People v. Walker CA5

Filed 1/3/22 P. v. Walker CA5
NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN THE OFFICIAL REPORTS
California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for
publication or ordered published, except as specified by rule 8.1115(b). This opinion has not been certified for publication
or ordered published for purposes of rule 8.1115.
IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA
FIFTH APPELLATE DISTRICT
THE PEOPLE,
F080411
Plaintiff and Respondent,
(Super. Ct. No. CF00650517)
v.
SHAWN WALKER, OPINION
Defendant and Appellant.
THE COURT*
APPEAL from an order of the Superior Court of Fresno County. Arlan L. Harrell,
Judge.
John L. Staley, under appointment by the Court of Appeal, Defendant and
Appellant.
Lisa Smittcamp, Fresno County District Attorney, Kelsey C. Peterson, Deputy
District Attorney, for Plaintiff and Respondent.
-ooOoo-
* Before Hill, P. J., Levy, J. and Franson, J.
Defendant Shawn Walker was convicted by jury trial of murder and robbery.
Defendant filed a petition for resentencing, pursuant to Penal Code section 1170.95, 1
based upon the changes to the felony-murder rule and the natural and probable
consequences doctrine of aider and abettor liability effectuated by Senate Bill No. 1437
(2017–2018 Reg. Sess.) (Senate Bill 1437). The trial court dismissed defendant’s
petition, concluding that Senate Bill 1437 is unconstitutional. On appeal, defendant
contends the trial court’s decision was error. We reverse and remand the matter for
further proceedings pursuant to section 1170.95.
PROCEDURAL SUMMARY
On April 13, 2000, the Fresno County District Attorney filed an information
charging defendant and codefendant Armando Ortiz with the first degree murder of Jose
Rafael Navarro (§ 187, subd. (a); count 1) and second degree robbery (§ 211; count 2).
As to Ortiz, the information further alleged that he personally and intentionally
discharged a firearm causing great bodily injury or death in the commission of both
offenses (§ 12022.53, subd. (d)), personally and intentionally discharged a firearm in the
commission of both offenses (§ 12022.53, subd. (c)) and personally used a firearm as to
both offenses (§§ 12022.5, subd. (a),2 12022.53, subd. (b)). As to defendant and Ortiz,
the information alleged that a principal in the offense was armed with a firearm during
the commission of both offenses (§ 12022, subd. (a)(1)).
On September 25, 2000, a jury found defendant and Ortiz guilty on counts 1 and 2.
As to both defendant and Ortiz, the jury further found true that a principal was personally
armed with a firearm. However, as to Ortiz, the jury found that he “DID NOT personally
1 All further statutory references are to the Penal Code.
2 The information alleged that Ortiz violated section 12022.5, subdivision (a)(1).
That was likely a typographical error because subdivision (a)(1) does not exist. The
enhancement alleged likely referred to section 12022.5, subdivision (a).
2.
and intentionally discharge a firearm which proximately caused great bodily injury or
death ….”
This court affirmed defendant’s conviction in a nonpublished opinion on
January 8, 2003.3
On March 8, 2019, defendant filed a petition for resentencing pursuant to
section 1170.95 and requested that counsel be appointed.
On December 2, 2019, the trial court dismissed defendant’s petition, concluding
that Senate Bill 1437 is unconstitutional.
On December 3, 2019, defendant filed a notice of appeal.
FACTUAL SUMMARY
“At approximately 1:30 a.m. on December 19, 1999, Josie Zapata,
Laura Puentes and Javier Perdomo exited a taxicab near an apartment
complex located in a high crime area of south Fresno. Just as they began
walking toward the apartment they shared in the complex, Perdomo was hit
on the head and knocked unconscious. Zapata heard Puentes scream and
then she heard three gunshots. She turned around and saw four young, thin
men dressed in black. One of the men was holding a long handgun. He
looked Hispanic, in his 20s, and he had a thin moustache. He was about
five feet four inches or five feet five inches tall. He was wearing an
oversized, long, black jacket, black baggy pants and a black, close-fitting
knit cap. She could not tell the race of the other three men. One of the four
men hit Puentes on the head and she fell to the ground. Zapata started to
run. The man holding the gun pursued her and hit her on the back of the
head, knocking her unconscious. One of the four men took Perdomo’s
wallet and the cash he had in his pants pocket before they fled the scene.
Perdomo’s wallet contained his payroll check and a social security card
belonging to Perdomo’s brother, Victor.
“James Webb lived across the street. He was awakened by loud
voices and the sound of gunshots. He looked out his bedroom window and
saw one man run out from the apartment complex. A second man holding a
3 On January 31, 2020, defendant filed a request to augment the record with our
prior unpublished opinion affirming his conviction. (People v. Ortiz et al. (Jan. 8, 2003,
F037177) [nonpub. opn.].) On March 9, 2020, we construed his request as a request for
judicial notice and granted that request.
3.
gun came out of the complex and fired two shots at the first man who fell to
the ground. The second man with the gun turned and went back into the
apartment complex. Then he saw two Hispanic males run to another
apartment complex south of his house. Webb’s wife, Yolanda, saw a
person dressed in black, heard three gunshots, and then saw two boys
wearing dark clothing run into the apartment complex south of their house.
“Perdomo soon recovered consciousness. He saw a man, later
identified as Jose Rafael Navarro, laying on the ground nearby. Navarro
had suffered a gunshot wound to the abdomen. Perdomo tried to assist
Navarro, but Navarro was unresponsive and he died a few minutes later.
“Officers arrived at approximately 1:45 a.m. An expended .44-
caliber shell casing was found on the sidewalk in front of the crime scene
and three more expended .44-caliber shell casings were found just north of
the sidewalk area. Some shoe tracks found near the shell casings were
photographed.
“A few minutes after 2:00 a.m., Kieng Youdoune was awakened by
the sound of a gunshot. She lived one block east of the apartment complex
where the robbery and homicide occurred. Youdoune discovered that the
kitchen window of her home had been shattered by a gunshot. She found a
.44-caliber bullet on the kitchen floor. She checked on her parents and then
looked out the dining room window. She saw the defendants sitting on her
front porch. She telephoned the police.
“Fresno Police Officer Anthony Bettencourt investigated the gunshot
at the Youdoune residence. He noticed that there was a hole in the stucco
on the upstairs wall of a two-story apartment building located on San Pablo
Avenue directly north of the Youdoune residence. Officer Bettencourt was
walking toward the entry of this apartment building at approximately
3:20 a.m. when he saw the defendants standing about 15 feet away from the
bottom of the stairway leading to the two upstairs apartments of this
building (apartments 201 and 202). Neither defendant was wearing a
jacket, which was inappropriate for the cool weather (36 degrees
Fahrenheit). [Defendant] was wearing a black shirt and jeans; Ortiz was
wearing a white T-shirt and jeans. Officer Bettencourt heard [defendant]
say to Ortiz, ‘Let’s get out of here. Too many cops tonight.’ He detained
the defendants and placed each of them alone in the rear seat of a patrol car.
He walked upstairs to apartment 201 and knocked on the door. When no
one answered, he forced entry. While checking for injured persons, he
noticed a wallet and some identification documents in the bathroom. There
was a bullet hole in the south wall of the kitchen that corresponded to the
4.
hole on the outside of the building. While Officer Bettencourt was inside
the apartment, [defendant] kicked out the rear window of the patrol car.
“Genaro Garcia lived in apartment 202. Investigating Detective
Michael Garcia testified that Genaro told him that defendants had lived in
apartment 201 for at least a month. He had last seen defendants together
drinking vodka during the evening of December 18 or the early morning
hours of December 19. Youdoune testified that she occasionally saw the
defendants around the upstairs apartments of this building. Ortiz’s brother,
Tony Garcia, told authorities that Ortiz lived in an upstairs apartment of a
building that was on the west side of San Pablo Avenue. His description of
the apartment’s furnishings was consistent with the contents of apartment
201.
“Investigating officers obtained a warrant and searched apartment
201. A black Pacific Trail brand jacket, size extra large, a black pair of
fingerless gloves, a scarf, and a navy cap were found. When an officer
picked the jacket up off the couch, a spent .44-caliber shell casing fell out
of it. Another .44-caliber expended cartridge casing was found laying on
the floor. Officers found Perdomo’s wallet in the bathroom. A payroll
check payable to Javier Delgado Perdomo, a social security card in the
name of Victor Delgado and a $1,000 peso bill were all floating in the
toilet. A .44-caliber Desert Eagle brand semi-automatic pistol (the
handgun) was found inside an air vent.
“On January 31, 2000, Ortiz’s mother gave authorities a letter that
Ortiz had written to Detective Wells. The letter was redacted to remove
references to [defendant] and admitted at trial. Ortiz wrote that ‘Only God
can judge [him],’ that, ‘I asked him to forgive me. I prayed for the person
and hope he is with God,’ and that he cared ‘about that person because I am
not an evil person.’
“Criminalist Stephen O’Clair testified that the four bullet casings
found at the murder scene and the bullet casing that was found on the floor
of apartment 201 had all had been fired by the handgun. O’Clair compared
the shoes defendants were wearing when they were detained with the shoe
prints found at the murder scene. One of the shoe prints found at the crime
scene was consistent in design and size with [defendant]’s Nike brand
shoes. Another of the shoe prints was consistent in design and size with
Ortiz’s K-Swiss brand shoes. One of Ortiz’s shoes had a human bloodstain
on it.
“Neither defendant testified. The defense did not call any
witnesses.” (People v. Ortiz et al., supra, F037177, pp. 2–5.)
5.
DISCUSSION
Statutory Background
Effective January 1, 2019, Senate Bill 1437 limited accomplice liability under the
felony-murder rule4 and the natural and probable consequences doctrine.5 (§§ 188, 189,
as amended by Stats. 2018, ch. 1015, §§ 2–3; People v. Cruz (2020) 46 Cal.App.5th 740,
755; Lamoureux, supra, 42 Cal.App.5th at p. 246.) The Legislature’s purpose was “ ‘to
ensure that murder liability is not imposed on a person who is not the actual killer, did not
act with the intent to kill, or was not a major participant of the underlying felony who
acted with reckless indifference to human life.’ (Stats. 2018, ch. 1015, § 1, subd. (f).)
Senate Bill 1437 achieves these goals by amending section 188 to require that a principal
act with express or implied malice and by amending section 189 to state that a person can
only be liable for felony murder if (1) the ‘person was the actual killer’; (2) the person
was an aider or abettor in the commission of murder in the first degree; or (3) the ‘person
was a major participant in the underl[y]ing felony and acted with reckless indifference to
4 Prior to Senate Bill 1437’s enactment, “ ‘[t]he felony-murder rule impute[d] the
requisite malice for a murder conviction to those who commit[ted] a homicide during the
perpetration of a felony inherently dangerous to human life.’ ” (People v. Friend (2009)
47 Cal.4th 1, 76.) Prior to Senate Bill 1437’s enactment, specifically with respect to
felony murder with robbery as the underlying felony, section 189, subdivision (a), stated,
“All murder … that is committed in the perpetration of, or attempt to perpetrate, …
robbery … is murder of the first degree.”
5 Prior to Senate Bill 1437’s enactment, “ ‘ “[a] person who knowingly aid[ed] and
abet[ed] criminal conduct [was] guilty of not only the intended crime [target offense] but
also of any other crime the perpetrator actually commit[ted] [nontarget offense] that
[was] a natural and probable consequence of the intended crime.” ’ ” (People v. Chiu
(2014) 59 Cal.4th 155, 161.) “ ‘ “[B]ecause the nontarget offense [was] unintended, the
mens rea of the aider and abettor with respect to that offense [was] irrelevant and
culpability [was] imposed simply because a reasonable person could have foreseen the
commission of the nontarget crime.” ’ ” (People v. Lamoureux (2019) 42 Cal.App.5th
241, 248 (Lamoureux).)
6.
human life.’ ” (People v. Cornelius (2020) 44 Cal.App.5th 54, 57, review granted
Mar. 18, 2020, S260410.)
“Senate Bill 1437 also [added section 1170.95, which] established a procedure
permitting certain qualifying persons who were previously convicted of felony murder or
murder under the natural and probable consequences doctrine to petition the courts that
sentenced them to vacate their murder convictions and obtain resentencing on any
remaining counts.” (Lamoureux, supra, 42 Cal.App.5th at p. 246; § 1170.95, added by
Stats. 2018, ch. 1015, § 4.) Under that procedure, a convicted person is eligible for relief
if the following conditions are met: “(1) A complaint, information, or indictment was
filed against the [defendant] that allowed the prosecution to proceed under a theory of
felony murder or murder under the natural and probable consequences doctrine. [¶]
(2) The [defendant] was convicted of first degree or second degree murder following a
trial or accepted a plea offer in lieu of a trial at which the [defendant] could be convicted
for first degree or second degree murder. [¶] (3) The [defendant] could not be convicted
of first or second degree murder because of [the] changes to [s]ection 188 or 189 made
effective January 1, 2019.” (§ 1170.95, subd. (a)(1)–(3).)
Analysis
The trial court found that Senate Bill 1437 is unconstitutional because it
improperly amended Proposition 7 (the Briggs Initiative) and Proposition 115 (the Crime
Victims Justice Reform Act). Defendant contends that the trial court’s conclusion was
erroneous. The People maintain that Senate Bill 1437 is unconstitutional based on
conflicts with Propositions 7 and 115. The People also argue that Senate Bill 1437’s
addition of section 1170.95 violated the separation of powers doctrine and improperly
amended Proposition 9 (the Victims’ Bill of Rights Act of 2008 (Marsy’s Law)). We
agree with defendant. Senate Bill 1437 is not unconstitutional.
Our Supreme Court has not addressed the constitutionality of Senate Bill 1437.
However, this court has considered and rejected arguments nearly identical to those
7.
which the People advance here regarding the constitutionality of Senate Bill 1437.
(People v. Nash (2020) 52 Cal.App.5th 1041, 1053 [collecting cases].)6, 7 We agree with
the analysis of Nash and come to the same conclusion. The trial court erred in dismissing
defendant’s petition based on the conclusion that Senate Bill 1437 is unconstitutional.
We must therefore reverse that order.
We express no opinion on the merits of defendant’s petition.
DISPOSITION
The trial court’s order dismissing defendant’s section 1170.95 petition is reversed.
The matter is remanded to the trial court.
6 In Nash, one justice dissented from the majority’s conclusion with regard to
Proposition 7, but otherwise concurred. (People v. Nash, supra, 52 Cal.App.5th at
p. 1084 (conc. & dis. opn. of Poochigian, A.P.J.).)
7 Other courts of appeal have also consistently rejected arguments that were very
similar to the trial court’s opinion concluding that Senate Bill 1437 was
unconstitutionally inconsistent with Propositions 7 and 115 and the People’s arguments
on appeal that Senate Bill 1437 violates the separation of powers doctrine and
Proposition 9. (People v. Marquez (2020) 56 Cal.App.5th 40, 44, 46–51 [Prop. 9,
separation of powers]; People v. Lombardo (2020) 54 Cal.App.5th 553, 555, 559–565
[Props. 7, 9, 115]; People v. Superior Court (Ferraro) (2020) 51 Cal.App.5th 896, 902
[Props. 7, 115]; People v. Lopez (2020) 51 Cal.App.5th 589, 594 [same]; People v.
Alaybue (2020) 51 Cal.App.5th 207, 211 [Props. 7, 115; separation of powers]; People v.
Johns (2020) 50 Cal.App.5th 46, 54–55 [Props. 7, 9, 115; separation of powers]; People
v. Prado (2020) 49 Cal.App.5th 480, 492 [Props. 7, 115]; People v. Smith (2020) 49
Cal.App.5th 85, 91–92 [Prop. 7], review granted July 22, 2020, S262835; People v. Bucio
(2020) 48 Cal.App.5th 300, 306 [Props. 7, 115]; People v. Solis (2020) 46 Cal.App.5th
762, 784 [same]; People v. Cruz, supra, 46 Cal.App.5th at p. 747 [same]; People v.
Superior Court (Gooden) (2019) 42 Cal.App.5th 270, 275, 289 [same]; Lamoureux,
supra, 42 Cal.App.5th at p. 246 [Props. 7, 9, 115; separation of powers].)
8.