People v. Tranquilino CA2/4

Filed 10/14/14 P. v. Tranquilino CA2/4
NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN THE OFFICIAL REPORTS
California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for
publication or ordered published, except as specified by rule 8.1115(b). This opinion has not been certified for publication
or ordered published for purposes of rule 8.1115.
IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA
SECOND APPELLATE DISTRICT
DIVISION FOUR
THE PEOPLE, B251149
Plaintiff and Respondent, (Los Angeles County
Super. Ct. No. BA397613)
v.
JUAN TRANQUILINO,
Defendant and Appellant.
APPEAL from a judgment of the Superior Court of Los Angeles County,
Barbara R. Johnson, Judge. Affirmed, vacated in part, and remanded with directions.
Vanessa Place, under appointment by the Court of Appeal, for Defendant and
Appellant.
Kamala D. Harris, Attorney General, Dane R. Gillette, Chief Assistant Attorney
General, Lance E. Winters, Assistant Attorney General, Susan Sullivan Pithey and David
Zarmi, Deputy Attorneys General, for Plaintiff and Respondent.
INTRODUCTION
A jury convicted defendant Juan Tranquilino of two counts of lewd act on a child
under 14 years of age. (Pen. Code, § 288, subd. (a), counts 1 & 3.) The jury was unable
to reach a verdict on an additional count of lewd act on a child under 14 years of age
(count 2), as to which the trial court declared a mistrial. (Pen. Code, § 288, subd. (a).)
The jury found true allegations as to both counts 1 and 3 that there were multiple victims,
that appellant had previously been convicted of a sex offense (Pen. Code, § 667.61,
subds. (a) & (b)), and that appellant had suffered a serious felony conviction that was also
a prior strike conviction (Pen. Code, § 667, subds. (a)-(i)). The trial court sentenced
appellant to 55 years to life in state prison, consisting of 25 years to life for each of
counts 1 and 3 (Pen. Code, § 667.61), plus an additional five years for count 1 for the
prior serious felony conviction.
In this appeal, appellant contends that the trial court abused its discretion under
Evidence Code section 3521 by allowing evidence to be admitted of prior incidents for
which appellant was convicted of sexual abuse. Appellant further contends that section
1108, which makes evidence of such prior incidents admissible, is unconstitutional.
We reject appellant’s contention that the trial court abused its discretion under
section 352 in admitting evidence of appellant’s prior sexual offenses. The
constitutionality of section 1108 is long-settled, and we reject his argument in that regard
as well. We therefore affirm appellant’s convictions as to counts 1 and 3, as well as the
true findings on the multiple victim and prior sex offense/prior strike conviction
allegations.
In addition, appellant contends on appeal that the trial court erroneously believed
that it did not have discretion to choose between consecutive or concurrent sentences for
counts 1 and 3. The Attorney General concedes error, and we agree. Accordingly, we
vacate the portion of appellant’s sentence imposing consecutive sentences on counts 1
1 All further undesignated statutory references are to the Evidence Code.
2
and 3, and remand the matter to the trial court with directions to exercise its discretion as
to whether the sentences on counts 1 and 3 should run consecutively or concurrently.
FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND
I. Prior Sexual Misconduct Evidence: M. P., Maria P., and Jessica P.
Appellant was a close family friend of M., Maria, Jessica, and their four sisters
when they were children, and he visited their home often. He was the godfather of one of
the sisters.
M., 19 years old at the time of trial, testified that when she was eight years old
appellant began molesting her repeatedly by touching her vagina, kissing her, and putting
his tongue in her mouth. He once asked her to come to his apartment to help spray paint
his bicycle. Once inside his apartment, he pulled her toward his bed, but she was able to
get him off of her and run out of the apartment. When M. was eight years old, she went
to court and testified about the touchings.
Maria, 18 years old at the time of trial, was six years old when appellant began
touching her vagina under her clothes, often in the hallway of her apartment and while
her sister M. was present. Maria testified against appellant in a courtroom when she was
five or six years old.
Jessica was 22 years old at the time of trial. When she was 10 or 11, appellant
repeatedly touched her vagina under her clothes and kissed her. Appellant once kissed
her while she was lying down on a bed in her apartment and gave her a hickey. Jessica
also had testified against appellant when she was 10 or 11 years old.
II. A. M. (Counts 1 & 2)
A. M., born in April 1997, was 16 years old at the time of trial. A. lived in a two-
bedroom apartment along with her grandmother, uncle, mother (Jacqueline Castro), and
two sisters (Veronica and Ashley). When A. was about two years old, appellant became
a family friend and began visiting her home twice a week to play video games with A.’s
3
uncle. When A. was six years old, she was left alone with appellant and he touched her
thighs over her clothing. On later occasions, he progressed to touching her chest and
vagina, also over her clothing. Appellant told A. he would do the same thing to her
sisters if she told anyone. Shortly after these incidents occurred, appellant went to prison.
Appellant was released from prison when A. was seven years old. Appellant
began visiting A.’s home again. On one occasion he masturbated in front of A. and put
his ejaculate on her vagina. Castro, her mother, was home but was asleep.
When A. was eight years old and staying home because she was ill, appellant
removed his clothes and showed A. his penis. He removed A.’s clothes and laid her on a
couch, touched her vagina, chest, and legs, then put his penis into her vagina. He
ejaculated onto A.’s vagina. Castro was home but sleeping. A. felt pain and was
disgusted by appellant and repeatedly told him to stop, but he ignored her and continued
until he ejaculated on her. Appellant told her if she told anyone he would do the same
thing to her sisters. A. took a shower and waited in the bathroom until her grandmother
came home. That was the last time appellant molested her.
When A. was 15 years old, Castro took her to a medical clinic because she wanted
to know if A. was sexually active. The physician’s assistant examining A. asked about
whether she had had sexual relationships with anyone. Because she thought that doctors
could tell if she had had sexual relations, she revealed that she had been raped by a family
friend, and also said that she had a boyfriend with whom she had intercourse. She knew
the physician’s assistant would call the police and was relieved when he did so.
III. Veronica M. (Count 3)
A.’s sister, Veronica M., born in February 1994 and 19 years old at the time of
trial, was five or six years old when appellant began visiting her family often. When
Veronica was 10 years old, appellant began touching her vagina, buttocks, and chest,
both over her clothing and under it. He did it whenever he had the opportunity, when her
mother and grandmother were away or sleeping. Appellant told her to “just let it
4
happen,” and that he “needed it.” Veronica had been told by her mother and grandmother
that appellant had been released from prison.
Appellant would entice Veronica and her sister Ashley to come close to him to see
his drawings, and when they did he would touch them, starting at the waist and moving to
the vagina. Veronica saw appellant touch Ashley the same way he touched her. She did
not tell anyone because she was afraid she would be ignored. Veronica’s uncle and
mother were usually home when appellant touched her, but they were not in the same
room. Her mother worked the graveyard shift and was often sleeping. When Veronica
was 12 years old, the family moved to Victorville. Around that time, appellant stopped
touching her.
When Veronica was about 15 or 16 years old, she told her mother during an
argument that appellant had molested her, but Castro did not call the police. Veronica
first told the police what appellant had done to her after A. told the doctor appellant had
raped her.
IV. Other Evidence
Castro testified that appellant was a close family friend and initially was kind to
her children. Around the year 2000, she forbade appellant to visit her family. She did
not call the police when Veronica told her appellant had abused her because she felt
guilty for allowing appellant to come into her home, having been aware that he had
abused other girls.
The parties stipulated that appellant was born in 1982, and that he had been in
prison from 2003 through 2005.
Appellant did not present an affirmative defense.
DISCUSSION
I. Evidence of Other Sexual Offenses Was Properly Admitted
A. Factual Background
5
Before trial, the prosecution moved to admit witness testimony pursuant to section
1108 regarding appellant’s uncharged sexual misconduct. The prosecutor sought to
introduce the testimony of the P. sisters, M., Maria, and Jessica. In addition, the
prosecutor sought to introduce testimony regarding K.C., a victim of sexual misconduct
for which appellant was arrested in 2003 but not convicted.
Defense counsel opposed the introduction of any such evidence. She further
requested that the court bifurcate trial of appellant’s prior convictions for the prior acts of
sexual misconduct and asked that even if the court permitted the introduction of evidence
pursuant to section 1108, that it exclude the fact of appellant’s conviction for those
offenses.
The court permitted bifurcation as to the evidence of the prior convictions and
ruled that the evidence regarding the P. sisters was admissible because it was more
probative than prejudicial. The court noted the evidence was directly relevant as
propensity evidence because it involved the same class of crimes, was not remote in
time,2 and there was no uncertainty as to its truth because appellant had pled guilty. The
prosecutor agreed not to introduce evidence of the fact of actual conviction for the prior
sexual misconduct.
The court ruled that the evidence regarding K.C. was inadmissible as it was likely
to confuse the jury by requiring the testimony of K.C.’s parents and a nurse because K.C.
was only three years old when she was molested. The court also ruled that evidence that
Castro banned appellant from her home after younger sister Ashley, who could not yet
talk, pointed to her diaper to indicate appellant had touched her was speculative and
therefore inadmissible.
B. Analysis Under Sections 1108 and 352
2 Appellant’s sexual misconduct with the P. sisters occurred in or about 2001 and
2002. In the instant case, the charged sexual misconduct with A. M. and Veronica M.
occurred between 2002 and 2007.
6
Appellant contends that his convictions must be reversed because the evidence of
his prior sexual offenses was unduly prejudicial. He argues that “[t]he court erred in
admitting other offense evidence where its probity was wanting and where nothing but
harm was worked by its admission.” We disagree and find that, in admitting the other
crimes evidence, the trial court rightly concluded that it was distinctly probative and not
overly inflammatory.
The policy considerations underlying section 1108, which permits the introduction
of evidence of a defendant’s prior sexual misconduct, were thoroughly examined by our
Supreme Court in People v. Falsetta (1999) 21 Cal.4th 903 (Falsetta). The court
explained: “In 1995, the Legislature enacted section 1108 to expand the admissibility of
disposition or propensity evidence in sex offense cases. Subdivision (a) of that section
provides in pertinent part that ‘In a criminal action in which the defendant is accused of a
sexual offense, evidence of the defendant’s commission of another sexual offense or
offenses is not made inadmissible by Section 1101, if the evidence is not inadmissible
pursuant to Section 352 [permitting court to exclude evidence on weighing probative
value and prejudicial impact].’ . . .
“Available legislative history indicates section 1108 was intended in sex offense
cases to relax the evidentiary restraints section 1101, subdivision (a), imposed, to assure
that the trier of fact would be made aware of the defendant’s other sex offenses in
evaluating the victim’s and the defendant’s credibility. In this regard, section 1108
implicitly abrogates prior decisions of this court indicating that ‘propensity’ evidence is
per se unduly prejudicial to the defense. (See, e.g., People v. Alcala (1984) 36 Cal.3d
604, 630-631 (Alcala).)
“As the Court of Appeal stated in one earlier case, ‘Our elected Legislature has
determined that the policy considerations favoring the exclusion of evidence of
uncharged sexual offenses are outweighed in criminal sexual offense cases by the policy
considerations favoring the admission of such evidence. The Legislature has determined
the need for this evidence is “critical” given the serious and secretive nature of sex crimes
and the often resulting credibility contest at trial. [Citation.]’ (People v. Fitch (1997) 55
7
Cal.App.4th 172, 181-182, fn. omitted (Fitch); see also People v. Soto (1998) 64
Cal.App.4th 966, 983-984 [quoting from the legislative history of section 1108, 29B pt. 3
West’s Ann. Evid. Code (1999 pocket supp.) foll. § 1108, pp. 40-41]; Review of Selected
1995 Cal. Legislation (1996) 27 Pacific L.J. 761, 762 [The Legislature ‘declared that the
willingness to commit a sexual offense is not common to most individuals; thus, evidence
of any prior sexual offenses is particularly probative and necessary for determining the
credibility of the witness.’].)” (Falsetta, supra, 21 Cal.4th at pp. 911-912.)
The Falsetta court continued: “[T]he case law clearly shows that evidence that [a
defendant] committed other sex offenses is at least circumstantially relevant to the issue
of his [or her] disposition or propensity to commit these offenses. As noted in Alcala,
‘Such evidence “is [deemed] objectionable, not because it has no appreciable probative
value, but because it has too much.” . . . [Citations.]’ (Alcala, supra, 36 Cal.3d at
p. 631, italics added in Alcala; [additional citations omitted].)” (Falsetta, supra, 21
Cal.4th at p. 915.)
Of course not all evidence of prior sex offenses is admissible against a defendant
accused of committing another sex crime. Trial courts must determine in each case
whether admission of such evidence is appropriate by considering several factors.
Evidence made admissible by section 1108 is expressly stated therein to be subject to
exclusion under section 352.3 “By reason of section 1108, trial courts may no longer
deem ‘propensity’ evidence unduly prejudicial per se, but must engage in a careful
weighing process under section 352. Rather than admit or exclude every sex offense a
defendant commits, trial judges must consider such factors as its nature, relevance, and
possible remoteness, the degree of certainty of its commission and the likelihood of
confusing, misleading, or distracting the jurors from their main inquiry, its similarity to
the charged offense, its likely prejudicial impact on the jurors, the burden on the
defendant in defending against the uncharged offense, and the availability of less
3 Under section 352, admissible evidence may, in the trial court’s discretion, be
excluded if its admission will necessitate undue consumption of time or create substantial
danger of undue prejudice, of confusing the issues, or of misleading the jury.
8
prejudicial alternatives to its outright admission, such as admitting some but not all of the
defendant’s other sex offenses, or excluding irrelevant though inflammatory details
surrounding the offense. (See, e.g., People v. Balcom (1994) 7 Cal.4th 414, 427 (maj.
opn. of George, J.); id. at p. 431 (conc. opn. of Arabian, J.) (Balcom); Fitch, supra, 55
Cal.App.4th at p. 183; cf. People v. Karis [(1988)] 46 Cal.3d [612,] 638 [defining
‘prejudice’ under section 352]; People v. Poplar (1999) 70 Cal.App.4th 1129, 1138
[discretion to admit evidence of other acts of domestic violence under sections 352 and
1109]; [United States v.] Guardia [(10 Cir. 1998)] 135 F.3d [1326,] 1330-1331 [applying
federal rule 403]; [United States v.] Enjady [(10 Cir. 1998)] 134 F.3d [1427,] 1433
[same].)
“In Balcom, we explained that the probative value of ‘other crimes’ evidence is
increased by the relative similarity between the charged and uncharged offenses, the
close proximity in time of the offenses, and the independent sources of evidence (the
victims) in each offense. (Balcom, supra, 7 Cal.4th at p. 427.) We also observed that the
prejudicial impact of the evidence is reduced if the uncharged offenses resulted in actual
convictions and a prison term, ensuring that the jury would not be tempted to convict the
defendant simply to punish him for the other offenses, and that the jury’s attention would
not be diverted by having to make a separate determination whether defendant committed
the other offenses. (Ibid.)” (Falsetta, supra, 21 Cal.4th at p. 917.)
“By subjecting evidence of uncharged sexual misconduct to the weighing process
of section 352, the Legislature has ensured that such evidence cannot be used in cases
where its probative value is substantially outweighed by the possibility that it will
consume an undue amount of time or create a substantial danger of undue prejudice,
confusion of issues, or misleading the jury. (Evid. Code, § 352.) This determination is
entrusted to the sound discretion of the trial judge who is in the best position to evaluate
the evidence. [Citation.]” (Fitch, supra, 55 Cal.App.4th at p. 183.)
“We review a challenge to a trial court’s choice to admit or exclude evidence
under section 352 for abuse of discretion. (People v. Harris (1998) 60 Cal.App.4th 727,
736-737 (Harris).) We will reverse only if the court’s ruling was ‘arbitrary, whimsical,
9
or capricious as a matter of law. [Citation.]’ (People v. Linkenauger (1995) 32
Cal.App.4th 1603, 1614.)” (People v. Branch (2001) 91 Cal.App.4th 274, 282 (Branch.))
Appellant argues here that the other crimes evidence involving the P. sisters (M.,
Maria & Jessica) should not have been admitted because “[t]here was nothing to be added
to the current charges via admission—the conduct that M. and her sisters accused
appellant of was fundamentally of the same sort as the charged conduct, and, given
appellant was already facing multiple accusers, nothing in the fact of multiplication itself
to indicate more or less propensity to commit the charged crimes. . . . While section 1108
does not require similarity for admission, or anything beyond disposition, there is nothing
here of probity to outweigh its considerable and inevitable prejudice.” (Italics added.)
Appellant appears to be arguing in essence that the uncharged conduct was cumulative to
the charged conduct, adding nothing of independent value or substance. The argument is
unavailing.
By acknowledging that the uncharged sex crimes evidence involving the P. sisters
was “fundamentally of the same sort as the charged conduct” involving the M. sisters,
appellant actually underscores the point that he objects to such evidence not because it
has no appreciable probative value, but because it has entirely too much. (See Falsetta,
supra, 21 Cal.4th at p. 915. See also Branch, supra, 91 Cal.App.4th at pp. 282-283.)
The evidence demonstrated that he engaged in strikingly similar conduct with other
young, vulnerable girls by ingratiating himself into their family and then exploiting their
trust. The reliability of the evidence was strong because appellant pled guilty and spent
time in prison for the prior conduct. Indeed, appellant acknowledges that “there was no
doubt as to the commission of the prior offense: appellant had gone to prison for it.” The
evidence could hardly be more probative. Indeed, its admission was important “to assure
that the trier of fact would be made aware of [appellant’s] other sex offenses in
evaluating the victim[s’] and [appellant’s] credibility.” (Falsetta, supra, 21 Cal.4th at
p. 911.)
Having concluded that the uncharged sex crimes evidence was especially
probative, we next consider whether the trial court abused its discretion in admitting
10
evidence of the prior sexual conduct in light of “four factors: (1) the inflammatory nature
of the uncharged conduct; (2) the possibility of confusion of issues; (3) remoteness in
time of the uncharged offenses; and (4) the amount of time involved in introducing and
refuting the evidence of uncharged offenses.” (Branch, supra, 91 Cal.App.4th at p. 282,
citing Harris, supra, 60 Cal.App.4th at pp. 737-741.) For the reasons that follow, we find
no abuse of discretion.
Here, the uncharged sex crimes testimony by the P. sisters was no more
inflammatory than the evidence regarding the charged conduct. To the contrary, A.’s
testimony involved much more serious allegations, including penile penetration and
appellant’s masturbation, than those raised by the P. sisters’ testimony.
As to the possibility of confusion of issues, courts have observed that “[i]f the
prior offense did not result in a conviction, that fact increases the danger that the jury
may wish to punish the defendant for the uncharged offenses and increases the likelihood
of confusing the issues ‘because the jury [has] to determine whether the uncharged
offenses [in fact] occurred.’ ([People v. Ewoldt (1994) 7 Cal.4th 380, 405].)” (Branch,
supra, 91 Cal.App.4th at p. 284; see also Harris, supra, 60 Cal.App.4th at pp. 738-739.)
But here, the jury likely inferred that appellant had spent time in prison for his conduct
with the P. sisters.4 The jurors’ questions and requests to have testimony read back
showed they had questions about Veronica’s and A.’s knowledge of appellant’s prior
sexual offenses. They also requested read back of A.’s testimony, including her
description of the rape (regarding which the jury reached a deadlock and a mistrial was
declared) and the pertinent dates and ages when she first testified during the preliminary
4 Although the trial court ruled that evidence that appellant had been convicted of a
prior sex crime was inadmissible during the first phase of the trial, the jury heard the P.
sisters testify that appellant molested them during the early 2000’s, that they testified in
court about the abuse (presumably at a preliminary hearing because appellant pled
guilty), and that appellant was in prison from sometime in 2003 until 2005. A. testified
appellant molested her when she was six years old (around 2003), and that when he got
out of prison and began molesting her again, she knew that “other girls” had made “prior
accusations of similar conduct” against him in the past.
11
hearing, and of Veronica’s testimony regarding witnessing appellant abusing her younger
sister. The jurors’ questions indicate they were acutely focused on deciding the veracity
of the M. sisters’ testimony and the current crimes, not on the uncharged crimes against
the P. sisters. In addition, the jury was instructed on how to handle the evidence
regarding the uncharged crimes with CALCRIM No. 1191.5 There was no likelihood
that the testimony of the P. sisters would confuse the jury, or that the jury would want to
punish appellant for the prior crimes.
As to remoteness, the prior offenses occurred during approximately the same time
period as the abuse alleged by the M. sisters. There was no time gap between the prior
offenses and the charged offenses (except during the time appellant spent in prison),
indicating the uncharged offenses tended to show appellant’s predisposition to commit
the charged offenses. (See Harris, supra, 60 Cal.App.4th at p. 739; Branch, supra, 91
Cal.App.4th at p. 285.) It is true that the M. sisters did not report the abuse until
approximately eight years after it occurred, and such a “delay . . . could have been
reasonably interpreted as a lack of credibility to those allegations.” But we disagree with
appellant’s contention that the possible undermining of the M. sisters’ credibility
occasioned by the delay in reporting “was improperly and unfairly cured by way of
admission of the multiple prior offenses” or that “the stronger case made the weaker,
which was the case at hand.” Rather, the uncharged sexual offenses assisted the jury in
determining the credibility issues, just as intended by the Legislature when it enacted
section 1108.
5 The jury was instructed pursuant to CALCRIM No. 1191 that it was to consider
the evidence of the uncharged crimes only if it found by a preponderance of the evidence
that appellant committed the uncharged crimes. If the jury so found, “you may, but are
not required to,” conclude that appellant was inclined to commit sexual offenses,
including those charged in this case. (CALCRIM No. 1191.) The jury was instructed
that the conclusion that appellant committed the uncharged offenses “is only one factor to
consider along with all the other evidence. It is not sufficient by itself to prove that the
defendant is guilty of lewd act upon a child. The People must still prove (each) (charge)
beyond a reasonable doubt.” (Ibid.)
12
Finally, there was no undue consumption of time in admitting the evidence of the
uncharged prior offenses. The entirety of the three P. sisters’ testimony covers only 19
pages in the reporter’s transcript. Indeed, the trial court wisely and fairly excluded
additional evidence proffered by the prosecution that yet another child had been molested
by appellant during the same time period because it would have involved several
witnesses and undue consumption of time.
In summary, the probative value of the other sex crimes evidence was very high,
and the counterbalancing factors did not weigh at all heavily in favor of excluding the
other crimes evidence. Indeed, this case could be described as the prototypical case
contemplated by the Legislature in enacting section 1108, in which because of “the nature
of sex offenses, both their seriousness and their secretive commission which results in
trials that are primarily credibility contests,” “the admission of relevant evidence of a
defendant’s commission of other sex offenses” was justified. (Fitch, supra, 55
Cal.App.4th at p. 184, cited approvingly in Falsetta, supra, 21 Cal.4th at pp. 917- 918.)
II. Constitutionality of Section 1108
In Falsetta, supra, 21 Cal.4th 903, the California Supreme Court rejected the due
process challenge to section 1108 that appellant raises here. (Accord, People v. Loy
(2011) 52 Cal.4th 46, 60-61.) Although appellant contends that the holding in Falsetta
must be reevaluated in light of the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals’ decision in Garceau v.
Woodford (9th Cir. 2001) 275 F.3d 769, reversed on another ground in Woodford v.
Garceau (2003) 538 U.S. 202, Garceau v. Woodford is neither binding on this court
(People v. Avena (1996) 13 Cal.4th 394, 431) nor applicable here. Garceau concerned
the introduction of evidence pursuant to section 1101 that the defendant had previously
been convicted of murder and that he manufactured illegal drugs, not the admissibility of
prior sex offenses in a sex offense case. (Garceau v. Woodford, supra, 275 F.3d at
p. 773.) In Garceau, the California Supreme Court had held that the admission of prior
crimes evidence to show propensity to commit murder violated state law but that the error
was harmless. The Ninth Circuit disagreed with the finding that the error was harmless.
13
Garceau v. Woodford does not demonstrate that the ruling in Falsetta that section 1108 is
constitutional should be revisited.
Appellant nonetheless contends that Falsetta should be reconsidered because the
two safeguards discussed by the court in Falsetta, supra, 21 Cal.4th at pages 914 through
920—the weighing process of section 352 and the availability of limiting instructions for
the jury—are not adequate to protect criminal defendants. However, the California
Supreme Court is the proper tribunal to reconsider Falsetta if it is appropriate to do so.
Unless and until that occurs, we are bound by the ruling in Falsetta. (Auto Equity Sales,
Inc. v. Superior Court (1962) 57 Cal.2d 450, 455.)
Finally, appellant’s argument—that because propensity evidence is admitted only
in sex offense cases, section 1108 violates the equal protection clause in that it
discriminates on an irrational basis—was rejected in Fitch, supra, 55 Cal.App.4th at
pages 184 through 185. In Fitch, the court held, “The Legislature determined that the
nature of sex offenses, both their seriousness and their secretive commission which
results in trials that are primarily credibility contests, justified the admission of relevant
evidence of a defendant’s commission of other sex offenses. This reasoning provides a
rational basis for the law. Defendant’s arguments as to the recidivism rate of sex
offenders are unavailing. In order to adopt a constitutionally sound statute, the
Legislature need not extend it to all cases to which it might apply. The Legislature is free
to address a problem one step at a time or even to apply the remedy to one area and
neglect others.” (Ibid.) The Supreme Court cited this discussion approvingly in Falsetta,
supra, 21 Cal.4th at pages 917 through 918. We agree with the rationale of Fitch and
reject appellant’s equal protection argument.
III. Remand for Resentencing Is Required
Appellant contends, and the Attorney General correctly concedes, that the trial
court erroneously believed that imposition of consecutive sentences for appellant’s
convictions for violating Penal Code section 288, subdivision (a) (lewd or lascivious act
14
on a child under 14), was mandatory pursuant to Penal Code section 667.6, subdivision
(d), rather than discretionary.
Penal Code section 667.6, subdivision (d) mandates that “A full, separate, and
consecutive term shall be imposed for each violation of an offense specified in
subdivision (e) if the crimes involve separate victims or involve the same victim on
separate occasions.” (Italics added.) Subdivision (e)(5) includes a “[l]ewd or lascivious
act [by force], in violation of subdivision (b) of Section 288,” but it does not include a
lewd or lascivious act in violation of Penal Code section 288, subdivision (a), not
involving the use of force. (Italics added.) Similar language existed in the prior version
of section 667.6, in effect prior to September 20, 2006, and therefore applicable to count
1 (conduct alleged to have occurred between April 3, 2002, and August 30, 2002) and
arguably count 3 (conduct alleged to have occurred between April 12, 2005, and
February 11, 2007).6
Defense counsel pointed out to the trial court the prosecutor’s sentencing
memorandum erred in stating that consecutive sentences were mandatory pursuant to
Penal Code section 667.6, subdivision (d), for each violation of Penal Code section 288,
subdivision (a). The court nonetheless found that consecutive sentences were mandatory
and imposed them.
The case of People v. Rodriguez (2005) 130 Cal.App.4th 1257 is instructive.
There, the court held: “[Penal Code] [s]ection 288, subdivision (a) has long provided that
nonforcible lewd act offenses shall be punished by terms of three, six, or eight years.
(People v. Hammer (2003) 30 Cal.4th 756, 765.) In 1994, however, the Legislature
enacted section 667.61—otherwise known as the one strike law. Section 667.61 provides
for indeterminate terms of either 15 years to life or 25 years to life for section 288,
subdivision (a) and certain other sex offenses if certain circumstances apply, regardless of
6 The prior version of Penal Code section 667.6 provided: “(d) A full, separate, and
consecutive term shall be served for each violation of . . . subdivision (b) of Section 288,
. . . if the crimes involve separate victims or involve the same victim on separate
occasions.”
15
whether the defendant has prior convictions. (Stats. 1993-1994, 1st Ex. Sess., ch. 14, § 1,
p. 8570; People v. Wutzke (2002) 28 Cal.4th 923, 929-930.)” (Rodriguez, supra, 130
Cal.App.4th at p. 1261.) Neither section 667.61 nor section 667.6 mandates that multiple
sentences under section 288, subdivision (a) are to be served consecutively. (Id. at
p. 1262.) As recognized by the Rodriguez court, “Absent an express statutory provision
to the contrary, [Penal Code] section 669 provides that a trial court shall impose either
concurrent or consecutive terms for multiple convictions.” (Ibid.; see also People v.
Simmons (2012) 210 Cal.App.4th 778.) In exercising its discretion whether to impose
concurrent or consecutive terms, a trial court should consider the factors set forth in
California Rules of Court, rule 4.425. (Rodriguez, supra, 130 Cal.App.4th at p. 1262-
1263.)
In this case, the trial court mistakenly believed that it had no discretion to impose
concurrent sentences. We therefore vacate the sentence imposed and remand the case to
allow the trial court to exercise its discretion in determining whether the sentence on
count 3 should be served concurrently or consecutively to the sentence on count 1.
16
DISPOSITION
Appellant’s convictions are affirmed, but the sentences imposed thereon are
vacated. The matter is remanded to the trial court for resentencing with directions to
exercise its discretion to determine whether consecutive or concurrent sentences are to be
imposed.
NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN THE OFFICIAL REPORTS
EDMON, J.*
We concur:
EPSTEIN, P. J.
MANELLA, J.
* Judge of the Los Angeles Superior Court, assigned by the Chief Justice pursuant to
article VI, section 6 of the California Constitution.
17