Sandhu v. Superior Court CA2/2

Filed 9/1/22 Sandhu v. Superior Court CA2/2
NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN THE OFFICIAL REPORTS
California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions
not certified for publication or ordered published, except as specified by rule 8.1115(b). This opinion
has not been certified for publication or ordered published for purposes of rule 8.1115.
IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA
SECOND APPELLATE DISTRICT
DIVISION TWO
SUKHDEV S. SANDHU, B316143
(Los Angeles County
Plaintiff and Appellant, Super. Ct. No.
20NWCV00370)
v.
THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
LOS ANGELES,
Respondent;
TEMPLE HOSPITAL REALTY
CORP., INC. et al.,
Real Party in Interest.
ORIGINAL PROCEEDINGS in mandate. Olivia Rosales,
Judge. Petition denied.
Edward Paul Reyes Law Offices, Edward Paul Reyes, and
Neil J. Kantor for Plaintiff and Appellant.
Epps & Coulson, Dawn M. Coulson, and Tamar Terzian for
Defendants and Respondents.
******
After the trial court sustained a demurrer but granted
Sukhdev S. Sandhu (plaintiff) 30 days to file an amended
complaint, plaintiff missed that deadline and the trial court
dismissed his lawsuit with prejudice. The court subsequently
denied a motion by plaintiff to vacate the dismissal order. We do
not disturb the trial court’s dismissal because we lack jurisdiction
over this appeal. Instead, we elect to treat this “appeal” as a
petition for a writ of mandate, and deny that petition because
plaintiff’s challenge to the denial of the motion to vacate lacks
merit.
FACTS AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND
I. Facts1
In March 2019, Temple Hospital Realty Corp., Inc. and
Michael Camras (collectively, defendants) agreed to sell plaintiff
a piece of real property. Plaintiff paid defendants the agreed-
upon price of $650,000, but the grant deed to the property
contained errors and plaintiff was unable to record it. Four
1 We draw the facts from plaintiff’s operative complaint.
2
months later, defendants executed a grant deed on the property
to a third party, which the third party successfully recorded.
II. Procedural Background
A. Complaint
In July 2020, plaintiff sued defendants for breach of
contract, money had and received, and fraud.2 He sought specific
performance of the contract or $850,000 in damages (he alleged is
the sum of what he had paid defendants for the property and the
property’s postsale appreciation).
B. Demurrer
Defendants demurred to the complaint on the ground that
it failed to state any valid cause of action. Plaintiff did not file an
opposition, but he did file a declaration two days prior to the
hearing on the demurrer.
After hearing argument and taking the matter under
submission, the trial court issued an order sustaining defendants’
demurrer with leave to amend. The court’s order states no less
than four times that plaintiff was granted “30 days leave to
amend.”
The order sustaining the demurrer with leave to amend
was issued on January 22, 2021.
Also on January 22, 2021, the trial court’s clerk mailed
plaintiff a file-stamped copy of the court’s order.
A few days after he received that order from the court,
plaintiff also received in the mail a notice of ruling (regarding the
January 22, 2021 order) served by defendants.
2 Plaintiff also named numerous other entities and
individuals as defendants, but they are not parties to this appeal
(or pertinent to its resolution).
3
C. Dismissal with prejudice
No amended complaint was ever filed with the trial court.
On March 2, 2021, defendants filed an ex parte application
to dismiss plaintiff’s complaint with prejudice because plaintiff
never availed himself of the leave to amend during the 30-day
window granted by the trial court.
In immediate response to the application, plaintiff on the
same day filed an “Amended Proof of Service” purporting to show
that he had served an amended complaint on defendants on
February 28, 2021. Defendants deny ever being served with that
complaint. The trial court’s docket does not reflect that any
amended complaint was ever filed with the court.
On March 3, 2021, the court held a hearing on defendant’s
pending application and granted it orally. The same day, the
court issued an order dismissing plaintiff’s complaint with
prejudice.
On March 4, 2021, defendants served notice of entry of the
judgment in their favor.
D. Motion to vacate
On April 29, 2021, plaintiff filed a motion to set aside and
vacate the dismissal of his complaint. Plaintiff argued that he
was entitled to relief under Code of Civil Procedure section 473,
subdivision (b)3 because he mistakenly interpreted the trial
court’s ruling on the demurrer as setting a 30-day deadline from
the date defendants served notice of that ruling (on January 26,
2021), plus five days for mail-service (§ 1013, subd. (a)), which he
3 All further statutory references are to the Code of Civil
Procedure unless otherwise indicated.
4
believed meant that the deadline to amend his complaint was
March 2, 2021.
After further briefing and a hearing,4 the trial court issued
a ruling on September 16, 2021, denying plaintiff’s motion
because his “mistake cannot be deemed excusable.”
E. Notice of appeal
Plaintiff filed a notice of appeal on October 14, 2021. The
notice states that he is appealing from the “Ex Parte Application
to Dismiss Plaintiff’s Complaint” entered on “03/04/2021.”
DISCUSSION
Plaintiff argues that the trial court erred in denying his
motion to vacate its earlier March 4, 2021 dismissal order.
Plaintiff’s appeal fails because (1) we lack jurisdiction to
entertain it, and (2) even considering the merits, the trial court
did not err in denying the motion to vacate.
I. Jurisdiction
Compliance with the requirements for filing a notice of
appeal is mandatory and jurisdictional. (Hollister Convalescent
Hosp., Inc. v. Rico (1975) 15 Cal.3d 660, 674 (Hollister); Laraway
v. Pasadena Unified School Dist. (2002) 98 Cal.App.4th 579, 583.)
If a notice of appeal is defective, the appellate court has no
recourse but to dismiss the appeal. (Hollister, at p. 674;
Laraway, at p. 583.) We independently examine our own
jurisdiction (California Redevelopment Assn. v. Matosantos (2011)
53 Cal.4th 231, 252), and our examination reveals two reasons
why we do not have jurisdiction over this appeal.
First, plaintiff’s appeal is untimely as to the only order or
judgment identified in his notice of appeal—namely, the March 4,
4 By this time, plaintiff had retained counsel, who also
represent him on appeal.
5
2021 order dismissing his complaint with prejudice. Plaintiff
originally had 60 days from the date he was served with the
judgment of dismissal to appeal the court’s dismissal of his
complaint with prejudice. (Cal. Rules of Court, rule
8.104(a)(1)(B); § 904.1, subd. (a)(1).) However, plaintiff’s filing of
the motion to vacate extended the deadline to appeal the
dismissal to the earliest of either (1) 30 days after he was served
with the order denying his motion to vacate on September 16,
2021; (2) 90 days after he filed his motion to vacate on April 29,
2021; or (3) 180 days after the entry of judgment on March 4,
2021. (Cal. Rules of Court, rule 8.108(c); In re Marriage of Eben-
King & King (2000) 80 Cal.App.4th 92, 108 [motion to vacate
under section 473 qualifies for extension]; Duncan v. Sunset
Agricultural Minerals. (1969) 273 Cal.App.2d 489, 492 [same].)
The second option sets the earliest deadline, which means
plaintiff had until July 29, 2021, to appeal the dismissal of his
complaint. But plaintiff did not file his notice of appeal until
October 14, 2021—nearly three months after the extended
deadline. Because the notice of appeal was filed late, we are
constrained to dismiss the appeal. (Cal. Rules of Court, rule
8.104(b); Reyes v. Kruger (2020) 55 Cal.App.5th 58, 68.)
Plaintiff’s sole argument in response—namely, that California
Rules of Court, rule 8.60 accords this court “flexibility” to ignore
the deadline to appeal—misrepresents that rule because the rule
explicitly provides that a court lacks the power to relieve a party
from a default due to “the failure to file a timely notice of appeal”
(Cal. Rules of Court, rule 8.60(d)).
Second, plaintiff’s attempt to appeal the trial court’s
September 16, 2021 order denying his motion to vacate is
defective. That order is separately appealable (e.g., § 904.1, subd.
6
(a)(2); Austin v. Los Angeles Unified School Dist. (2016) 244
Cal.App.4th 918, 928, fn. 6 (Austin)), but plaintiff does not name
that order in his notice of appeal. His failure to do so deprives us
of jurisdiction to entertain a challenge to that unnamed order.
(Soldate v. Fidelity National Financial, Inc. (1998) 62
Cal.App.4th 1069, 1073 [“‘[o]ur jurisdiction on appeal is limited in
scope’” to that judgment or order identified in the notice of
appeal]; Sole Energy Co. v. Petrominerals Corp. (2005) 128
Cal.App.4th 212, 240 [notice of appeal specifying judgment did
not perfect appeal from separate appealable order]; see generally,
Cal. Rules of Court, rule 8.100(a)(2)) [notice of appeal must
“identif[y] the particular judgment or order being appealed”].)
While a “notice of appeal must be liberally construed” (Cal. Rules
of Court, rule 8.100(a)(2)), that rule of construction does not apply
“if the notice is so specific it cannot be read as reaching a
judgment or order not mentioned at all.” (Filbin v. Fitzgerald
(2012) 211 Cal.App.4th 154, 173; Norman I. Krug Real Estate
Investments, Inc v. Praszker (1990) 220 Cal.App.3d 35, 47 [“The
rule favoring appealability in cases of ambiguity cannot apply
where there is a clear intention to appeal from . . . one of two
separate appealable judgments or orders.”].) Thus, we lack
jurisdiction to entertain plaintiff’s challenges to the trial court’s
order denying his motion to vacate.
II. Merits
Due to these jurisdictional defects, we elect to treat
plaintiff’s defective appeal as a petition for a writ of mandate and
thereby reach the merits. (Olson v. Cory (1983) 35 Cal.3d 390,
400.)
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A. Governing law
Section 473, subdivision (b), grants a trial court the
discretionary authority to set aside a prior order—including an
order dismissing a complaint—if the party moving to set aside
that order proves that (1) the order was the product of the party’s
“mistake, inadvertence, surprise or excusable neglect,” and (2)
the party’s application for relief was filed “within a reasonable
time, in no case exceeding six months, after the . . . order [to be
set aside] . . .was” entered. (§ 473, subd. (b); Hopkins & Carley v.
Gens (2011) 200 Cal.App.4th 1401, 1410 (Hopkins) [burden of
proof lies with moving party]; Huh, supra, 158 Cal.App.4th at p.
1423 [same]; Gee v. Greyhound Lines, Inc. (2016) 6 Cal.App.5th
477, 492 [order dismissing complaint may be set aside under
section 473, subdivision (b)].) Carrying this threshold burden is a
““‘daunting task.’”” (Grappo v. McMills (2017) 11 Cal.App.5th
996, 1006.) Once carried, however, a trial court has “broad”
“discretion” whether to exercise its authority to set aside a prior
order. (Minick v. City of Petaluma (2016) 3 Cal.App.5th 15, 24.)
“The general underlying purpose of section 473(b) is to promote
the determination of actions on their merits” (Even Zohar
Construction & Remodeling, Inc. v. Bellaire Townhouses, LLC
(2015) 61 Cal.4th 830, 839), so “any doubts in applying section
473 must be resolved in favor of the [moving] party” (Rogalski v.
Nabers Cadillac (1992) 11 Cal.App.4th 816, 819).
We review a trial court’s denial of a section 473, subdivision
(b) motion for an abuse of discretion, and review any subsidiary
factual findings for substantial evidence. (Zamora v. Clayborn
Contracting Group, Inc. (2002) 28 Cal.4th 249, 257-258 (Zamora);
Shamblin v. Brattain (1988) 44 Cal.3d 474, 479.) In the absence
of a clear showing of abuse, the trial court’s decision not to
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exercise its discretion will not be disturbed on appeal.
(Strathvale Holdings v. E.B.H. (2005) 126 Cal.App.4th 1241,
1249.)
B. Analysis
The trial court did not abuse its discretion in denying
plaintiff’s motion to set aside the dismissal of his complaint with
prejudice because plaintiff failed to meet his threshold burden of
establishing that the dismissal was due to a cognizable mistake
or excusable neglect.
1. Mistake
Within the context of section 473, subdivision (b), a
“mistake” includes a “mistake of fact” (that is, “when a person
understands the facts to be other than they are”) or a “mistake of
law” (that is, “when a person knows the facts as they really are
but has a mistaken belief as to the legal consequences of those
facts”). (Baratti v. Baratti (1952) 109 Cal.App.2d 917, 921.)
Here, plaintiff asserts that his mistake was misreading the
trial court’s January 22, 2021 order. Although the order
repeatedly stated that the court was granting him “30 days leave
to amend,” plaintiff claims that he mistakenly read the order to
grant him “30 days leave to amend from the date that the
opposing party serves him with notice of the court’s order.”
Plaintiff’s reading of the order is contrary to well-settled law,
which makes clear that the clock for any deadlines in a court
order starts ticking once the clerk mails the parties a file-
endorsed copy of that order together with a certificate of mailing.
(See Eldridge v. Superior Court (1989) 208 Cal.App.3d 1350,
1352-1353, 1355 [clerk’s mailing of file-stamped copy of order
triggers period within which party could petition for peremptory
writ, rather than the later-served notice by counsel]; City of
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Calexico v. Bergeson (2021) 64 Cal.App.5th 180, 195 [same,
regarding trigger for filing notice of appeal]; Marshall v. Webster
(2020) 54 Cal.App.5th 275, 280 [same].) Plaintiff’s reading of the
order is also unreasonable as a matter of law. Under his reading,
a court’s deadline would become a nullity whenever the opposing
party fails to serve notice of the order—even if, as happened here,
the party seeking relief was served with that order by the court
itself. Given the unreasonableness of plaintiff’s reading,
plaintiff’s mistake is not a ground for relief. (See Toho-Towa Co.
v. Morgan Creek Productions, Inc. (2013) 217 Cal.App.4th 1096,
1111 [honest mistake is ground for discretionary relief if legal
problem posed is “complex and debatable”]; Pagarigan v. Aetna
U.S. Healthcare of California, Inc. (2007) 158 Cal.App.4th 38, 44
[statutory deadline to file amended complaint on remand is
“‘absolutely completely clear’”].)
2. Excusable neglect
Within the context of section 473, subdivision (b), “neglect”
is “excusable” if a reasonably prudent person under similar
circumstances might have made the same error. (Austin, supra,
244 Cal.App.4th at p. 929; Bettencourt v. Los Rios Community
College Dist. (1986) 42 Cal.3d 270, 276 (Bettencourt).) Here,
plaintiff’s “neglect” in failing to determine the correct deadline by
which to file an amended pleading was not “excusable” because,
to put it simply, it is not reasonable to read a court order in an
unreasonable way. (See Zamora, supra, 28 Cal.4th at p. 258
[excusable neglect does not include errors that could otherwise be
termed malpractice]; cf. Johannsen v. Klipstein (1928) 90
Cal.App. 106, 109 [““‘Court may relieve a party from his failure to
serve bill of exceptions in time where the delay was due to
excusable inadvertence of the attorney in misreading a
10
stipulation.’””].) To otherwise treat those who are ignorant of the
procedural rules with lenience under section 473 would “lead to a
quagmire in the trial courts, and would be unfair to the other
parties to litigation.” (Rappleyea v. Campbell (1994) 8 Cal.4th
975, 985 (Rappleyea).)
3. Plaintiff’s arguments
Plaintiff raises what boils down to five categories of
arguments in response.
First, plaintiff argues that relief under section 473,
subsection (b), was mandatory. Plaintiff points to the language
in this subsection that makes relief mandatory when a party’s
attorney “attest[s] to his or her mistake . . . or neglect” (§ 473,
subd. (b)), and argues that this language should apply to him as a
self-represented litigant. Plaintiff is wrong. It is well settled
that the mandatory relief provision applies only to “‘an attorney
representing a party,’” and not to a “‘a party appearing in propria
persona.’” (McClain v. Kissler (2019) 39 Cal.App.5th 399, 428-
429.)
Second, plaintiff argues that he is entitled to relief under
section 473, subdivision (b), as long as he did not act with the
intent to delay or with an improper motive. For support, he
vaguely (that is, without providing any specific citations) refers to
precedent in the Eleventh Circuit and the District of Columbia.
Alas, the law in California is different and we are a California
court obligated to follow California law.
Third, plaintiff argues that the reasonableness standard
does not apply because it is improper to look to “what a prudent
person would do under similar circumstances.” Given the
prevalence of the “reasonable person” standard across a vast
swath of statutory and common law, plaintiff’s all-out attack on
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the reasonable person standard has been resoundingly rejected.
More importantly for our purposes here, plaintiff’s argument has
been rejected by the law interpreting section 473, subdivision (b),
because that law hinges relief on whether a reasonably prudent
person acting under similar circumstances would have committed
the same mistake or neglect. (Bettencourt, supra, 42 Cal.3d at p.
276; Zamora, supra, 28 Cal.4th at p. 258; Huh, supra, 158
Cal.App.4th at p. 1423.)
Fourth, plaintiff argues that his mistake and neglect in
failing to file an amended complaint by the deadline should be
automatically excused because he was proceeding in propria
persona. This is also not the law in California. Under California
law, a self-represented litigant is entitled to the same—but no
greater—consideration than other litigants, and is held to the
same rules as an attorney. (Rappleyea, supra, 8 Cal.4th at pp.
984-985.) Harsh as this rule may be for litigants who cannot
afford counsel, any alleged ignorance of the law or failure of
proper self-representation does not justify relief under section
473. (Hopkins, supra, 200 Cal.App.4th at pp. 1413-1414; Burnete
v. La Casa Dana Apartments (2007) 148 Cal.App.4th 1262, 1267-
1270.)
Finally, plaintiff argues that in ruling on his section 473,
subdivision (b) motion, the trial court should have taken into
consideration the harsh result of dismissal of his action with
prejudice. We reject this argument because the trial court was
under no obligation to consider the issue of prejudice until
plaintiff met his threshold burden of showing a “mistake,
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inadvertence, surprise, or excusable neglect.” (§ 473, subd. (b).)
As explained above, he did not.5
DISPOSITION
Having construed plaintiff’s jurisdictionally defective
appeal as a petition for a writ of mandate, we deny that petition.
Defendants are entitled to their costs in these appellate
proceedings.
NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN THE OFFICIAL REPORTS.
______________________, J.
HOFFSTADT
We concur:
_________________________, Acting P. J.
ASHMANN-GERST
_________________________, J.
CHAVEZ
5 To the extent plaintiff is arguing that the trial court erred
in dismissing his complaint with prejudice when he failed to
timely amend, he also is wrong. If, after the court sustains a
demurrer to a complaint, the plaintiff fails to amend the
complaint within the time permitted by the court, the court may
enter a judgment of dismissal. (§ 581, subd. (f)(2); Cal. Rules of
Court, rule 3.1320(h); Leader v. Health Industries of America, Inc.
(2001) 89 Cal.App.4th 604, 613-614.) No case has held that such
a dismissal may be without prejudice. (Cano v. Glover (2006) 143
Cal.App.4th 326, 329.)
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