People v. Lopez CA4/1

Filed 5/23/16 P. v. Lopez CA4/1
NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN OFFICIAL REPORTS
California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for
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COURT OF APPEAL, FOURTH APPELLATE DISTRICT
DIVISION ONE
STATE OF CALIFORNIA
THE PEOPLE, D066988
Plaintiff and Respondent,
v. (Super. Ct. No. SCD249194)
RAMON LOPEZ,
Defendant and Appellant.
APPEAL from a judgment of the Superior Court of San Diego County,
Laura H. Parsky, Judge. Affirmed.
Patricia A. Scott, under appointment by the Court of Appeal, for Defendant and
Appellant.
Kamala D. Harris, Attorney General, Gerald A. Engler, Chief Assistant Attorney
General, Julie L. Garland, Assistant Attorney General, Charles C. Ragland and Kathryn
Kirschbaum, Deputy Attorneys General, for Plaintiff and Respondent.
INTRODUCTION
A jury convicted Ramon Lopez of two counts of committing a lewd act upon a
child as to J.F. by touching her thigh (Pen. Code, § 288 subd. (a); counts 3 & 4)1 and four
counts of committing a lewd act upon a child as to M.F. by touching her thigh, kissing the
back of her neck, and touching her chest (§ 288, subd. (a); counts 7-10).2
The jury also found true allegations Lopez committed lewd acts against more than one
victim. (§§ 667.61, subds. (b), (c), & (e), 1203.066, subd. (a)(7); counts 3, 4, 7-10.) The
court sentenced Lopez to a total term of 30 years to life in state prison based on two
consecutive terms of 15 years to life for counts 3 and 7 and concurrent terms of 15 years
to life for counts 4 and 8 through 10.3
On appeal, Lopez contends (1) there was insufficient evidence to support his
convictions for counts 3 and 4 regarding J.F. and (2) CALCRIM No. 1110 as given was
argumentative and requires reversal. We disagree with both contentions and affirm the
judgment.
1 All further statutory references are to the Penal Code unless otherwise indicated.
2 We refer to the witnesses who were the alleged victims in this case by their initials
to protect their identity.
3 During deliberations, the jury requested clarification of whether or not Lopez
could be convicted of counts 1 and 2, which charged him with committing lewd acts upon
a child by touching J.F.'s breast, if they found Lopez touched her chest as opposed to her
breast. Ultimately, the jury could not reach a verdict regarding counts 1 and 2. The court
declared a mistrial and granted the People's motion to dismiss these counts. The jury
acquitted Lopez of counts 5 and 6, which charged him with committing lewd acts upon a
child regarding another victim, A.H., by touching her vagina.
2
BACKGROUND4
A
Prosecution Case
1
When J.F. was 10 years old and in fifth grade, her stepfather, Lopez, began to
touch the top of her thighs over her clothes. He would do this when J.F. was home alone
with him while she was either in her bed or working on her laptop. Lopez touched J.F.
every weekend when he was drinking from the time she was 10 years old, in 2010, until
April 2013 when J.F. and her mother no longer lived with him. This occurred at least 10
times and made her feel uncomfortable. Sometimes he would sit on the bed next to her
and rub her thighs. She stated it was not a pat on the leg like a brother or grandfather
would do, but more like grabbing. Lopez would rub her thigh back and forth for a few
minutes each time. He would do this when he was drunk. When he was not drinking,
Lopez was nice and was like a father to her. J.F. did not like it when he would drink
because he would touch her.
J.F. did not tell her mother because she was worried her mother would get sick or
mad. Her mother has diabetes and blood pressure problems. She gets sick if she is mad,
worried or if something bad happens.
J.F. saw Lopez touch her sister, M.F., when they were going to the beach. Lopez
grabbed M.F.'s thighs and held her hand. This occurred after Lopez started touching J.F.
4 We summarize the evidence related to the counts for which Lopez was convicted.
3
M.F. told J.F. to be careful because Lopez would touch M.F. and it made her
uncomfortable. J.F. did not tell M.F. Lopez had touched her because she did not want
anyone to find out.
In May 2013, J.F. told a friend at school Lopez was touching her and making her
uncomfortable. The friend told other girls and the school counselor, which made J.F.
angry. J.F. was sent to the counselor, who called the police. J.F. told the police she felt
uncomfortable when Lopez touched her thighs. A social worker from Child Welfare
Services also came to the school and J.F. told her what happened. When J.F.'s mother
arrived, the social worker told her mother Lopez had been touching J.F.'s thighs and
chest. J.F. was scared her mother would not believe her. J.F.'s mother became sad and
they moved out of the house. The news affected J.F.'s mother's health.
2
Lopez was like a father to M.F. when he first married her mother. When M.F. was
eight years old and in third grade, Lopez started touching her in a way that made her
uncomfortable. The first time was a holiday party in 2004. She was dancing with her
mother and Lopez, who were drinking. When her mother took a break to go to the
restroom, Lopez asked M.F. to dance. While they danced, he started tickling her. He
then put his hand under her shirt and squeezed her breast. M.F. backed away and went to
the restroom, but she did not tell her mother because her mother was drunk. The next day
Lopez said, "You don't remember nothing, right, from yesterday?" M.F. took this as a
threat and acted as though nothing happened.
4
Thereafter, Lopez touched M.F. every weekend when he drank from the time she
was eight years old until she was 16 years old, at which time she had a boyfriend and
moved out of the house. Lopez touched, squeezed, and rubbed her inner and outer thigh.
He would touch her when no one else was at home. He touched her while they were
sitting on the couch or driving in the car on the way to her school bus stop. If she told
him to stop, he would get mad. He touched her breasts more than once, but less than he
touched her thighs. When she would wash the dishes, he would come up behind her, put
his arm over her shoulder, reach under her shirt, and touch the top part of her breast or
chest. He would also kiss her neck or back. He touched her breast or chest and thighs
multiple times when she was under the age of 14.
When Lopez would drive her to the school bus stop, he would tell her he loved her
and he was going to kidnap her and take her to Mexico when she turned 15 years old. He
said he wanted to marry her and give her roses. M.F. did not tell her mother because
Lopez threatened her by saying it would be her fault if her mother got sick. He also said
if she "snitch[ed] on him" she knew where his gun was.
During M.F.'s testimony, Lopez spoke out in Spanish to M.F. and held up an
iPhone with a picture. The court admonished Lopez not to disrupt the proceedings or
intimidate the witnesses. Lopez later testified he held up a picture of M.F.'s mother and
asked M.F. if she did not love her mother. He stated he was sad and was reminding M.F.
about her mother and her mother's health.
The mother of J.F. and M.F. denied anyone told her Lopez had been touching M.F.
She said she learned in 2013 from a social worker at J.F.'s school.
5
B
Defense Case
J.F. told the police officer who interviewed her at school that she was
approximately 10 years old when Lopez began touching her. She stated he placed his
hands on her thighs over her clothing and moved his hands up and down across her leg
touching the inner part of the thigh on the top. She stated he also patted or rubbed her
chest area. She stated Lopez kissed her on the neck a few days before, which made her
uncomfortable. She said Lopez did not touch her when he was not drinking. She said
she was not afraid of Lopez, but wanted him to stop touching her.
Lopez's nieces testified they attended family functions with Lopez and saw him
drink alcohol and interact with other family members. They described him as respectful,
nice, helpful, and fun to be around. He never touched them or made them feel
uncomfortable. They never saw him touch J.F. or M.F. inappropriately. He treated them
as if they were his daughters.
Lopez testified on his own behalf. He stated he thought of M.F. and J.F. as his
own daughters. His relationship with M.F. was good at the beginning, but her behavior
changed around age 10 or 11. She would not listen and was rebellious. She did not want
to go to school. He would drive her to the bus stop or to school. He denied telling her he
was going to take her to Mexico or make her his bride. He denied touching her thigh
inappropriately. He denied telling her he loved her in a romantic way or touching her in a
sexual way. He denied touching her breast or inner thigh or kissing her. He loved both
girls as his own family members.
6
Lopez stated he had a good relationship with J.F. and was closer to her than he
was to M.F. He referred to J.F. as his "little princess." He stated he put cream on her
chest when she had trouble with asthma. He would hug and kiss her on the cheek or the
forehead, but denied touching J.F. in a sexual way.
DISCUSSION
I
Sufficiency of the Evidence as to Counts 3 and 4
Lopez contends J.F.'s testimony was too generic and insufficient to support his
convictions for counts 3 and 4. We disagree.
When we review a challenge to the sufficiency of the evidence, " ' we review the
whole record to determine whether any rational trier of fact could have found the
essential elements of the crime . . . beyond a reasonable doubt. [Citation.] The record
must disclose substantial evidence to support the verdict—i.e., evidence that is
reasonable, credible, and of solid value—such that a reasonable trier of fact could find the
defendant guilty beyond a reasonable doubt. [Citation.] In applying this test, we review
the evidence in the light most favorable to the prosecution and presume in support of the
judgment the existence of every fact the jury could reasonably have deduced from the
evidence. [Citation.] "Conflicts and even testimony [that] is subject to justifiable
suspicion do not justify the reversal of a judgment, for it is the exclusive province of the
trial judge or jury to determine the credibility of a witness and the truth or falsity of the
facts upon which a determination depends. [Citation.] We resolve neither credibility
issues nor evidentiary conflicts; we look for substantial evidence. [Citation.]" [Citation.]
7
A reversal for insufficient evidence "is unwarranted unless it appears 'that upon no
hypothesis whatever is there sufficient substantial evidence to support' " the jury's
verdict.' " (People v. Manibusan (2013) 58 Cal.4th 40, 87.) The same standard applies to
cases involving circumstantial evidence. If the circumstances reasonably justify the
jury's findings, reversal is not warranted merely because the circumstances might also be
reasonably reconciled with a contrary finding. (People v. Nelson (2011) 51 Cal.4th 198,
210.)
"[A]ny person who willfully and lewdly commits any lewd or lascivious
act . . . upon or with the body, or any part or member thereof, of a child who is under the
age of 14 years, with the intent of arousing, appealing to, or gratifying the lust, passions,
or sexual desires of that person or the child, is guilty of a felony . . . ." (§ 288, subd. (a).)
A child need not specify the precise date, time, place or circumstance to support a charge
for lewd conduct under this section. "[T]he particular details surrounding a child
molestation charge are not elements of the offense and are unnecessary to sustain a
conviction." (People v. Jones (1990) 51 Cal.3d 294, 315.) A victim's statements provide
sufficient evidence to support a conviction under section 288, subdivision (a), if the
statements, "describe the kind of act or acts committed with sufficient specificity, both to
assure that unlawful conduct indeed has occurred and to differentiate between the various
types of proscribed conduct (e.g., lewd conduct, intercourse, oral copulation or sodomy).
Moreover, the victim must describe the number of acts committed with sufficient
certainty to support each of the counts alleged in the information or indictment (e.g.,
'twice a month' or 'every time we went camping'). Finally, the victim must be able to
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describe the general time period in which these acts occurred (e.g., 'the summer before
my fourth grade,' or 'during each Sunday morning after he came to live with us'), to
assure the acts were committed within the applicable limitation period. Additional details
regarding the time, place or circumstance of the various assaults may assist in assessing
the credibility or substantiality of the victim's testimony, but are not essential to sustain a
conviction." (Jones, at p. 316.)
In this case, J.F. testified Lopez started touching her in a way that made her
uncomfortable when she was 10 years old. He touched and rubbed her upper thighs over
her clothes at least 10 times. She said this occurred when she was alone in her room
every weekend over a three-year period from 2010 until 2013 when she no longer lived
with him. The touching was not a pat on the leg, instead Lopez rubbed his hand back and
forth on her thigh for a few minutes each time. He would do this only when he was
drunk. This testimony describes the kind of acts with sufficient specificity to establish
the acts occurred and amounted to lewd conduct. (People v. Martinez (1995) 11 Cal.4th
434, 444 (Martinez) ["a lewd or lascivious act can occur through the victim's clothing and
can involve 'any part' of the victim's body"].) It describes the number of acts with
sufficient specificity to support counts 3 and 4 for the first and last incidents. It also
describes the general time period to establish J.F. was under 14 years old and the acts
occurred within the applicable limitations period. This testimony alone is sufficient
evidence to support Lopez's convictions for counts 3 and 4. (People v. Crow (1994) 28
Cal.App.4th 440, 446-447.)
9
In addition, the jury heard evidence of both charged and uncharged lewd acts
Lopez committed against J.F.'s sister, M.F. The jury was entitled to consider and infer
Lopez's lewd intent from similar conduct he engaged in with M.F. (Evid. Code, §§ 1101,
subd. (b), 1108; People v. Cole (2004) 33 Cal.4th 1158, 1194 [prior conduct similar to the
charged offense may " 'support the inference that defendant probably harbored the same
intent in each instance' "]; Martinez, supra, 11 Cal.4th at p. 445 ["other acts of lewd
conduct admitted or charged in the case" are relevant to determine intent].) The jury was
able to consider the difference in Lopez's relationship with the two girls and the fact he
was more explicit in stating his intentions to M.F. However, the jury could infer his
intentions as to J.F. based on the similarity of conduct. We conclude substantial evidence
supports the convictions under counts 3 and 4.
II
Jury Instruction
Lopez contends the use of CALCRIM No. 1110, which defines the offense of
committing a lewd or lascivious act on a child under the age of 14, violated his
constitutional rights to due process and a fair trial because the instruction as given was
10
impermissibly argumentative and duplicative.5 Specifically, Lopez takes issue with the
statement, "Actually arousing, appealing to, or gratifying the lust, passions, or sexual
desires of the perpetrator of the child is not required." He contends this statement
emphasized facts the prosecution was not required to prove. We are not persuaded.
" ' "The trial court functions . . . as the jury's guide to the law. This role requires
that the court fully instruct the jury on the law applicable to each particular case." ' "
(People v. Watie (2002) 100 Cal.App.4th 866, 876.) In criminal cases, the trial court
must sua sponte instruct on the general principles of law governing the case which are
necessary for the jury's understanding of the case, including all the elements of the
charged offense. (Ibid.; People v. Cummings (1993) 4 Cal.4th 1233, 1311.) The
language of a statute defining a crime is generally a sufficient basis for an instruction.
(People v. Smithey (1999) 20 Cal.4th 936, 980-981.) If the legal meaning of a statutory
term differs from its meaning in " 'common parlance,' " the trial court should provide
clarifying instructions. (Id. at p. 981.) However, the trial court should not give an
5 The jury was instructed with CALCRIM No. 1110 as follows: "The defendant is
charged in Counts 1 through 10 with committing a lewd or lascivious act on a child under
the age of 14 years of age in violation of Penal Code section 288[, subdivision (a)]. [¶]
To prove that the defendant is guilty of this crime, the People must prove that: [¶] 1. The
defendant willfully touched any part of a child's body either on the bare skin or through
the clothing; [¶] 2. The defendant committed the act with the intent of arousing,
appealing to, or gratifying the lust, passions, or sexual desires of himself or the child; [¶]
and [¶] 3. The child was under the age of 14 years at the time of the act. [¶] Someone
commits an act willfully when he or she does it willingly or on purpose. It is not required
that he or she intend to break the law, hurt someone else, or gain any advantage. [¶]
Actually arousing, appealing to, or gratifying the lust, passions, or sexual desires of the
perpetrator or child is not required. [¶] It is not a defense that the child may have
consented to the act. [¶] Under the law, a person becomes one year older as soon as the
first minute of his or her birthday has begun."
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argumentative instruction, which " 'invite[s] the jury to draw inferences favorable to [a
party] from specified items of evidence on a disputed question of fact, and therefore
properly belongs . . . in the arguments of counsel to the jury.' " (People v. Flores (2007)
157 Cal.App.4th 216, 220.)
Section 288, subdivision (a), defines the lewd act offense as committed when a
person (1) "willfully and lewdly commits any lewd or lascivious act" upon the body of a
child under age 14, and (2) "with the intent of arousing, appealing to, or gratifying the
lust, passions, or sexual desires of that person or the child." CALCRIM No. 1110 sets
forth the touching and the intent elements and then clarifies various elements of the
offense, including the intent element. Given its ordinary meaning, the sexual intent
element could be construed to require actual sexual arousal. However, it is well
established actual sexual arousal is not an element of the offense. (People v. Cordray
(1963) 221 Cal.App.2d 589, 593 [" ' "It is not necessary to show that . . . sexual
desires . . . were actually affected, since the gist of the crime is the intent and not its
accomplishment." ' "]; People v. McCurdy (1923) 60 Cal.App. 499, 502 [whether the acts
have the effect of arousing passions or sexual desires is immaterial].)
The language Lopez complains about from the pattern jury instruction is a correct
statement of the law and provides appropriate clarifying information to assist the jury.
The instruction given to the jury in this case did not focus on specific items of evidence
in an argumentative fashion nor did it duplicate the elements to be proven. Therefore, we
conclude the trial court did not err in instructing the jury with CALCRIM No. 1110.
12
Additionally, even if there were error, there is no indication the jury applied the
instruction in an impermissible manner or was confused or distracted about the People's
burden. To the contrary, the record shows the jury carefully considered the evidence and
the law. The jury acquitted Lopez on counts 5 and 6 as to alleged victim A.H. and could
not reach a verdict as to counts 1 and 2 regarding whether or not Lopez touched J.F.'s
breast or chest. Accordingly, we conclude any error was harmless beyond a reasonable
doubt. (Chapman v. California (1967) 386 U.S. 18, 24; People v. Jennings (2010) 50
Cal.4th 616, 676-677.)
DISPOSITION
The judgement is affirmed.
MCCONNELL, P. J.
WE CONCUR:
MCINTYRE, J.
O'ROURKE, J.
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