Chuang v. Chang CA2/2

Filed 10/28/15 Chuang v. Chang CA2/2
NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN THE OFFICIAL REPORTS
California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for
publication or ordered published, except as specified by rule 8.1115(b). This opinion has not been certified for publication
or ordered published for purposes of rule 8.1115.
IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA
SECOND APPELLATE DISTRICT
DIVISION TWO
KEITH CHUANG et al. B257818
Plaintiffs and Appellants, (Los Angeles County
Super. Ct. No. GC050205)
v.
ALBERT CHANG et al.,
Defendants and Respondents.
APPEAL from a judgment of the Superior Court of Los Angeles County. Donna
F. Goldstein, Judge. Affirmed.
The Business Legal Group and Russell M. Frandsen; The Holmes Law Firm and
Reginald A. Holmes for Plaintiffs and Appellants.
Jacks & Maybaum, Jerid R. Maybaum and Jane E. Randolph for Defendants and
Respondents.
Plaintiffs and appellants Keith Chuang (Chuang), Anne Chuang, and Jim Y.
Chuang (collectively, plaintiffs) appeal from the judgment entered in favor of defendants
and respondents Albert Chang, William Lai, and Chang & Cote LLP (collectively,
defendants) in this action for legal malpractice, breach of fiduciary duty, breach of
contract, and violation of the Consumers Legal Remedies Act (Civ. Code, § 1750 et seq.)
(CLRA). We affirm the judgment.
FACTUAL BACKGROUND
Plaintiffs retained defendants in 2006 for legal representation in a real estate sales
transaction in which plaintiffs sought to defer taxes on the sale proceeds. The real
property plaintiffs wished to sell (the property) was owned by Cetus Enterprises, Inc.
(Cetus), a corporation in which plaintiffs were the sole shareholders.
As part of the tax deferral plan, defendants formed Stanton, Inc. (Stanton), a new
corporation also wholly owned by plaintiffs. Defendants also formed two private annuity
trusts and drafted two annuity agreements. In September 2006, Cetus transferred the
property to Stanton. Plaintiffs transferred their shares in Stanton to the private annuity
trusts in exchange for the trusts’ promises to pay plaintiffs an annuity in accordance with
the terms of the annuity agreements. Stanton sold the property to a third party, and
proceeds from the sale were distributed to plaintiffs through their private annuity trusts.
In 2009, plaintiffs informed defendants that the Franchise Tax Board was auditing
plaintiffs’ 2006 tax returns. At plaintiffs’ request, defendants met with plaintiffs’
accountant and tax advisor, Pennywiser Accountancy Corp., in September and October of
2009 to explain the private annuity trust transaction and to provide Pennywiser with
information to respond to the audit. Defendants also revised the private annuity trust
agreements and drafted corporate minutes for Cetus and Stanton, escrow agreements, and
grant deeds. All of the documents defendants drafted in 2009 bore dates of 2006. Those
documents were signed by plaintiffs in 2009, although certain of the documents bore a
notary jurat indicating that they had been signed in 2006.
The Franchise Tax Board ultimately concluded that the transaction resulted in a
taxable event in 2006 and assessed taxes and interest against plaintiffs for that tax year.
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PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND
First amended complaint and demurrer
Plaintiffs commenced the instant action on September 25, 2012. In the operative
first amended complaint, plaintiffs asserted causes of action for violation of the CLRA,
professional negligence, breach of fiduciary duty, and breach of contract. They alleged
that defendants’ actions caused them to incur damages of more than $700,000 in taxes,
penalties, and interest payable to the Franchise Tax Board and the Internal Revenue
Service.
Defendants filed a demurrer and motion to strike, and the trial court sustained the
demurrer, without leave to amend, as to the CLRA cause of action.
Motion in limine regarding expert testimony
Before the trial commenced, defendants filed a motion in limine to preclude
plaintiffs’ legal malpractice expert, Stephen Callister (Callister), from offering opinions
not given during his deposition and from testifying regarding documents he had not
reviewed prior to his deposition. The trial court granted the motion, ruling that Callister
could not testify with respect to any documents he had not reviewed prior to his
deposition, including plaintiffs’ tax returns and documents pertaining to the Franchise
Tax Board audit.1
Plaintiffs’ opening statement and nonsuit on breach of fiduciary duty claim
During opening statement, plaintiffs’ counsel told the jury that the evidence would
show “that there was backdating of documents in violation of criminal statutes imbued in
the mistakes that the defendants made” and that defendants “concocted this scheme to
prepare false documents . . . to backdate false documents and send those false documents
to the Franchise Tax Board in an effort to deceive the Franchise Tax Board.” Plaintiffs’
counsel told the jury that “[t]he evidence will show that these defendant lawyers drafted
false deeds reporting the transfer of real estate to . . . private annuity trusts” despite the
1 The record on appeal does not include the trial court’s ruling on the motion in
limine; however, plaintiffs do not challenge that ruling.
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fact that “the real estate had actually been sold three years before.” Counsel stated that
when plaintiffs told the lawyers “it doesn’t seem quite right,” defendants said “don’t
worry about it.” Plaintiffs’ counsel then stated that the jury would “see proof that various
criminal statutes have been violated” and that various statutory provisions were violated
with “false statements,” “dishonesty, fraud,” and “deceit.”
At the conclusion of plaintiffs’ opening statement, defendants moved for nonsuit
based on the doctrines of unclean hands and in pari delicto. Defendants argued that
plaintiffs’ counsel had told the jurors that plaintiffs had knowingly participated in a
scheme to present false documents to the Franchise Tax Board. After taking the matter
under submission, the court issued a tentative decision to sustain the motion for nonsuit,
but continued the matter to the following day to allow plaintiffs the opportunity to present
a written opposition.
In their written opposition, plaintiffs moved to reopen or augment their opening
statement. The trial court denied the motion, noting that this was not a case in which the
essential elements of a claim had been omitted from the opening statement, but rather one
in which “too much was said in the opening statement.” The trial court granted the
motion for nonsuit as to the breach of fiduciary duty claim on the ground that plaintiffs
participated in signing and submitting backdated documents to the Franchise Tax Board
-- conduct that they claimed was a criminal act.
Plaintiffs’ case-in-chief and nonsuit on remaining claims
In their case-in-chief, plaintiffs presented the testimony of several witnesses,
including their legal malpractice expert, Callister. After plaintiffs rested, defendants
moved for nonsuit on various grounds, including the statute of limitations and failure to
establish causation and damages.
Plaintiffs then moved to reopen their case in chief to present additional expert
testimony on causation and damages and additional witnesses on the statute of limitations
defense. The trial court denied the nonsuit motion on statute of limitations grounds and
for that reason denied plaintiffs’ request to present additional witnesses on that issue.
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The court granted plaintiffs’ motion to reopen their case in chief to present additional
expert testimony on causation and damages.
Plaintiffs recalled their expert, Callister, subject to the trial court’s previous in
limine ruling precluding testimony concerning documents not reviewed prior to his
deposition or opinions not given in deposition. At the conclusion of Callister’s
testimony, defendants again moved for nonsuit on the ground that plaintiffs failed to
establish causation and damages.
The trial court noted that plaintiffs’ claimed damages were the additional taxes
imposed by the Franchise Tax Board. The court further noted that Callister had never
reviewed the Franchise Tax Board rulings, and therefore could offer no opinion as to
what caused the taxable event that resulted in the assessment against plaintiffs. Because
there was insufficient expert testimony as to causation and damages, the court granted
nonsuit on the remaining causes of action for legal malpractice and breach of contract.
Plaintiffs then moved a second time to reopen their case-in-chief, and the trial court
denied that motion.
Judgment and appeal
Judgment was entered in favor of defendants on July 21, 2014. 0This appeal
followed.
CONTENTIONS ON APPEAL
Plaintiffs contend the trial court erred by (1) granting nonsuit on their breach of
fiduciary duty claim after their opening statement and denying their request to augment
their opening statement; (2) granting nonsuit on their breach of contract and professional
negligence causes of action and denying their second request to reopen their case-in-
chief; and (3) sustaining defendants’ demurrer, without leave to amend, as to the CLRA
cause of action.
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DISCUSSION
I. Nonsuit on breach of fiduciary duty claim
A. Standard of review
“‘The standard of review for a nonsuit after [the] conclusion of the opening
statement is well settled. Both the trial court in its initial decision and the appellate court
on review of that decision must accept all facts asserted in the opening statement as true
and must indulge every legitimate inference which may be drawn from those facts.
[Citations.]” (Galanek v. Wismar (1999) 68 Cal. App. 4th 1417, 1424.)
B. Unclean hands bars plaintiffs’ breach of fiduciary duty claim
Unclean hands is an equitable doctrine that is invoked as a complete affirmative
defense if the plaintiff has engaged in inequitable conduct in connection with the matter
in controversy. (Dickson, Carlson & Campillo v. Pole (2000) 83 Cal. App. 4th 436, 446.)
For the doctrine to apply, the plaintiff’s misconduct “must relate directly to the
transaction concerning which the complaint is made, i.e., it must pertain to the very
subject matter involved and affect the equitable relations between the litigants.”
(Fiberboard Paper Prods. Corp. v. East Bay Union of Machinists (1964) 227 Cal. App. 2d
675, 728-729 (Fiberboard).) While “[n]ot every wrongful conduct constitutes unclean
hands . . . the misconduct need not be a crime or an actionable tort. Any conduct that
violates conscience, or good faith, or other equitable standards of conduct is sufficient
cause to invoke the doctrine [Citations.]” (Kendall-Jackson Winery, Ltd. v. Superior
Court (1999) 76 Cal. App. 4th 970, 979 (Kendall-Jackson).)
“The unclean hands doctrine protects judicial integrity and promotes justice. It
protects judicial integrity because allowing a plaintiff with unclean hands to recover in an
action creates doubts as to the justice provided by the judicial system. Thus, precluding
recovery to the unclean plaintiff protects the court’s, rather than the opposing party’s,
interests. [Citations.]” (Kendall-Jackson, supra, 76 Cal.App.4th at p. 978.) In a legal
malpractice action, a client’s unclean hands is a defense to claims against the attorney.
(Peregrine Funding, Inc. v. Sheppard Mullin Richter & Hampton LLP (2005) 133
Cal. App. 4th 658; Blain v. Doctor’s Co. (1990) 222 Cal. App. 3d 1048, 1057 (Blain).)
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Blain involved facts similar to those presented here. The plaintiff in that case, a
physician named Blain, filed a legal malpractice action against the attorneys who
represented him in an underlying medical malpractice lawsuit. Blain alleged that during
his deposition in the medical malpractice lawsuit, his lawyers instructed him to not tell
the truth, to withhold information requested from him, and to deny knowledge of certain
conversations, even if he had specific recollection of those conversations. (Blain, supra,
222 Cal.App.3d at p. 1056.) Blain alleged that he followed his attorneys’ advice, causing
him to incur greater liability in the medical malpractice case and to suffer emotional
distress. (Id. at pp. 1055-1057.)
The court in Blain observed that Blain’s allegation “that he was advised to lie at
his deposition and that he followed that advice resulting in harm to his interests” was an
admission “that he committed serious misconduct which was the cause of his injuries.”
(Blain, supra, 222 Cal.App.3d at p. 1058.) In determining whether that misconduct
barred Blain’s claims under the doctrine of unclean hands, the court examined the
analogous case law, the nature of the misconduct, and the relationship of the misconduct
to the claimed injuries. (Id. at pp. 1060.) The court ultimately concluded that unclean
hands barred the legal malpractice claim because Blain’s lying was “inextricably
intertwined” with the defendant attorneys’ alleged misconduct. (Id. at pp. 1063-1064,
1065.)
Plaintiffs’ conduct in the instant case is analogous to the misconduct that barred
the legal malpractice claim in Blain. Plaintiffs knew that the documents they signed had
been falsely backdated. They admitted following their attorneys’ instructions to do so as
part of a scheme to deceive the Franchise Tax Board. That deception was undertaken in
an effort to avoid taxes assessed against plaintiffs. That tax assessment is the basis of
plaintiffs’ damages claim against defendants. Plaintiffs’ misconduct, like the misconduct
in Blain, is “inextricably intertwined” with the alleged misconduct by defendants and
relates “directly to the transaction concerning which the complaint is made.”
(Fiberboard, supra, 227 Cal.App.2d at p. 728.)
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Plaintiffs argue that Blain is inapposite because, unlike the plaintiff in that case,
who knowingly lied under oath, they “innocently followed their lawyer’s advice.”
Plaintiffs’ claim is contradicted by their opening statement, in which their counsel stated
that plaintiffs followed defendants’ instructions to submit “false and backdated
documents” to the Franchise Tax Board, despite knowing at the time that “it doesn’t seem
quite right.”
Plaintiffs’ reliance on Sontag v. Denio (1937) 23 Cal. App. 2d 319 (Sontag) and
Clark v. Millsap (1926) 197 Cal. 765 (Clark), cases distinguished by the court in Blain, is
unavailing. Both Sontag and Clark involved lawyers who used their positions to
wrongfully obtain their client’s property and then invoked the doctrine of unclean hands
to enable them to retain the fraudulently obtained property. (Sontag, supra, at pp. 321-
322; Clark, supra, at pp. 783-784.) As the court in Blain observed, the “key
consideration” distinguishing Sontag and Clark from the circumstances present in Blain
“was that the lawyer would personally profit from his wrongdoing at the expense of the
client if the client were left without a remedy.” (Blain, supra, 222 Cal.App.3d at p.
1062.) Here, unlike Sontag and Clark, the alleged misconduct -- submitting falsely
backdated documents to the Franchise Tax Board -- was to enable plaintiffs to avoid tax
liability incurred upon the sale of their property. The doctrine of unclean hands bars
them from shifting that liability to their attorneys.
The trial court did not err by concluding that plaintiffs’ breach of fiduciary duty
claim is barred by the doctrine of unclean hands and by granting the motion for nonsuit
on that basis.
C. Nonsuit after plaintiffs’ opening statement
Plaintiffs contend the trial court erred by granting nonsuit after their opening
statement because the affirmative defense of unclean hands involves factual
determinations that are the exclusive province of the jury. A nonsuit on an opening
statement may properly be granted when plaintiff’s counsel discloses facts constituting an
affirmative defense, such as unclean hands, as bar to the plaintiff’s claims. (Russell v.
Soldinger (1976) 59 Cal. App. 3d 633, 645-646 [affirming nonsuit on opening statement
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based on doctrine of unclean hands].) Plaintiffs’ counsel during his opening statement
told the jury that plaintiffs knew the documents they signed and submitted to the
Franchise Tax Board were falsely backdated, facts constituting defendants’ unclean
hands defense. The trial court did not err by granting nonsuit on that basis. (Ibid.)
D. Denial of plaintiffs’ request to augment opening statement
Plaintiffs contend the trial court erred by denying their request to augment their
opening statement. Plaintiffs did not argue below that they had omitted any of the facts
they intended to prove at trial, nor do they now contend that their opening statement can
be interpreted as anything other than a full tender of the anticipated evidence. The trial
court did not err by denying plaintiffs’ request to augment their opening statement.
(Addison v. Susanville Lumber, Inc. (1975) 47 Cal. App. 3d 394, 405.)
II. Nonsuit on professional negligence and breach of contract claims
“When a business transaction goes awry, a natural target of the disappointed
principals is the attorneys who arranged or advised the deal. Clients predictably attempt
to shift some part of the loss and disappointment of a deal that goes sour onto the
shoulders of persons who were responsible for the underlying legal work. Before the loss
can be shifted, however, the client has an initial hurdle to clear. It must be shown that the
loss suffered was in fact caused by the alleged attorney malpractice. It is far too easy to
make the legal advisor a scapegoat for a variety of business misjudgments unless the
courts pay close attention to the cause in fact element, and deny recovery where the
unfavorable outcome was likely to occur anyway, the client already knew the problems
with the deal, or where the client’s own misconduct or misjudgment caused the
problems.” (Viner v. Sweet (2003) 30 Cal. 4th 1232, 1241 (Viner), quoting Bauman,
Damages for Legal Malpractice: An Appraisal of the Crumbling Dike and Threatening
Flood (1988) 61 Temp. L.Rev. 1127, 1154-1155.)
Although a plaintiff alleging legal malpractice is not required to offer proof that
establishes causation “with absolute certainty,” the plaintiff must “‘“introduce evidence
which affords a reasonable basis for the conclusion that it is more likely than not that the
conduct of the defendant was a cause in fact of the result.”’ [Citation.]” (Viner, supra, 30
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Cal.4th at p. 1243.) “In the legal malpractice context, the elements of causation and
damage are particularly closely linked. . . . The plaintiff has to show both that the loss of
a valid claim was proximately caused by defendant attorney’s negligence, and that such a
loss was measurable in damages. [Citation.]” (Hecht, Solberg, Robinson, Goldberg &
Bagley LLP v. Superior Court (2006) 137 Cal. App. 4th 579, 591.)
Plaintiffs failed to make the necessary showing in this case. Their legal
malpractice expert, Callister, offered no opinion, either during plaintiffs’ case-in-chief, or
when recalled to testify after plaintiffs were granted leave to reopen their case-in-chief, as
to whether defendants’ actions caused plaintiffs’ claimed damages. Rather, Callister
admitted that he did not know what events or circumstances triggered the Franchise Tax
Board audit that culminated in plaintiffs’ claimed damages. Callister also admitted that
he had not reviewed plaintiffs’ tax returns, any of the documents sent by the Franchise
Tax Board concerning the 2009 audit of plaintiffs’ tax returns, or any of the reports or
findings of the Franchise Tax Board concerning the audit.
Plaintiffs argue that expert testimony was not necessary to establish causation and
damages. They fail, however, to point to any other evidence in the record that would
establish these two essential elements of their legal malpractice and breach of contract
causes of action.2 The trial court did not err by granting nonsuit on those causes of
action.
Plaintiffs contend the trial court erred by denying their request to reopen their
case-in-chief a second time, after their expert failed to establish any causal link between
2 In their opening brief, plaintiffs claim to have presented evidence that defendants’
actions caused their damages and cite to various portions of the record where such
evidence may be found. Plaintiffs’ citations are to evidence that does not support the
asserted fact. (See Durate v. Chino Community Hospital (1999) 72 Cal. App. 4th 849, 856
[appellant bears the burden of showing reversible error with an adequate record and by
accurate citations to the record].) A similar problem exists in defendants’ appellate brief,
which contains citations to their trial brief, rather than to the evidence before the trial
court. (See Ehrler v. Ehrler (1981) 126 Cal. App. 3d 147, 154 [appellate court cannot
review “evidence” purportedly contained in trial briefs].)
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the tax liability plaintiffs incurred and any conduct by defendants.3 Plaintiffs offer no
authority for the argument that they were entitled to a second opportunity to reopen their
case-in-chief when they were unable to establish these necessary elements through
additional expert testimony. Plaintiffs fail to establish any abuse of discretion by the trial
court in denying the motion to reopen their case-in-chief a second time.
III. Demurrer as to CLRA claim
Plaintiffs contend the trial court erred by sustaining the demurrer, without leave to
amend, as to their CLRA cause of action. Defendants maintain their demurrer was
properly sustained because plaintiffs are not “consumers” within the meaning of the
CLRA.
A. Standard of review
“On appeal from a judgment dismissing an action after sustaining a demurrer
without leave to amend, the standard of review is well settled. The reviewing court gives
the complaint a reasonable interpretation, and treats the demurrer as admitting all
material facts properly pleaded. [Citations.] The court does not, however, assume the
truth of contentions, deductions or conclusions of law. [Citation.] The judgment must be
affirmed ‘if any one of the several grounds of demurrer is well taken. [Citations.]’
[Citation.] However, it is error for a trial court to sustain a demurrer when the plaintiff
has stated a cause of action under any possible legal theory. [Citation.] And it is an
abuse of discretion to sustain a demurrer without leave to amend if the plaintiff shows
there is a reasonable possibility any defect identified by the defendant can be cured by
amendment. [Citation.]” (Aubry v. Tri-City Hospital Dist. (1992) 2 Cal. 4th 962, 966-
3 In the argument section of their opening brief, plaintiffs fail to mention that they
made two requests to reopen their case-in-chief, and that the trial court granted the first
request, after plaintiffs rested their case-in-chief and defendants moved for nonsuit based
on failure to establish causation and damages. After plaintiffs were allowed to present
additional testimony by their legal malpractice expert, defendants renewed their nonsuit
motion and plaintiffs made a second request to reopen. The trial court denied that second
request.
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967.) The legal sufficiency of the complaint is reviewed de novo. (Montclair
Parkowners Assn. v. City of Montclair (1999) 76 Cal. App. 4th 784, 790.)
B. The CLRA
The CLRA applies to transactions that result in the “sale or lease of goods or
services to any consumer.” (Civ. Code, § 1770, subd. (a).) The CLRA defines the term
“consumer” as “an individual who seeks or acquires, by purchase or lease, any goods or
services for personal, family, or household purposes.” (Civ. Code, § 1761, subd. (d).)
The statute defines “goods” as “tangible chattels bought or leased for use primarily for
personal, family, or household purposes, . . . including goods that, at the time of the sale
or subsequently, are to be so affixed to real property as to become part of real property,
whether or not severable [therefrom],” and defines “services” as “work, labor, and
services for other than a commercial or business use, including services furnished in
connection with the sale or repair of goods.” (Civ. Code, § 1761, subd. (a) & (b).)
The CLRA does not apply to transactions involving the sale of real estate. (Civ.
Code, § 1754; McKell v. Washington Mutual, Inc. (2006) 142 Cal. App. 4th 1457, 1488.)
Civil Code section 1754 provides: “The provisions of this title shall not apply to any
transaction which provides for the construction, sale, or construction and sale of an entire
residence or all or part of a structure designed for commercial or industrial occupancy,
with or without a parcel of real property or an interest therein, or for the sale of a lot or
parcel of real property, including any site preparation incidental to such sale.”
C. The demurrer was properly sustained
Plaintiffs allege that defendants violated the CLRA by falsely representing that
their legal services “had characteristics, uses and benefits that such legal services did not
have, namely that the services would be performed competently and yield the tax benefits
to the Plaintiffs that the Defendants promised,” that plaintiffs relied on such false
representations, and that plaintiffs suffered resulting damages. Plaintiffs further allege
that the advice sought and legal services rendered were in connection with a real estate
sales transaction. The real estate plaintiffs wished to sell was owned by a corporation in
which plaintiffs were the sole shareholders.
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The allegations in the first amended complaint show that plaintiffs sought legal
services in connection with a real estate sales transaction for business purposes. The
CLRA does not apply to claims predicated on such transactions. (Civ. Code, §§ 1754,
1761, subd. (b); McKell v. Washington Mutual, Inc., supra, 142 Cal.App.4th at p. 1488.)
That plaintiffs were individual shareholders of the business entity that sold the real
property does not alter the nature of their real estate business sales transaction into one
for “personal, family, or household purposes” within the meaning of the CLRA. The trial
court did not err by sustaining the demurrer to plaintiffs’ CLRA claim.
Plaintiffs fail to suggest how they would amend their first amended complaint to
correct the defects discussed above. The burden of proving a reasonable possibility of
amending the complaint to state a cause of action “is squarely on the plaintiff.” (Blank v.
Kirwan (1985) 39 Cal. 3d 311, 318.) The trial court therefore did not abuse its discretion
by sustaining the demurrer without leave to amend.
DISPOSITION
The judgment is affirmed. Defendants are awarded their costs on appeal.
NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN THE OFFICIAL REPORTS.
____________________________, J.
CHAVEZ
We concur:
__________________________, P. J.
BOREN
__________________________, J.
HOFFSTADT
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