is a Playboys
gang member?”
“A: Yes.”
“Q: How do you know?”
“A: I arrested Mr. Ambriz in 2006 in the area of --”
Fernando‟s defense counsel interrupted and objected. The trial judge sustained the
objection, stating, “I‟m going to order that answer stricken.” Defense counsel then
requested that the witness be admonished. The trial judge did so, stating,
“Detective, we‟re not talking about any other arrests of anybody.” The detective
complied.
Later that day, during a recess, defense counsel moved for a mistrial based
upon the detective‟s comments. She stated:
“I believe he knew very well the contents of the court‟s ruling as to the 402,
that the arrest and the nine-millimeter [handgun] were not [to] be mentioned during
the course of his testimony, yet he basically completely flaunted the court‟s ruling
and started off immediately with the fact that the context of his contact was my
client‟s arrest.”
The trial judge disagreed. She stated:
“I‟m going to respectfully deny that motion. . . . I do not think he was
flaunting my ruling. I think he just slipped. Officers don‟t normally say I had an
interaction with somebody or I contacted somebody, they say I arrested him.
“First of all, he didn‟t say what it was for. I immediately stopped him and
you immediately objected. I mean, I could order the jurors again to disregard it,
but I‟m somewhat concerned about calling additional attention to it. I told him
right in front of them that he‟s not to discuss that, so I‟m going to respectfully deny
the motion.”
10
At the beginning of trial, the court had instructed the jury that: “If I order
testimony stricken from the record, you must disregard it and you must not
consider that testimony for any purpose.”
B. Analysis
A motion for mistrial should be granted only when a party‟s chances of
receiving a fair trial have been irreparably damaged. (People v. Ayala (2000)
23 Cal.4th 225, 282.) For example, “[a] mistrial should be granted if the court is
apprised of prejudice that it judges incurable by admonition or instruction.
[Citation.] Whether a particular incident is incurably prejudicial is by its nature a
speculative matter, and the trial court is vested with considerable discretion in
ruling on mistrial motions.” (People v. Haskett (1982) 30 Cal.3d 841, 854.) “A
jury is presumed to have followed an admonition to disregard improper evidence
particularly where there is an absence of bad faith. [Citations.] It is only in the
exceptional case that „the improper subject matter is of such a character that its
effect . . . cannot be removed by the court‟s admonitions.‟” (People v. Allen
(1978) 77 Cal.App.3d 924, 934-935 (Allen), quoting People v. Seiterle (1963)
59 Cal.2d 703, 710; see also People v. Bennett (2009) 45 Cal.4th 577, 595 [“We
assume the jury followed the admonition and that prejudice was therefore
avoided.”].)
Fernando contends the detective‟s statement could not be cured by the
admonition here, as the statement suggested that Fernando had a prior criminal
history. While exposing a jury to a defendant‟s prior criminal history may
prejudice a defendant‟s case (People v. Price (1991) 1 Cal.4th 324, 431), the brief
mention that a defendant had been arrested without any further details is distinct
from the intentional admission of evidence that defendant is an ex-convict (People
v. Ozuna (1963) 213 Cal.App.2d 338, 339-341) or that he was on parole (Allen,
11
supra, 77 Cal.App.3d at pp. 934-935). An arrest does not imply that the defendant
was convicted of a crime. People v. Bolden (2002) 29 Cal.4th 515 (Bolden) is
instructive. There, the prosecutor asked a police officer about the defendant‟s
address. The officer answered: “„It was at the Department of Corrections parole
office located at--,‟” before he was interrupted by the prosecutor. (Id. at p. 554.)
Later that day, the defense moved for a mistrial, arguing that the officer‟s reference
to a parole office was prejudicial to the defendant because it implied that the
defendant had at least one prior felony conviction for which he had served a term
in state prison. The trial court denied the motion. The Supreme Court found no
error, and no denial of due process. The court concluded: “It is doubtful that any
reasonable juror would infer from the fleeting reference to a parole office that
defendant had served a prison term for a prior felony conviction. The incident was
not significant in the context of the entire guilt trial, and the trial court did not
abuse its discretion in ruling that defendant‟s chances of receiving a fair trial had
not been irreparably damaged.” (Bolden, supra, 29 Cal.4th at p. 555.) Similarly,
here, it is doubtful that any reasonable juror would infer from the brief reference to
an arrest that Fernando had been convicted of any crime, much less a felony.
Likewise, the singular mention of the prior arrest was not significant in the context
of the trial, which revolved around the identifications by Holman and Matthews.
Moreover, any error was harmless. (See People v. Garcia (1984)
160 Cal.App.3d 82, 93, fn. 12 [“[I]n cases where jurors are improperly exposed to
certain factual matters, the error is usually tested under the standard set out in
People v. Watson (1956) 46 Cal.2d 818, 836.”].) Here, two eyewitnesses identified
Fernando as the shooter, both from photographic six packs and in court. Fernando
often used a white van, which Matthews identified as the van involved in the
shooting. The van had recently been riddled with bullets, consistent with
12
Matthews‟s eyewitness account that some Broadway gang members had returned
fire during the shooting. Bullet casings at the scene were matched to the gun found
in the van. Under these circumstances, it is not reasonably probable that Fernando
would have obtained a more favorable result had the incidental remark about his
prior arrest not been made. (Cf. People v. Harris (1994) 22 Cal.App.4th 1575,
1580-1582 [in light of overwhelming evidence of guilt, no reversible error where
witness mentioned appellant‟s parole status].)
III. Jury Instruction on Accomplice Liability
A. Factual Background
Before instructing the jury, the trial court asked defense counsel whether
there were objections to the proposed instructions. Counsel had none. Nor did
either counsel propose any clarifying or amplifying instructions.
The trial court then gave a series of instructions on the criminal liability of a
perpetrator (Fernando) and an aider and abettor (Freddy). The judge gave
CALCRIM No. 521, which instructs the jury that a defendant may be found guilty
of first degree murder under two theories: (1) the murder was willful, deliberate
and premeditated, and (2) the murder was committed by shooting a firearm from a
motor vehicle. The judge also instructed the jury with CALCRIM No. 562, which
states that if a defendant intended to kill one person, but by mistake or accident
killed someone else, the crime, if any, would be the same as if the intended person
had been killed.
The judge then instructed with the recently revised CALCRIM No. 400,
which provides:
“A person may be guilty of a crime in two ways. One, he or she may have
directly committed the crime, I will call that person the perpetrator. Two, he
or she may have aided and abetted a perpetrator, who directly committed the
crime.
13
“A person is guilty of a crime whether he or she committed it personally or
aided and abetted the perpetrator.
“Under some specific circumstances, if the evidence establishes aiding and
abetting of one crime, a person may also be found guilty of other crimes that
4
occurred during the commission of the first crime.”
To define aiding and abetting, the judge instructed the jury with CALCRIM
No. 401, which provides:
“To prove that the defendant is guilty of a crime based on aiding and
abetting that crime, the People must prove that:
“1. The perpetrator committed the crime;
“2. The defendant knew that the perpetrator intended to commit the crime;
“3. Before or during the commission of the crime, the defendant intended to
aid and abet the perpetrator in committing the crime;
“AND
“4. The defendant‟s words or conduct did in fact aid and abet the
perpetrator‟s commission of the crime.
“Someone aids and abets a crime if he or she knows of the perpetrator‟s
unlawful purpose and he specifically intends to, and does in fact, aid,
facilitate, promote, encourage, or instigate the perpetrator‟s commission of
that crime.
“[¶] . . . [¶]
“If you conclude that defendant was present at the scene of the crime or
failed to prevent the crime, you may consider that fact in determining
whether the defendant was an aider and abettor. However, the fact that a
4
CALCRIM No. 400 was revised in 2010, to remove language stating that an
aider and abettor is “equally guilty” as a perpetrator.
14
person is present at the scene of a crime or fails to prevent the crime does
not, by itself, make him or her an aider and abettor.” (Italics omitted.)
"
The trial court told the jury that the prosecution had another theory of aiding
and abetting liability. The court then instructed the jury with CALCRIM No. 403,
on the natural and probable consequences theory of aiding and abetting, as follows:
“Before you may decide whether the defendant is guilty of murder, you must
decide whether he is guilty of assault with a firearm. To prove that the
defendant is guilty of murder, the People must prove that: (1), the defendant
is guilty of assault with a firearm; (2), during the commission of assault with
a firearm[,] a co-participant in that assault with a firearm committed the
crime of murder; and (3), under all of the circumstances, a reasonable person
in the defendant‟s position would have known that the commission of
murder was a natural and probable consequence of the commission of the
assault with a firearm. A co-participant in a crime is the perpetrator or
anyone who aided and abetted the perpetrator. It does not include a victim
or innocent bystander. A natural and probable consequence is one that a
reasonable person would know is likely to happen if nothing unusual
intervenes. In deciding whether a consequence is natural and probable,
consider all of the circumstances established by the evidence. If the murder
was committed for a reason independent of the common plan to commit the
assault with a firearm, then the commission of murder was not a natural and
probable consequence of assault with a firearm. To decide whether crime of
assault with a firearm was committed, please refer to the separate instruction
that I will give you on that crime.”
Finally, the court explained to the jury the verdict forms it would review:
“You will be given verdict forms for guilty and not guilty of first-degree
murder and second-degree murder. You may consider these different kinds of
homicide in whatever order you wish . . . .”
The jury convicted both appellants of first degree murder.
B. Analysis
Freddy contends the trial court erred by giving incomplete instructions on
accomplice liability. As an initial matter, we conclude he has forfeited any claim
15
of instructional error. “A party may not complain on appeal that an instruction
correct in law and responsive to the evidence was too general or incomplete unless
the party has requested appropriate clarifying or amplifying language. [Citation.]”
(People v. Lang (1989) 49 Cal.3d 991, 1024.) Moreover, “the trial court ha[s] no
duty to instruct sua sponte on the full spectrum of offenses conceivably committed
by [the defendant].” (People v. Woods (1992) 8 Cal.App.4th 1570, 1592 (Woods).)
As noted, defense counsel neither objected to the jury instructions nor requested
clarifying or amplifying instructions.
Freddy argues there was no forfeiture. He contends that the jury instructions
were incomplete as a matter of law, because the prosecutor suggested in voir dire
that an aider and abettor was “equally guilty” as a perpetrator. We disagree. Even
when CALCRIM No. 400 contained the “equally guilty” language, courts held that
the instruction was “generally correct in all but the most exceptional
circumstances.” (People v. Samaniego (2009) 172 Cal.App.4th 1148, 1165; see
also People v. Mejia (2012) 211 Cal.App.4th 586, 624 [referring to CALJIC No.
3.00, which has similar “„equally guilty‟” language].) Moreover, the prosecutor
merely asked the prospective juror whether the juror thought it fair that an aider
and abettor was considered as guilty as a perpetrator. No objection was raised to
this question, and thus any claim of error was forfeited. (Cf. People v. Koontz
(2002) 27 Cal.4th 1041, 1082 [defendant forfeited claim that prosecutor committed
misconduct by misstating the law by failing to object or to seek a curative
admonition below].) Finally, the jury was instructed that the attorneys‟ statements
were not the law. The court stated: “You must follow the law as I explain it to
you even if you disagree with it. If you believe that the attorneys[‟] comments on
the law conflict with my instructions, you must follow my instructions.” On this
record, Freddy has forfeited any claim of instructional error.
16
Even were we to find no forfeiture, we would conclude there was no
reversible error. Freddy contends the trial court erred because it gave the jury “a
series of instructions that likely led the jury to believe that if . . . Fernando was
guilty of first degree murder, then appellant, as an aider and abettor, necessarily
was guilty of the same degree of murder.” We disagree. First, the revised
CALCRIM No. 400 does not state that Freddy was “equally guilty” as Fernando.
Moreover, the jury was instructed that it could consider second degree murder in
any order it wished. No reasonable jury could have understood from the
instructions that if it found Fernando guilty of first degree murder, it must
necessarily find Freddy guilty of first degree murder.
Freddy next contends he could be guilty only of second degree murder, as
the trial judge failed to specifically connect CALCRIM No. 403 -- the instruction
on aiding and abetting liability as a natural and probable consequence of the crime
of assault with a firearm -- with first degree murder, as opposed to murder
generally. He relies on Woods.
In Woods, supra, 8 Cal.App.4th 1570, the defendant and a companion,
armed with guns, set out to find a rival gang member to retaliate for a prior
shooting. The men entered the apartment of two acquaintances of the target, but
did not find him. After assaulting the acquaintances, they left. As they were
leaving, they saw two people getting into a car. The companion fired into the car,
killing one occupant and injuring the other. (Id. at p. 1577.) At trial, the
prosecutor‟s theory was that the defendant was guilty of first degree murder,
because (1) his companion was guilty of first degree murder, and (2) first degree
murder was a natural and probable consequence of the assault with firearms on the
two acquaintances. (Id. at p. 1579.) During deliberations, the jury asked the court:
“„Can a defendant be found guilty of aiding and abetting a murder in the second
17
degree if the actual perpetrator of the same murder is determined to be guilty of
murder in the first degree?‟” The trial court answered, “No,” and the jury
convicted the defendant of first degree murder. (Ibid.) The appellate court
reversed, stating that, “in determining aider and abettor liability for crimes of the
perpetrator beyond the act originally contemplated, the jury must be permitted to
consider uncharged, necessarily included offenses where the facts would support a
determination that the greater crime was not a reasonably foreseeable consequence
but the lesser offense was such a consequence. Otherwise, . . . the jury would be
given an unwarranted, all-or-nothing choice for aider and abettor liability.” (Id. at
p. 1588.) The court concluded that the evidence raised a question whether the first
degree murder was a reasonably foreseeable consequence of the armed assaults of
the two acquaintances, but “established beyond question” that the necessarily
included offense of second degree murder was a reasonably foreseeable
consequence. (Id. at p. 1578.) Thus, the court conditionally reduced the murder
conviction to second degree. (Id. at p. 1596.)
Woods is distinguishable. First, no evidence suggests the jury here was
confused or thought that it could not convict Freddy of second degree murder if it
5
found Fernando guilty of first degree murder. More important, under the specific
circumstances of this case, the only reasonably foreseeable murder of which
Freddy could be found guilty was murder in the first degree. In finding Freddy
guilty as an aider and abettor, the jury necessarily found that Fernando‟s
intentional killing was a natural and probable consequence of the assault with a
firearm. As the intentional killing of Watson was committed from a motor vehicle,
the murder was of the first degree as a matter of law. (See § 189 [“[A]ny murder
5
As noted, the jury was given individual verdict forms for both first and
second degree murder for each defendant.
18
which is perpetrated by means of discharging a firearm from a motor vehicle,
intentionally at another person outside of the vehicle with the intent to inflict death,
is murder of the first degree.”].) In short, this is not a case “where the facts would
support a determination that the greater crime was not a reasonably foreseeable
consequence but the lesser offense was . . . .” (Woods, supra, 8 Cal.App.4th at
p. 1588.)
Moreover and independently, there was no evidence that Freddy intended to
aid Fernando in any other type of assault. Indeed, defense counsel did not argue
that Freddy was guilty of a lesser included offense, such as second degree murder.
Rather, the defense presented at trial was that Freddy was not the driver, the
witness identifications were unreliable, and the ballistics evidence was flawed. As
the Supreme Court recently stated with respect to former CALCRIM No. 400:
“Here, however, neither defendant asserts a defense theory or points to extenuating
circumstances that might have led the jury to find that one defendant‟s individual
culpability was less than that of the other defendant, nor does the evidence at trial
suggest any such defense or circumstances. . . . Under the circumstances, there is
no reasonable likelihood that the jury was confused or misled by the trial court‟s
instruction that the aider and abettor and the direct perpetrator were „equally
guilty.‟” (People v. Nunez and Satele (2013) 57 Cal.4th 1, 44.) Similarly, it is
mere speculation that the jury would have been confused or misled by the trial
court‟s instruction on the natural and probable consequence theory of accomplice
liability.
IV. Gang Enhancements
Freddy contends the 10-year gang enhancement under section 186.22,
subdivision (b)(1)(C), which was imposed and stayed, should be stricken. Rather,
a 15-year minimum parole eligibility term under section 186.22, subdivision (b)(5)
19
should be imposed instead. Fernando joins in the argument. The People concede
the sentencing error.
In People v. Lopez (2005) 34 Cal.4th 1002, the Supreme Court held that
“a gang-related first degree murder, which is punishable by a term of 25 years to
life” is not subject to the additional 10-year enhancement under section 186.22,
subdivision (b)(1)(C). Rather, it is subject to a 15-year minimum parole eligibility
term under section 186.22, subdivision (b)(5). (Id. at p. 1004.) Section 186.22,
subdivision (b)(5) states in pertinent part: “[A]ny person who violates this
subdivision in the commission of a felony punishable by imprisonment in the state
prison for life shall not be paroled until a minimum of 15 calendar years have been
served.” Thus, with respect to Fernando, the trial court should have imposed a
minimum 15-year parole eligibility enhancement pursuant to section 186.22,
subdivision (b)(5). With respect to Freddy, however, no enhancement under
section 186.22, subdivision (b) may be imposed, as the court already imposed a
firearm use enhancement under section 12022.53, subdivision (e)(1). (See People
v. Brookfield (2009) 47 Cal.4th 583, 590 [when another principal in the offense
uses or discharges a firearm but the defendant does not, the defendant is subject
only to the greater of the applicable sentencing enhancements under section
186.22, subdivision (b) or section 12022.53, subdivision (e)(1)].) Accordingly, we
remand to the superior court to strike the section 186.22, subdivision (b)(1)(C)
enhancements in both abstracts of judgment, and to impose a 15-year minimum
parole eligibility enhancement in Fernando‟s case. As modified, the sentences are
affirmed.
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DISPOSITION
The matter is remanded for further proceedings consistent with this opinion.
The clerk of the superior court shall forward corrected abstracts of judgment to the
Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation. In all other respects, the judgment
is affirmed.
NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN THE OFFICIAL REPORTS.
MANELLA, J.
We concur:
EPSTEIN, P. J.
SUZUKAWA, J.
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