People v. Gunning CA1/5

Filed 8/11/14 P. v. Gunning CA1/5
NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN OFFICIAL REPORTS
California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for
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or ordered published for purposes of rule 8.1115.
IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA
FIRST APPELLATE DISTRICT
DIVISION FIVE
THE PEOPLE,
Plaintiff and Respondent,
A135879
v.
KEVIN C. GUNNING, (Contra Costa County
Super. Ct. No. 05-111512-0)
Defendant and Gunning.
Appellant Kevin C. Christopher Gunning shot and killed David Westly Johnson.
Gunning claimed he shot Johnson in self-defense. He was convicted by jury of first
degree murder. Gunning complains that the trial court erred in instructing the jury that
his right to self-defense was limited if he engaged in “mutual combat” or if he started a
fight. We conclude that any instructional errors were harmless and affirm the judgment.
I. BACKGROUND
Gunning was charged by information with the premeditated first degree murder of
Johnson on April 25, 2011. (Pen. Code, § 187, subd. (a).)1 It was alleged that he
personally and intentionally discharged a firearm while committing the crime, causing
great bodily injury and death. (§ 12022.53, subds. (b), (c), (d).) The case was tried to a
jury.
1
All further undesignated statutory references are to the Penal Code.
1
A. Prosecution Witnesses
In April 2011, Renee Rogers2 was living in a house on Pinenut Way in Antioch
(the Pinenut house) owned by Ron Savage, who lived there with Renee and Johnson, his
stepson. Renee had been Gunning’s girlfriend “off and on” from about May 2009 to
March 2011. Gunning sometimes lived with Renee at the Pinenut house. Gunning also
had another girlfriend named Stacey Rabensteine who lived in a nearby house on
Trembath Lane in Antioch (the Trembath house or Rabensteine’s house). In early
March 2011, Johnson and Gunning got into a fistfight at the Pinenut house, after Gunning
had learned that Renee and Johnson had had a sexual relationship. Savage had to break
up the fight twice before Gunning left the house with a bloody nose. Gunning moved out
of the Pinenut house after the incident.
On the evening of April 25, 2011, Renee, her sister Sarah, and Sarah’s boyfriend
Peneric “Nick” Harts were watching a movie in Renee’s bedroom located at the front of
the Pinenut house. Johnson was watching a different movie in the living room, sitting in
a white chair.3 At about 9:00 p.m., Gunning put his head through Renee’s open bedroom
window and said, “What’s up?” then went to the front door of the house. Renee testified
that she left the bedroom and opened the front door, expecting to talk to Gunning in the
doorway, but Gunning walked directly into the living room and stood in front of Johnson.
Renee asked Gunning what he was doing because his body language seemed aggressive,
but he ignored her. She followed him into the living room. Gunning stood over Johnson,
who remained seated in the white chair, and spoke menacingly. He asked Johnson if he
“thought it was funny” or if he thought it was okay to hit him. Johnson was “very docile
and glassy” and he did not make eye contact with Gunning or respond. Renee did not see
any weapons near Johnson and she did not see Johnson move or leave his chair. Gunning
2
To avoid confusion with later references to Renee’s sister, Sarah Rogers, we
shall refer to each by first name only. No disrespect is intended.
3
The witnesses often referred to this white chair as a “white couch.” There was
also a longer dark-colored couch in the living room referenced in the testimony. For
clarity, we refer to the smaller, white piece of furniture as the white chair or chair and the
larger, dark-colored piece of furniture as the dark couch or couch.
2
pointed a gun at Johnson with his right hand. Renee asked Gunning what he was doing
and Gunning turned around and gestured for her and Sarah (who had walked into the
living room behind her) to leave. Renee and Sarah returned to Renee’s bedroom and
Renee shut the door. Sarah began to flee through the bedroom window, and Renee heard
two gunshots as she did so. Renee then heard a third gunshot and crawled out the
window as well. It all happened “very, very quickly.” Renee called 911.4 When
Gunning exited through the front door, Renee approached him and asked what he had
done. He told Renee he loved her and “all of you,” and then walked away. Renee then
entered the house with Savage, who had come to the front door, and they administered
cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) to Johnson, but after 30 seconds he was
unresponsive. About seven minutes later, police arrived.
Sarah testified that after Gunning put his head through the bedroom window,
Renee went to talk to him. Sarah heard Renee say loudly something like, “What are you
doing?” or “Stop,” and was concerned so she went to the living room. She saw Johnson
still sitting in a “laid back down” position in the white chair, looking calm. Gunning was
sitting on the arm of the dark couch, facing Johnson. Gunning stood, turned, and told
Sarah and Renee twice in an unfriendly tone to “get the fuck out of here” as he waved
them away with a gun in his hand. Sarah and Renee quickly returned to Renee’s
bedroom, and Sarah heard Gunning say, “You think this is funny; you think this is
funny.” She did not hear Johnson say anything and she had not seen him do anything or
see a weapon around him. In the bedroom, Sarah heard a gunshot and then a second
gunshot. She crawled out of Renee’s bedroom window and ran across the street, trying to
dial 911 as she did so. As she was running, she heard two more gunshots.
Harts testified that, after Renee left her bedroom, Gunning entered the living room
and argued with Renee and Johnson. Johnson was laughing and Gunning said angrily,
“You think this is funny; you think this is funny.” Johnson responded, “I’m not laughing.
4
Renee was on the phone with 911 when she heard “the second shots” and she
told the dispatcher about the shots as they occurred.
3
I’m not laughing.” Harts saw Johnson seated in the chair and Gunning standing over
him. Gunning held a gun in his right hand, with the barrel pointed at Johnson. Gunning
then waved the gun at Sarah, Renee and Harts and told them to leave. Harts did not see
Johnson move and did not see a weapon near him. Before he left the living room, Harts
heard a gun being cocked. Harts fled the house and heard gunshots as he was crossing
the front lawn and again when he reached the other side of the street. He saw Gunning
talk to Renee on the front lawn of the Pinenut house and heard one of them say, “I love
you.” Renee started walking around in circles and Gunning ran toward a nearby
cemetery, still carrying his gun.
Savage testified that he was in his bedroom in the back of the house watching
television. At about 9:15 or 9:30 p.m. when he heard two loud “pops” separated by about
a second. After some hesitation, he entered the living room and saw Johnson lying face
down with a bullet wound in his back, moaning. He and Renee, who had entered the
house, turned Johnson over and began administering CPR, but Johnson never again
showed any signs of life.
Antioch Police Officer John Fortner conducted the search for Gunning. A search
dog picked up a scent trail near the Pinenut house that led to the south end of Trembath
Lane near Rabensteine’s house. Police set up surveillance. About an hour later, Gunning
climbed over a nearby fence and walked toward Rabensteine’s house in a crouched
position as he looked around him in all directions. Fortner shined a light on Gunning,
identified himself as a police officer, and repeatedly ordered Gunning to get on the
ground. Gunning resisted efforts by Fortner to restrain him. Gunning did not have a gun
in his possession.
B. Gunning’s Testimony
After his March 2011 fight with Johnson, Gunning moved out of the Pinenut
house and into the Trembath house with Rabensteine. However, he wanted to renew his
relationship with Renee and he thought he needed to sort things out with Johnson in order
to do that. On April 25, 2011, Gunning went to the Pinenut house to talk to Johnson. He
brought his fully loaded .40 caliber Glock firearm with him because he was afraid
4
Johnson would attack him again, but he intended only to talk to Johnson, not shoot him.
After Renee “invited [him] in,” he could see from the front door that Johnson was sitting
in the living room watching television. Gunning walked into the living room and noticed
that Renee and Sarah had followed him. He told Renee and Sarah to leave because he
wanted to talk to Johnson alone. He told Johnson he wanted to “squash the problems”
between them and he took his gun out of his pocket and put it on the couch to show
Johnson he did not want to be attacked again. He then sat on the couch. He did not point
the gun at Johnson and he never asked Johnson if he thought “it was funny.” Gunning
got up to turn the TV down, and saw Johnson had a knife that he had on the chair and he
started to come towards Gunning, so Gunning picked the gun up and shot twice. He fired
the gun because he feared for his life. Johnson fell to the floor. “It happened so fast.”
Gunning initially testified that Johnson was standing when he saw him with the knife, but
later testified that he was “crouched lunging at me,” “leaning forward like low but
leaning forward, coming at me.” He said he pulled the trigger twice in rapid succession
from about three or four feet away from Johnson, and that he intended to stop Johnson,
but not to kill him.
When Gunning walked outside he did not believe Johnson was dead. He was
“scared of what had just happened, in shock.” After talking to Renee, he left through a
wooded area and went toward the Trembath house. While in the wooded area, he put the
gun down because he was scared and did not want to be holding it anymore. In later
testimony, he said he hid for about two hours in the open space and he covered his gun
and cell phone with a pile of bark. He took the back way to Trembath, which required
him to scale a fence, and while he did not intentionally resist arrest he might have
grabbed an officer’s belt. He was “drained,” which could explain his altercation with the
officers.
Gunning admitted that he had a 2007 felony conviction for possession of a
concealed firearm. (Former § 12025, subd. (b)(6); see Stats. 1999, ch. 571, § 2.)
Following that conviction, he bought a gun from a friend and was known to carry a gun.
5
Gunning introduced evidence of prior violent acts committed by Johnson against
Gunning, Renee and others. In rebuttal, the prosecution introduced evidence of prior
violent acts by Gunning and evidence that Gunning had attacked two fellow inmates
since his arrest and incarceration.
C. Physical and Expert Evidence
Antioch Police Detective Santiago Castillo secured the Trembath house the night
of the incident and searched it the following morning after obtaining a search warrant. In
the master bedroom he found Gunning’s wallet on the dresser, mail addressed to Gunning
in the kitchen, and men’s clothing in the closet. He also found a partially empty box of
.40 caliber ammunition in a table by the bed of the master bedroom and a live .40 caliber
bullet by the bed in the spare bedroom. A firearms expert testified that two spent bullet
casings retrieved from the crime scene were from .40 caliber Smith & Wesson jacketed
hollow point bullets manufactured by Winchester and fired from the same Glock firearm.
The partial box of ammunition contained the same kind of bullets, four of the six
cartridges had been cycled in the same firearm as the spent cartridges, and the other two
may have been cycled in the same firearm.
Antioch Police Detective James McMurry gathered evidence from the crime
scene. He located two spent bullet casings on the living room floor. One was by
Johnson’s right foot near the blue couch and the other was by the sliding glass door.
When McMurry first saw the white chair, the seat cushion was in place and a remote
control and a red cell phone were on the arm of the chair by a propped-up pillow. He
pulled out the seat cushion and saw a knife that was 12.5 inches long with an eight-inch
blade.
Dr. Ikechi Ogan described the autopsy. Johnson had two gunshot entrance
wounds, one in the left chest and one in the back, and no exit wounds. The wounds were
inflicted very close in time and while Johnson was still alive, but he could not determine
which was inflicted first. There was no evidence on the skin around the wounds
consistent with the shots having been fired at close range (18 inches or less). The bullet
that entered the front left chest followed a trajectory across and downward to the rear
6
right lower chest. Ogan classified this as the fatal wound. The other bullet entered the
lower back about 10 inches below the front entrance wound and just to the left of center.
It travelled from back to front in a slight downward direction. Johnson had abrasions and
contusions (scrapes and bruises) on his left shoulder, his left back, his left upper arm,
around the left ear, and on the side of the head, but no underlying fractures. The gunshot
wounds, abrasions and contusions had all occurred at about the same time. Ogan
concluded the superficial injuries were consistent with a “terminal fall,” i.e., the “final
collapse of the person, if they were standing or trying to stand or in any way elevated.”
James Norris, a defense expert in crime scene reconstruction ballistics and firearm
analysis, testified there was no evidence Johnson had been seated in the white chair when
he was shot. The trajectory of the bullet that entered Johnson’s chest suggested either
that he was shot from above or that he was leaning forward while he was shot. The
trajectory of the bullet that entered Johnson’s back was consistent with his being shot
while standing or while lying on the floor. Norris examined two bullet holes in Johnson’s
shirt and he did not observe any black staining or powder granules around the bullet
wounds or holes that would indicate close-range firing.
D. Jury Instructions
The prosecutor requested that the court give CALCRIM No. 3471, which is
entitled “Right to Self-Defense: Mutual Combat or Initial Aggressor” and provides:
“A person who (engages in mutual combat/ [or who] starts a fight) has a right to
self-defense only if:
“1 (He/She) actually and in good faith tried to stop fighting;
“[AND]
“2 (He/She) indicated, by word or by conduct, to (his/her) opponent, in a way that
a reasonable person would understand, that (he/she) wanted to stop fighting and that
(he/she) had stopped fighting(;/.)
“
“[AND
“3 (He/She) gave (his/her) opponent a chance to stop fighting.]
7
“If the defendant meets these requirements, (he/she) then had a right to self-
defense if the opponent continued to fight.
“[However, if the defendant used only non-deadly force, and the opponent
responded with such sudden and deadly force that the defendant could not withdraw from
the fight, then the defendant had the right to defend (himself/herself) with deadly force
and was not required to try to stop fighting(,/ or) communicate the desire to stop to the
opponent[, or give the opponent a chance to stop fighting].]
“[A fight is mutual combat when it began or continued by mutual consent or
agreement. That agreement may be expressly stated or implied and must occur before the
claim to self-defense arose.]”
The defense objected, arguing the instruction “applies only when there’s actual
physical application of force,” citing People v. Ross (2007) 155 Cal.App.4th 1033, 1045
and People v. Johnson (2009) 180 Cal.App.4th 702. The court agreed to give the
instruction, explaining: “I do believe based on the testimony of the defendant that there’s
substantial evidence and a jury could conclude that the act of bringing the firearm into the
home and then placing it on the couch with the sole purpose of making sure Mr. Johnson
knew that Mr. Gunning was armed and not to start something with Mr. Gunning is
sufficient to warrant 3471.” However, the court said it would strike from the instruction
“the language of mutual combat based on the discussion in People v. Ross that was cited
by [defense counsel].” “[Defense counsel] argued rather persuasively that there was no
mutual combat in this case . . . [b]ecause there was no physical contact and there was no
evidence[] that the actions were mutual when it came to the use of force in this case.”
Specifically, the court struck “element number 3 of the instruction as well as the
paragraph relating to the definition of when a fight is mutual combat,” explaining,
“elements 1 and 2 relate to a situation where a defendant claiming self-defense is the
initial aggressor as classified in the instruction. And element 3 relates to an incident
where there is mutual combat involved. [¶] . . . So I have stricken paragraph 3 as well as
the mutual combat language at the end of the instruction.” The defense lodged a general
objection to the proposed modification.
8
In addition to other instructions on self-defense, the jury was instructed that:
“A person who engages in mutual combat or who starts a fight has a right to self-
defense only if:
“1 He actually and in good faith tried to stop fighting;
“AND
“2 He indicated, by word or by conduct, to his opponent, in a way that a
reasonable person would understand, that he wanted to stop fighting and that he had
stopped fighting;
“However, if the defendant used only non-deadly force, and the opponent
responded with such sudden and deadly force that the defendant could not withdraw from
the fight, then the defendant had the right to defend himself with deadly force and was
not required to try to stop fighting or communicate the desire to stop to the opponent, or
give the opponent a chance to stop fighting.” (Italics added.) The written instruction,
also given to the jury, was captioned, “3471. Right to Self-Defense: Mutual Combat or
Initial Aggressor.”
E. Verdict and Sentence
On May 23, 2012 , the jury convicted Gunning of first degree murder (§ 187,
subd. (a)) and found he had personally discharged a firearm, causing death (§ 12022.53,
subds. (b)–(d)). The court sentenced Gunning to 25 years to life imprisonment for the
murder conviction, a consecutive term of 25 years to life for the section 12022.53,
subdivision (d) enhancement, and stayed the terms for the other enhancements, imposing
a cumulative sentence of 50 years to life.
II. DISCUSSION
Gunning argues the trial court erred in providing the modified CALCRIM
No. 3471 instruction for three reasons: first, there was no substantial evidence to support
the references to “mutual combat” that remained in the instruction; second, the court
failed to define “mutual combat”; and third, the court failed to define “person . . . who
starts a fight.” We agree that it was error to utilize the instruction in the form given. We
conclude, however, that any errors were nonprejudicial.
9
A. Instructional Error
“Homicide is . . . justifiable when committed by any person . . . [¶] . . . [¶] . . . in
the lawful defense of such person . . . ; but such person, . . . if he was the assailant or
engaged in mutual combat, must really and in good faith have endeavored to decline any
further struggle before the homicide was committed.” (§ 197, subd. (3), italics added.)
“ ‘[M]utual combat’ means not merely a reciprocal exchange of blows but one pursuant
to mutual intention, consent, or agreement preceding the initiation of hostilities.”
(People v. Ross (2007) 155 Cal.App.4th 1033, 1045 [reviewing cases].) “[T]here must be
evidence from which the jury could reasonably find that both combatants actually
consented or intended to fight before the claimed occasion for self-defense arose.” (Id. at
p. 1047.) Consistent with this authority, CALCRIM No. 3471 provides: “A fight is
mutual combat when it began or continued by mutual consent or agreement. That
agreement may be expressly stated or implied and must occur before the claim to self-
defense arose.”
As the trial court recognized, there was no evidence in this case of mutual combat,
i.e., a prearrangement to engage in a fight, that would have supported a mutual combat
instruction. (See People v. Ross, supra, 155 Cal.App.4th at p. 1054 [evidence suggesting
that the parties exchanged contemptuous remarks until one lost her temper and slapped
defendant, who then punched her back, was “not ‘mutual combat’ as that term has been
explicated in California precedents” (fn. omitted).)
Although the trial court concluded there was no evidence of mutual combat and
deleted the related portion of the instruction, it inadvertently failed to delete the reference
to “mutual combat” in the caption and in first sentence of the instruction.5 Because the
5
The court also left in another phrase that appears to relate only to mutual combat.
As provided to the jury, the final paragraph of the instruction stated: “However, if the
defendant used only non-deadly force, and the opponent responded with such sudden and
deadly force that the defendant could not withdraw from the fight, then the defendant had
the right to defend himself with deadly force and was not required to try to stop fighting
or communicate the desire to stop to the opponent, or give the opponent a chance to stop
fighting.” (Italics added.) The italicized phrase is a reference back to element 3 of the
10
court deleted the definition of “mutual combat” from the instruction, the jury had no
guidance on how to apply the phrase “mutual combat” which remained in the instruction.
The legal meaning of the phrase is not self-explanatory. “The dictionary meaning of
‘mutual’ does not necessarily convey any particular intention on the part of persons
whose conduct it is used to describe. It is defined as ‘directed by each toward the other,’
‘shared in common,’ or ‘joint’ (Merriam-Webster’s Collegiate Dict. (10th ed. 1999),
p. 768), ‘[h]aving the same relationship to each other,’ ‘[d]irected and received in equal
amount,’ or ‘reciprocal’ (American Heritage College Dict. (3d ed. 1997), p. 901). Thus
any combat may be correctly described as ‘mutual’ so long as it is seen to possess a
quality of reciprocity or exchange. In ordinary speech, then, ‘mutual combat’ might
properly describe any violent struggle between two or more people, however it came into
being.” (People v. Ross, supra, 155 Cal.App.4th at p. 1044.)
Even if a mutual combat instruction had been supported by substantial evidence,
therefore, the court erred in failing to define “mutual combat.” (See People v. Ross,
supra, 155 Cal.App.4th at p. 1049 [not necessary to determine whether it was error to
provide mutual combat instruction where court erred in failing to define “mutual combat”
for jury on jury’s request].)
Gunning also argues that the court erred in failing to define the phrase “person . . .
who starts a fight” in the instruction. He argues that the legal principle that underlies the
instruction (and codified in § 197) applies only if the defendant is the initial physical
aggressor, i.e., only if he initiates a physical confrontation. The trial court found the
instruction applicable because, “based on the testimony of the defendant[,] . . . a jury
could conclude that the act of bringing the firearm into the home and then placing it on
the couch with the sole purpose of making sure Mr. Johnson knew that Mr. Gunning was
armed and not to start something with Mr. Gunning” made Gunning the initial aggressor
standard instruction, which expressly applies only in cases of mutual combat and was not
provided to the jury in this case: “3 (He/She) gave (his/her) opponent a chance to stop
fighting.” (CALCRIM No. 3471.) Gunning does not draw attention to this phrase in the
instruction and its inclusion in the instruction does not alter our analysis.
11
within the meaning of the instruction. That is, the trial court apparently understood the
instruction to apply even if the defendant did not initiate a physical conflict, as long as
the defendant initiated a confrontation while armed or perhaps with conduct or gestures
that indicated he was prepared to use physical force.6 The prosecution argued that
Gunning was the “initial aggressor,” and not entitled to self-defense, because he went to
Johnson’s house with a loaded firearm and “display[ed]” or “brandish[ed]” it.
The authorities cited by the parties on appeal do not clarify whether initial
physical aggression by the defendant is required. (See § 197, subd. (3) [in homicide
cases, rule applies to person who was “the assailant or engaged in mutual combat” and
who failed “to decline any further struggle”]; People v. Ross, supra, 155 Cal.App.4th at
p. 1043, fn. 12, quoting § 197, subd. 3; In re Christian S. (1994) 7 Cal.4th 768, 773, fn. 1
[self-defense doctrine unavailable to “a defendant who, through his own wrongful
conduct (e.g., the initiation of a physical assault or the commission of a felony), has
created circumstances under which his adversary’s attack or pursuit is legally justified”
(italics added); 1 Witkin & Epstein, Cal. Criminal Law (4th ed. 2012) Defenses, § 78
[rule applies to “person who wrongfully attacks, or who voluntarily engages in a fight”];
CALCRIM No. 3471 (2007–2008 ed.) [“A person . . . who is the first one to use physical
force has a right to self-defense only if: . . . .”]; CALCRIM No. 3471 (2008 ed.) [“A
person . . . who is the initial aggressor has a right to self-defense only if: . . . .”];
CALCRIM No. 3471 (2012 ed.) [“A person . . . who starts a fight has a right to self-
defense only if: . . . .”].)
The fact that a defendant pointed a weapon at the victim may be sufficient to
trigger the initial aggressor exception to the self-defense doctrine. (See People v. Bolton
(1979) 23 Cal.3d 208, 215 [appellant was clearly the aggressor in a quarrel when “[h]e
pointed his gun at Hollister at a time when Hollister made no immediate threat against
him. When Hollister reached as for a gun, appellant as the aggressor was bound to retreat
6
Gunning did not ask the court to define the phrase “person . . . who starts a
fight.” We assume for purposes of argument that his general objection to the instruction
is sufficient to preserve his claim.
12
and not to stand his ground”]; People v. Garcia (1969) 275 Cal.App.2d 517, 523 [“after
an argument and defendant’s challenge to fight [defendant] went back with [a] bow and
arrow with the intent to commit an assault on [the victim] and in fact carried out this
intention while [the victim] was trying to disarm [defendant] to protect himself, by
shooting the arrow from the bow . . .”].) While Gunning claimed that he only displayed
the weapon and never pointed it at Johnson until Johnson lunged at him, both Renee and
Harts testified that that Gunning pointed the gun at Johnson during a heated discussion—
evidence of at least a brandishing of the weapon (§ 417, subd. (a)(2)), if not an assault.
We would consider this sufficient evidence that a jury could find Gunning to be the
“initial aggressor.” We need not decide, however, whether a definition of “starts a fight”
is necessary in these circumstances because we find that any error in the instruction was
clearly harmless.
B. Prejudice
Here, as in People v. Ross, the “[d]efendant contends that the error requires
reversal unless it is shown to be harmless beyond a reasonable doubt. This contention
rests on the premise that the error ‘effectively removed . . . appellant’s defense from the
jury’s consideration,’ ” and lightened the prosecutions’ burden of proving beyond a
reasonable doubt that Gunning did not act in self defense. (People v. Ross, supra, 155
Cal.App.4th at p. 1054.) Like the Ross court, we conclude the instructional error before
us did not implicate Gunning’s federal constitutional rights because “the trial court here
did not ‘fail[ ] to instruct’ on a defense theory but gave an unwarranted and [arguably]
incomplete instruction on a prosecution theory in rebuttal of the defense.” (Ibid.) A
mere “failure to clarify the applicable law upon inquiry by the jury is ordinary error the
effect of which is tested under the relatively lenient standard of People v. Watson (1956)
46 Cal.2d 818, 836. [Citation.] Under that standard, an error warrants reversal ‘only if,
“after an examination of the entire cause, including the evidence” (Cal. Const., art. VI,
§ 13), it appears “reasonably probable” the defendant would have obtained a more
favorable outcome had the error not occurred [citation].’ [Citation.] A ‘ “reasonable
13
probability” ’ for these purposes ‘does not mean more likely than not, but merely a
reasonable chance, more than an abstract possibility.’ ” (Id. at pp. 1054–1055.)
We first find no reasonable probability that the jury found, as Gunning argues, that
he had no right to defend himself from a knife attack by Johnson because he and Johnson
had engaged in mutual combat on a prior occasion (the fight that resulted in Gunning’s
bloody nose). The prosecutor made no “mutual combat” argument in closing and
discussed the CALCRIM No. 3471 instruction only in terms of Gunning’s role as an
initial aggressor. The fight between Gunning and Johnson that left Gunning with a
bloody nose was mentioned by the prosecution only as evidence of Gunning’s motive to
murder Johnson, and by the defense as evidence of Gunning’s reason to fear Johnson, not
as evidence that Gunning had forfeited his right to self defense by reason of that prior
fight.
We also find no reasonable probability Gunning would have obtained a more
favorable result had CALCRIM No. 3471 not been given. The evidence against Gunning
was strong. Three witnesses saw him walk up to Johnson as soon as he entered the house
and then stand by him with a gun in his hand. Gunning admitted he walked up to
Johnson and he took out a gun while he positioned himself right next to Johnson. The
witnesses said they heard Gunning make apparently hostile statements to Johnson.
Gunning admitted he went to the house to get things “squared off” with Johnson. The
witnesses said that Gunning waved Renee and Sarah out of the room, and Gunning
admits he told them to leave. The witnesses said they heard gunshots very quickly after
Renee and Sarah left the living room, and Gunning acknowledged on the witness stand
that the incident unfolded very quickly. Gunning’s actions after the incident support an
inference of consciousness of guilt: he did not claim he acted in self-defense when Renee
asked him about the shooting as he was leaving the house; he went to an unpopulated
area and hid for about two hours before going to the Trembath house; he hid his gun and
cell phone; he approached the Trembath house stealthily, jumping a fence and crouching;
and he resisted arrest.
14
Moreover, the jury unequivocally rejected Gunning’s claim that he killed Johnson
only in response to Johnson’s aggression. The jury was instructed on first and second
degree murder, and on voluntary manslaughter under theories of provocation and of
“imperfect self-defense,” in addition to the general instruction on self-defense. The jury
was told that provocation could reduce a murder from first to second degree, or from
murder to voluntary manslaughter. The jury was also told that, while Gunning would not
be guilty of any unlawful homicide if he necessarily acted in self-defense, he would only
be guilty of voluntary manslaughter if he acted in a unreasonable belief that the use of
deadly force was necessary. In returning a verdict of first degree murder, and rejecting
any lesser verdict, the jury found beyond a reasonable doubt that the killing was not only
unlawful, but that Gunning did not have even an unreasonable belief in the need for self-
defense. In finding that the killing was premeditated and deliberate—findings completely
inconsistent with Gunning’s version of events—the jury’s verdict makes clear that any
instructional error was harmless.
III. DISPOSITION
The judgment is affirmed.
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Bruiniers, J.
We concur:
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Jones, P. J.
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Needham, J.
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