P. v. Triplett CA2/2

Filed 5/23/16 P. v Triplett CA2/2
NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN THE OFFICIAL REPORTS
California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for
publication or ordered published, except as specified by rule 8.1115(b). This opinion has not been certified for publication
or ordered published for purposes of rule 8.1115.
IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA
SECOND APPELLATE DISTRICT
DIVISION TWO
THE PEOPLE, B262985
Plaintiff and Respondent, (Los Angeles County
Super. Ct. No. BA431094)
v.
BRITNEY TRIPLETT,
Defendant and Appellant.
APPEAL from a judgment of the Superior Court of Los Angeles County.
Curtis A. Kin, Judge. Affirmed.
Jeffrey J. Douglas, under appointment by the Court of Appeal, for Defendant and
Appellant.
Kamala D. Harris, Attorney General, Gerald A. Engler, Chief Assistant Attorney
General, Lance E. Winters, Assistant Attorney General, Shawn McGahey Webb and
Nima Razfar, Deputy Attorneys General, for Plaintiff and Respondent.
___________________________________________________
A jury convicted defendant Britney Triplett of one count of furnishing or giving
away powder cocaine in violation of Health and Safety Code1 section 11352,
subdivision (a) (count 1) and one count of possessing cocaine for sale in violation of
section 11351.5 (count 2). The trial court sentenced defendant to four years of formal
probation conditioned upon her serving 365 days in county jail for count 1. The trial
court sentenced defendant to the same sentence on count 2 but stayed it pursuant to Penal
Code section 654. The trial court awarded a total of 53 days of presentence credit.
With regard to count 1, defendant argues on appeal that: (1) the trial court
erroneously instructed the jury on the issue of whether defendant was a “joint purchaser”
instead of instructing on whether she was a “joint possessor” of the powder cocaine; (2)
the improper instruction erroneously shifted the burden of proof to the defense; and (3)
defense counsel provided ineffective assistance of counsel by requesting an improper
instruction and then consenting to a misleading instruction. We affirm.
Prosecution Evidence
On October 30, 2014, Los Angeles Police Department Officer Francisco Martinez
was assigned to the Safer City Initiative Task Force in the “skid row” area of downtown
Los Angeles. There is a lot of drug and alcohol use in the skid row area. The police
department has a video surveillance system in and around the skid row areas. The video
system allows officers to monitor locations on skid row. Officers can control the
cameras’ angles and views, including zooming in and out, to watch narcotics sales from
the police station, which is about two blocks away from skid row.
At around 2:00 a.m., on October 30, 2014, Officer Martinez was monitoring the
south side of 6th Street between San Julian and San Pedro Streets from the police station.
There are usually a lot of transient and homeless people, as well as drug users or dealers,
in that area. Officer Martinez observed defendant pull out something from the right side
of her waistband. Defendant moved the object to her nose and sniffed it. Defendant then
1 All further statutory references are to the Health and Safety Code unless otherwise
stated.
2
handed the object to another female, who sniffed the item and handed it back to
defendant. Defendant placed the item back in her right waistband.
Officer Martinez formed the opinion that defendant was in possession of and had
snorted cocaine. After observing defendant, Officer Martinez and his partner left the
police station and went to where defendant was located to arrest her. The officers arrived
at the location in about two to three minutes. When they arrived, defendant was at the
location; but the other woman was no longer there. The officers detained defendant and
took her back to the police station, where she was searched by a female officer. The
officer, who searched defendant, seized $17 and three baggies from defendant. One
baggie contained .50 grams of powder cocaine. The second baggie contained .11 grams
of rock cocaine. The third baggie contained 2.06 grams of rock cocaine.
In Officer Martinez’s opinion, the rock cocaine in defendant’s possession was for
the purpose of sales. His opinion was based on: (1) the size and cut of the individual
pieces; (2) the amount of money; (3) the area of the arrest, which is “a high narcotics
location”; (4) the absence of burns on defendant’s fingers; and (5) the absence of drug
paraphernalia such as a glass pipe. Drug dealers usually buy a $20 rock and break it
down and then sell $1 and $5 “hits.” The rock cocaine had a street value of about $65 to
$75, which is a large amount for the skid row area.
On October 1, 2014, approximately a month prior to the arrest at issue in this
case, at about 8:15 p.m., Officer Jesus Toris observed defendant in the same area of skid
row. He observed a man hand defendant some money. Defendant then gave the man an
item that she retrieved from her crotch area. Officer Toris detained defendant, who was
found in possession of $13 and 1.28 grams rock cocaine.
Jury instructions on count 1
Prior to trial, defense counsel requested a special instruction on count 1
concerning whether defendant was guilty of furnishing or giving away cocaine. Defense
counsel proposed that the jury be instructed: “Defendant is not guilty of furnishing
powder cocaine if she gave powder cocaine to someone who purchased it with her.” The
proposed instruction was based on the conclusion in People v. Edwards (1985) 39 Cal. 3d
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107 (Edwards), that “copurchasers are not guilty of furnishing to one another.” (Id. at p.
117.)
At a hearing during the trial, the prosecutor argued that defense counsel’s
suggested instruction was not warranted because there was no evidence that defendant
and the unidentified woman were co-purchasers. However, the prosecutor indicated that,
in the event the trial court intended to give defense counsel’s instruction, defense
counsel’s proposed special jury instruction be modified to state: “Defendant is not guilty
of furnishing power [sic] cocaine if she gave the powder cocaine to someone who co-
purchased it with her. [¶] Co-purchasers are truly equal partners in the purchase and the
purchase is made strictly for each individual’s personal use. [¶] Where one of the co-
purchasers takes a more active role in instigating, financing, arranging or carrying-out the
drug transaction, the partnership is not an equal one and the more active partner may be
guilty of furnishing to the less active one.” The prosecutor suggested the proposed
modification could be used depending upon whether or not defendant testified and what
her testimony would be.
The trial court indicated that, if there was substantial evidence for the jury to
reasonably conclude that defendant and the unidentified woman were equal partners in a
purchase, then some sort of instruction would be warranted as suggested by both parties.
Defense counsel asserted that the inherent meaning of the word “furnish” was that,
if two people own something together, then when one person gives it to the other person,
that person is not furnishing the item to other person. Defense counsel argued that
Officer Martinez’s observations raised an inference that defendant and the unidentified
woman were co-owners of the narcotics rather than that defendant was the owner and
gratuitously shared with the other person. The trial court noted that language in Edwards
concerned co-purchasers but that the principle could be extended to co-owners, which
was probably the better description of defense counsel’s theory.
At a subsequent hearing, in response to the trial court’s tentative ruling that
without additional evidence, no special instruction would be given, defense counsel
requested the opportunity to argue co-ownership of the powder cocaine. Defense counsel
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wanted to argue that defendant and the unidentified woman had a “an equal share
ownership in the baggy.” The trial court and the prosecutor then discussed whether
defense counsel’s proposed argument along that line would be encroaching on the court’s
province to instruct the jury on the law.
Defense counsel indicated that the argument to the jury would be that the everyday
meaning of “furnish” or “giving away” is sole possession and that the other person has no
interest in the item. The prosecutor responded that the jury would then have to be
educated on what the actual law is on co-ownership. The trial court noted that, in the
absence of a jury instruction defining furnishing or giving away, the jury could use the
everyday, common sense meaning for the words. The court then indicated it was willing
to give such an instruction.
After a pause in the proceedings, the trial court proposed a modification of the
prosecutor’s proposed instruction to reflect a distinction between a “sales theory” and a
theory of “joint ownership and its relation to furnishing and giving away.” The court
suggested that the jury be instructed: “Defendant is not guilty of furnishing or giving
away powder cocaine if they [sic] gave or furnished the powder cocaine to someone who
jointly owned it with her.”
The trial court stated, “That last phrased jointly owned it with her would seem to
get away from the co-purchasing prong liability, which isn’t really impacted by the facts
of this case . . . .” The court further stated that “the notion that the co-purchaser is just
sort of inapposite . . . .”
The prosecutor responded that Edwards was “very specific to co-purchasers.”
Therefore, if defense counsel was going to argue that defendant had co-purchased the
cocaine “with a random person on the street” the term “co-purchaser” should remain in
conjunction with an explanation of that term.
The court then noted that the Edwards defendant had purchased heroin for the
benefit of himself and his girlfriend for their joint use, which was not furnishing within
the meaning of the statute. The trial court indicated that, under those circumstances,
defense counsel’s theory of “joint ownership at least may be the crux of the issue here
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with regard to liability or nonliability with respect to furnishing and giving away.” The
trial court indicated that it agreed with defense counsel’s assertion that “joint ownership”
was the issue. Although the trial court agreed with defense counsel, defense counsel
indicated that he did not object to the prosecutor’s proposed instruction which referenced
co-purchasers.2
The jury was ultimately instructed that: “Defendant is not guilty of furnishing or
giving away powder cocaine to someone who co-purchased with her. Co-purchasers are
truly equal partners in the purchase and the purchase is made strictly for each individual’s
personal use. Where one of the co-purchasers takes a more active role in the instigation,
financing, arranging or carrying out the drug transaction, the partnership is not an equal
one and the more active partner may be guilty of furnishing or giving away to the less
active one.” The jury was also instructed with CALCRIM No. 2300 that the prosecution
had to prove the elements of furnishing and giving away a controlled substance.
In argument to the jury, defense counsel asserted that the evidence was similar to a
husband and wife owning a car. When a wife gives her husband the keys to the car, she
is not furnishing or giving away the car because they both own the car. Defense counsel
argued that the everyday meaning of “furnishing” or “giving away” is that the person
who is furnished or given an item has no ownership interest. It was reasonable to infer
that defendant was the sole owner of the baggy. However, defense counsel also argued:
“But it is also reasonable to infer that they both had an interest in that baggy that they
together had joint ownership of that baggy. And that when [defendant] passed it to the
other woman, she was only allowing the other woman to take her fair share of that baggy.
That is also [a] reasonable interpretation of what happened. A reasonable inference from
what Officer Martinez observed. And based on that, I would ask you to find her not
guilty of furnishing. I’m not asking you to find that she did not commit a crime. Because
2 People v. Walker (2015) 237 Cal. App. 4th 111, 119, cited by defendant at oral
argument, pertains to a defense attorney’s failure to object to the lack of a lesser included
offense instruction—not a pinpoint instruction. So the case is not pertinent here.
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possessing the powder would still be a crime. It is illegal to possess powder cocaine. So
I’m asking you to find her guilty of the lesser charge for count 1.”
In rebuttal, the prosecutor argued, “One of the first things you must decide what
the facts are. It is up to all of you, and you alone, to decide what happened, based only
on the evidence that has been presented to you in this trial. And ask yourself, have you
heard any evidence whatsoever of a co-purchaser? Have you heard any evidence
whatsoever to suggest that this other unidentified person somehow was actually allowed
to share the powder cocaine and the rock cocaine?” The prosecutor then argued that
defense counsel’s interpretation of the evidence was not reasonable given the evidence
concerning the unidentified woman. The prosecutor argued, “If they were co-owners or
co-purchasers or co-anything with these drugs, why would she have given it back to the
defendant, first of all? Second of all, why would she have left?” The prosecutor further
argued, “What did happen, she furnished it to her, she gave it to her. Evidence is very
clear about that. And there’s no evidence whatsoever to suggest that this person had
some type of joint ownership like a husband and wife share a car.”
DISCUSSION
I. The Edwards Standard
The controversy in this case stems from our Supreme Court’s decision in
Edwards, supra, 39 Cal. 3d 107. In Edwards, the defendant’s girlfriend died from an
overdose of heroin that he, the girlfriend and two others had purchased for their mutual
use. (Id. at pp. 110-112.) A jury convicted the defendant of furnishing and/or
administering heroin and the second degree murder of his girlfriend under the felony
murder rule. (Id. at p. 112.) In reversing the drug conviction, Edwards considered the
ruling in People v. Mayfield (1964) 225 Cal. App. 2d 263, which had concluded that when
two or more people pool their resources to purchase drugs for their personal
consumption, the individuals cannot furnish drugs to their co-partners. (Mayfield, at
p. 267.) Edwards explained that “[t]he distinction drawn by the Mayfield court between
the one who sells or furnishes heroin and one who simply participates in a group
purchase seems to us a valid one, at least where the individuals involved are truly ‘equal
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partners’ in the purchase and the purchase is made strictly for each individual’s personal
use. Under such circumstances, it cannot reasonably be said that each individual has
‘supplied’ heroin to the others.” (Edwards, supra, 39 Cal.3d at pp. 113-114.) Edwards
noted that there would be few cases involving a co-purchaser by truly equal partners
because “[w]here one of the copurchasers takes a more active role in instigating,
financing, arranging or carrying-out the drug transaction, the ‘partnership’ is not an equal
one and the more active ‘partner’ may be guilty or furnishing to the less active one.” (Id.
at p. 114, fn. 5.)
II. Forfeiture
Defendant contends that the trial court failed to properly instruct the jury on the
issue of joint possession and instead erroneously instructed on joint purchasing (the
standard in Edwards) which resulted in a conviction for furnishing rather than a
conviction for the lesser included offense of simple possession (§ 11350). “‘The trial
court is obligated to instruct the jury on all general principles of law relevant to the issues
raised by the evidence, whether or not the defendant makes a formal request.’
[Citations.] ‘That obligation encompasses instructions on lesser included offenses if
there is evidence that, if accepted by the trier of fact, would absolve the defendant of guilt
of the greater offense but not of the lesser.’ [Citations.]” (People v. Rogers (2006) 39
Cal. 4th 826, 866.) “Nevertheless, ‘the existence of “any evidence, no matter how weak”
will not justify instructions on a lesser included offense . . . .’ [Citation.] Such
instructions are required only where there is ‘substantial evidence’ from which a rational
jury could conclude that the defendant committed the lesser offense, and that he [or she]
is not guilty of the greater offense. [Citations.]” (People v. DePriest (2007) 42 Cal. 4th 1,
50.)
Defendant asserts the trial court should have instructed the jury that: “Defendant
is not guilty of furnishing powder cocaine if she was a joint possessor with another
person to whom she provided the powder cocaine. The other person was a joint
possessor if [she/he] maintained some control or right to control contraband that is in the
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actual possession of defendant. The People have the burden to prove that defendant
exclusively possessed the powder cocaine.”
The Attorney General argues that any purported error in failing to instruct on the
issue of joint possession was forfeited or invited. “‘[W]hen a defendant presents
evidence to attempt to negate or rebut the prosecution’s proof of an element of the
offense, a defendant is not presenting a special defense invoking sua sponte instructional
duties. While a court may well have a duty to give a “pinpoint” instruction relating such
evidence to the elements of the offense and to the jury’s duty to acquit if the evidence
produces a reasonable doubt, such “pinpoint” instructions are not required to be given sua
sponte and must be given only upon request. [Citations.]’” (People v. Saille (1991) 54
Cal. 3d 1103, 1117.) Unless there is a sua sponte duty to instruct, a defendant waives any
error in failing to instruct where defendant does not request the instruction. (People v.
Hawkins (1995) 10 Cal. 4th 920, 952.)
Prior to instructing the jury, the trial court heard arguments from both sides as to
whether or not Edwards was applicable or whether a hybrid instruction should be given
based on the evidence concerning the defense theory of simple possession. Defense
counsel initially requested a special instruction which focused on whether defendant was
a co-purchaser in accordance with Edwards. In response to the request, the prosecutor
proposed a modification to defense counsel’s special instruction. Defense counsel then
suggested that the evidence raised an inference of ownership rather than a purchase.
Thereafter, the parties and the trial court engaged in lengthy discussions about the correct
way to apply the Edwards standard given its elements. Although the trial court
ultimately agreed with defense counsel that the issue was one of ownership rather than
purchase, defense counsel agreed to the prosecutor’s proposed instruction which included
the co-purchaser language.
The trial court subsequently instructed the jury with the elements of co-purchase
and equal partnership in accordance with the language in Edwards explaining its
application. There is no contention that the instruction was an incorrect statement of the
Edwards decision. “A trial court has no sua sponte duty to revise or improve upon an
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accurate statement of the law without a request from counsel [citation], and failure to
request clarification of an otherwise correct instruction forfeits the claim of error for
purposes of appeal.” (People v. Lee (2011) 51 Cal. 4th 620, 638.) Because the trial court
accurately stated the law, the Attorney General is correct that any purported error in
failing to modify the Edwards instruction has been forfeited.
III. Effect of the Joint Purchasing Instruction
Defendant nevertheless contends the trial court was obligated to instruct the jury
on co-ownership (and defense counsel was ineffective for acquiescing to an unmodified
Edwards instruction). Defendant asserts she was prejudiced by the instructions because
the jury was misled given that there was no evidence that the unidentified woman had
contributed any funds to the purchase of the powder cocaine, which is an element of
Edwards.
Defendant is correct that a co-purchase is one of the Edwards elements and there
was no evidence to support a co-purchase in this case. In addition to the absence of
evidence concerning a co-purchase, the evidence does not suggest the rare case of truly
equal partners, which is also a requisite Edwards element. There is no evidence of
anything other than joint use of the powder cocaine. Defendant took powder cocaine
from her waistband, which she sniffed. Defendant gave the cocaine to the unidentified
woman, who also sniffed it. The identified woman then handed the cocaine back to
defendant. In sum, defendant had possession of the powder cocaine and then retook
possession of it after sharing it with the unidentified woman. This evidence clearly
shows that defendant had the more active role with the powder cocaine that she gave to
the unidentified woman. Thus, there was no evidence to support either of the elements
required under the Edwards standard. However, this conclusion does not support
defendant’s claim there was prejudicial error in giving the Edwards instruction.
As previously noted, the issue arose after defense counsel requested a special
instruction based on the Supreme Court’s holding in Edwards that mere co-purchasers are
not guilty of furnishing to one another. (39 Cal.3d at pp. 113-114.) Prior to instructing
the jury, the trial court heard arguments from both sides as to whether or not Edwards
10
was even applicable or whether a hybrid instruction should be given based on the state of
the evidence (i.e., no evidence of purchase which differed from Edwards). The issue was
then analyzed based on defense counsel’s intent to argue simple possession.
Notwithstanding the absence of evidence to support a purchase or a rare case of
equal partners, the trial court gave the instruction in order to accommodate the defense
theory. Indeed, as the record shows, the trial court initially and correctly ruled that the
evidence did not support an Edwards instruction at all. Thus, the Attorney General is
correct that defendant was never entitled to an instruction under Edwards because there
was no evidence to support the defense. (People v. Maury (2003) 30 Cal. 4th 342, 424.)
However, because defense counsel requested that he be allowed to argue simple
possession to the jury based on Edwards, the trial court gave a correct instruction of the
law to explain the defense theory. As a result, neither the trial court nor defense counsel
failed regarding duties to the defendant.
Defendant is also incorrect that the record demonstrates she was prejudiced by the
misleading Edwards instruction because it did not focus on joint possession. To the
extent that the trial court did instruct the jury with the inapplicable Edwards standard, we
cannot conclude that reversal is warranted even if the instruction was erroneously given.
“Giving an instruction that is correct as to the law but irrelevant or inapplicable is error.
[Citation.] Nonetheless, giving an irrelevant or inapplicable instruction is generally
‘“only a technical error which does not constitute a ground for reversal.”’ [Citation.]”
(People v. Cross (2008) 45 Cal. 4th 58, 67.) When the trial court gives a correct but
inapplicable instruction, the error is reviewed under People v. Watson (1956) 46 Cal. 2d
818, 836. (People v. Guiton (1993) 4 Cal. 4th 1116, 1129-1130.)
We conclude that it is not reasonably probable that the result would have been
more favorable in the absence of the Edwards instruction. In addition to that instruction,
the trial court instructed the jury with CALCRIM No. 2300 as to the elements needed to
support a conviction for furnishing powder cocaine. The trial court also gave the
standard instruction CALCRIM No. 200: “Some of these instructions may not apply,
depending on your findings about the facts of the case. Do not assume that just because I
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give a particular instruction that I am suggesting anything about the facts. After you have
decided what the facts are, follow the instructions that do apply to the facts as you find
them.” The jury was instructed with CALCRIM No. 2304 that simple possession
(§ 11350) is a lesser included offense of furnishing or giving away (§ 11352) the powder
cocaine. Defense counsel argued that defendant could not be guilty of furnishing or
giving away the powder cocaine if she was a joint owner and that the officer’s
observations could establish a simple possession. If the jury believed defendant’s version
of the evidence, the jury could have found her not guilty of furnishing or giving away the
cocaine but guilty of the lesser included offense of simple possession.
We are satisfied that the jury in this case would have understood that its duty was
to determine whether or not defendant had furnished or given away drugs or was simply
sharing them with a co-owner. Under the circumstances, even if the inapplicable
instruction had not been given, it is not reasonably probable that defendant would have
had a more favorable outcome.
IV. The Burden of Proof
Defendant also claims that the inapplicable instruction improperly shifted the
burden of proof from the prosecution to the defense in violation of both the federal and
California Constitutions. According to defendant, the burden was shifted by the
erroneous instruction and the prosecutor’s rebuttal argument that: “Have you heard any
evidence whatsoever of a co-purchase?” Defendant also argues that her joint possession
defense was eliminated by the instruction. The record does not support these contentions.
First, there is nothing in the instruction which shifts the burden of proof to
defendant. The trial court instructed the jury that the prosecution had the burden of
proof. The jury was also instructed that defendant was not required to testify and could
rely on the state of the evidence to argue that the prosecutor failed to meet the burden of
proof.
Second, the defense was not eliminated because defense counsel clearly asserted
the defense of joint ownership in argument to the jury.
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Third, the prosecutor advised the jury that he had the burden of proof on each
element of the charged offenses, which reiterated the trial court’s instructions that the
burden of proof rested on the prosecution. (See People v. Ratliff (1986) 41 Cal. 3d 675,
691.) Moreover, the prosecutor’s comments were limited to the absence of evidence to
support the defense. The prosecutor did not in any manner suggest that defendant had to
prove her innocence. Although the prosecutor argued that defense counsel’s
interpretation of the evidence was unreasonable, the prosecutor’s comments cannot be
interpreted to mean that defendant had the burden of proving her innocence. “A
distinction clearly exists between the permissible comment that a defendant has not
produced any evidence, and on the other hand an improper statement that a defendant has
a duty or burden to produce evidence, or a duty or burden to prove his or her innocence.”
(People v. Bradford (1997) 15 Cal. 4th 1229, 1340.) Nothing supports defendant’s claim
that the burden of proof was improperly shifted to her.
DISPOSITION
The judgment is affirmed.
NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN THE OFFICIAL REPORTS.
BOREN, P.J.
We concur:
ASHMANN-GERST, J.
CHAVEZ, J.
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