Davia v. Be Wicked CA1/3

Filed 10/20/22 Davia v. Be Wicked CA1/3
NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN OFFICIAL REPORTS
California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for
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ordered published for purposes of rule 8.1115.
IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA
FIRST APPELLATE DISTRICT
DIVISION THREE
SUSAN DAVIA,
Plaintiff and Appellant, A163076
v. (Marin County
BE WICKED, INC., Super. Ct. No. CIV1704091)
Defendant and Respondent.
Defendant Be Wicked, Inc. (Be Wicked), an adult costume and
accessories retailer and distributor, and plaintiff Susan Davia entered
a consent judgment that, among other things, prohibited Be Wicked from
selling or shipping certain products that fail to comply with notice obligations
in Proposition 65 — the Safe Drinking Water and Toxic Enforcement Act of
1986. (Health & Saf. Code, § 25249.5 et seq.) In a postjudgment order, the
trial court awarded Davia $47,293.75 in private attorney general fees (Code
Civ. Proc., § 1021.5; undesignated statutory references are to this code) after
determining she was a successful party, but it reduced her requested fees by
60 percent and denied her fees for litigating the fee award. On appeal, Davia
argues the court improperly reduced her fee award after erroneously
concluding her litigation achieved limited success. We agree and reverse.
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BACKGROUND
Proposition 65 requires companies that expose consumers to chemicals
known to cause cancer, birth defects, or reproductive harm to provide
a reasonable and clear warning regarding their products. (Health & Saf.
Code, § 25249.6.) In February 2017, Davia sent Be Wicked a Proposition 65
prelitigation notice,1 alleging Be Wicked manufactured, distributed, and sold
vinyl packaging and costume storage cases that exposed users to high
concentrations of carcinogens di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP) and/or
di(isononyl)phthalate (DINP) without any warning of the chemical content or
exposure risk. (Cal. Code Regs., tit. 27, § 27001, subd. (b).) As stated in the
notice, Davia intended to file a lawsuit unless Be Wicked entered into
a binding written agreement to recall products already sold or ensure the
requisite health hazard warnings are provided, to provide clear reasonable
warnings for future products, and to pay an appropriate civil penalty.
(Health & Saf. Code, § 25249.7, subd. (b).)
Shortly after receiving the notice, Be Wicked applied warnings to its
products and its website. A few months later, Davia offered Be Wicked the
option of joining an existing group settlement with other manufacturers and
distributors of similar products. She proposed settling for a $3,000 civil
penalty and $15,500 in attorney fees reimbursement for her counsel’s work to
date. Be Wicked rejected the offer; Davia continued to investigate Be Wicked,
1 This notice is a mandatory condition precedent before a plaintiff can
file a Proposition 65 enforcement action. (Center for Self-Improvement &
Community Development v. Lennar Corp. (2009) 173 Cal.App.4th 1543, 1551.)
“It provides the public prosecutors with appropriate information to assess
whether to intervene on the public’s behalf, and affords the accused the
opportunity to avert litigation by settling with the plaintiff or curing any
violation.” (Ibid.)
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identifying and cataloguing products that could be in violation of Proposition
65.
Davia ultimately filed a complaint in November 2017 against Be
Wicked and e-commerce distributors Wal-Mart Stores, Inc., and Amazon.com,
Inc., alleging they failed to warn consumers about exposure to DEHP and
DINP from the products. She sought preliminary and permanent injunctive
relief to compel defendants to provide Proposition 65 warnings regarding the
health hazards of those chemicals, as well as civil penalties of $2,500 per day
for each violation, and attorney fees and costs.
The parties engaged in settlement negotiations in April 2018.
Although they agreed on the amount of civil penalties and injunctive relief,
Davia repeatedly rejected Be Wicked’s offers regarding attorney fees.
Settlement negotiations were unsuccessful, and the parties proceeded to
litigate: Be Wicked filed an answer to Davia’s complaint, it responded to
Davia’s several sets of interrogatories and request for production, and the
parties met and conferred regarding discovery and a motion to compel.
The parties ultimately resolved the action through a settlement
agreement, which was entered as a judgment in June 2020. Be Wicked was
required to notify all existing and new vendors of the phthalate-free chemical
concentration standards for Be Wicked’s costume and accessory packaging
and storage cases. In addition, Be Wicked agreed not to manufacture, sell, or
ship any storage cases or packaging that was not phthalate free. Be Wicked
also agreed to pay $3,500 in civil penalties. (Health & Saf. Code, § 25249.12,
subds. (c)–(d).) The parties did not resolve Davia’s attorney fees or costs,
however, and instead reserved Davia’s right to file a fees motion.
In Davia’s subsequent motion for section 1021.5 attorney fees, she
requested her full lodestar of $120,764.96 in attorney fees and $2,334.66 in
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costs. This amount included investigation fees — $22,935, for 57.9 hours
multiplied by hourly rates between $150 to $850 per hour — for investigating
Be Wicked’s product stream of commerce, including laboratory and in-house
scientific testing. It also included $71,652.50 in prosecution fees for work
performed on the Proposition 65 notice, drafting Davia’s complaint, engaging
in case management and discovery, as well as engaging in settlement
negotiations and settlement approval. $23,842.80 of the requested attorney
fees were incurred for the fees and costs motion.
Initially, the trial court issued a tentative opinion denying Davia’s
request for fees entirely. It determined she failed to establish her litigation
conferred a substantial benefit upon the general public or a large class of
persons. After a hearing contesting the tentative, however, the court altered
its ruling. It expressed concern that while the parties were essentially able
to reach an agreement over the terms of proposed Proposition 65 warnings
and notifications relatively quickly after the complaint was filed, the
“sticking point was always how much Plaintiff would recover in attorney’s
fees.” As a result, the court found, the litigation was extended and resulted
in a large motion for attorney fees. Nonetheless, the court concluded Davia
was entitled to fees under section 1021.5 — yet it only awarded her
$47,293.75 (50 percent of her claimed amounts for investigating and
prosecuting the action, and a 60 percent reduction in the entire amount
requested). It reasoned that, based on its own experience reviewing similar
fee applications, the hours claimed were unreasonably high for accomplishing
the stated tasks, such as 10 hours for drafting a “pro forma Prop. 65
complaint.” It further explained that in its equitable judgment, success in
the action was “limited and secondary when compared to the litigation over
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a fee award.” The court also denied Davia’s request to award fees for
litigating the fee motion.
DISCUSSION
Davia contends the trial court erred by reducing her requested fees due
to its erroneous conclusion that her litigation achieved limited success. We
agree. While experienced trial judges are the best adjudicators of the value of
attorney services rendered in their courts, and attorney fee awards are thus
reviewed for an abuse of discretion, reversal may be warranted if the record
indicates the court considered improper factors. (PLCM Group, Inc. v.
Drexler (2000) 22 Cal.4th 1084, 1095; Save Our Uniquely Rural Community
Environment v. County of San Bernardino (2015) 235 Cal.App.4th 1179, 1190
(Save Our Community).) That occurred here.
Under section 1021.5, a court may award attorney fees to a successful
party in any action that “resulted in the enforcement of an important right
affecting the public interest” if the litigation fulfilled certain criteria — a
significant benefit to the general public or large class of people; the necessity
and financial burden of private enforcement makes the award appropriate;
and, in the interests of justice, the attorney fees should not be paid out of any
recovery obtained. (§ 1021.5.) The fee inquiry for a prevailing plaintiff under
section 1021.5 generally begins with the lodestar method. (Environmental
Protection Information Center v. Department of Forestry & Fire Protection
(2010) 190 Cal.App.4th 217, 238.) The court first determines the time spent
and reasonable hourly compensation for each attorney — the lodestar figure.
(Ibid.) Next, the court determines “whether that lodestar figure should be
adjusted based on various relevant factors.” (Mann v. Quality Old Time
Service, Inc. (2006) 139 Cal.App.4th 328, 342.)
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Those factors include the extent of a party’s success, “a key factor in
determining the reasonable amount of attorney fees to be awarded under
section 1021.5.” (Save Our Community, supra, 235 Cal.App.4th at p. 1185;
Chavez v. City of Los Angeles (2010) 47 Cal.4th 970, 989.) “ ‘Where the
plaintiff has failed to prevail on a claim that is distinct in all respects from
his . . . successful claims, the hours spent on the unsuccessful claim should be
excluded in considering the amount of a reasonable fee.’ ” (Sokolow v. County
of San Mateo (1989) 213 Cal.App.3d 231, 248 (Sokolow).) The court “may
attempt to identify specific hours that should be eliminated, or it may simply
reduce the award to account for the limited success.” (Hensley v. Eckerhart
(1983) 461 U.S. 424, 436–437.)
As a preliminary matter, there is no dispute Davia satisfied the
statutory criteria for section 1021.5 attorney fees.2 Although the trial court
questioned the significance of the benefit Davia’s litigation conferred on the
public given the resources the parties consumed — the first part of a section
1021.5 attorney fee inquiry — it nonetheless determined Davia was entitled
to attorney fees under that provision. Moreover, there is no merit to Davia’s
argument that the court failed to apply the lodestar method when
determining the amount of her fee award. The court expressly awarded
Davia only 50 percent of her requested investigation and prosecution fees,
which Davia acknowledges were calculated using the lodestar method.
Reasonably inferred, the court utilized the lodestar method. (Ketchum v.
2 Be Wicked argues Davia is not entitled to any fees because she is not
a successful party under section 1021.5 and the settlement agreement limits
entitlement to attorney fees. These arguments are forfeited. Be Wicked
failed to file a cross-appeal and is therefore precluded from obtaining any
affirmative relief on this appeal. (Valentine v. Plum Healthcare Group, LLC
(2019) 37 Cal.App.5th 1076, 1090–1091, fn.4.)
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Moses (2001) 24 Cal.4th 1122, 1140 [presuming all inferences to support the
judgment where the record is silent].)
Nor did the trial court erroneously fail to methodically review Davia’s
extensive billing entries or reduce the lodestar figure without any analysis.
During the hearing on Davia’s motion for fees, the court noted it did its “best
plowing through” her voluminous motion and submissions. Davia’s reliance
on the court’s misstatement that 10 hours alone were spent on drafting the
complaint in this litigation — in actuality, less than two hours were spent
drafting the complaint while approximately eight hours were spent
researching various defendants and issues related to service — does not
demonstrate otherwise. There is no reason to doubt the court examined
the evidence presented. (Christian Research Institute v. Alnor (2008)
165 Cal.App.4th 1315, 1324.)
But we agree the trial court erroneously concluded Davia’s attorney fee
award should be reduced based on its determination she achieved limited
success in her lawsuit. Success is measured by analyzing the plaintiff’s
litigation objectives with the objectives the plaintiff actually achieved.
(Sokolow, supra, 213 Cal.App.3d at p. 250 [reducing plaintiffs’ claimed
attorney fees because they failed to achieve one litigation objective]; Save Our
Community, supra, 235 Cal.App.4th at pp. 1182–1183, 1185 [reduction of fees
warranted where plaintiff succeeded on only one of six of its California
Environmental Quality Act claims, and none of its conditional use permit
claims].) When successful and unsuccessful claims are related, courts then
assess the level of success or significance of the overall relief achieved by the
plaintiff to determine whether those hours spent litigating the unsuccessful
claim were reasonably spent. (Environmental Protection Information Center
v. Department of Forestry & Fire Protection, supra, 190 Cal.App.4th at
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p. 239.) Here, however, Davia was successful on all of her claims and
objectives. (Sokolow, at p. 249.)
Davia filed a single cause of action against Be Wicked for a violation of
Proposition 65. She sought a permanent injunction against Be Wicked,
among other defendants, from manufacturing, distributing, or offering
products for sale or use in California in the absence of the required
Proposition 65 warnings. In addition, Davia requested Be Wicked be
assessed civil penalties. While Be Wicked began placing the requisite
Proposition 65 warnings on its products and website shortly after receiving
Davia’s notice of violation, the consent judgment also required Be Wicked to
instruct storage case and packaging manufacturers to not incorporate any
raw or component materials that fail to meet the phthalate-free
concentration standards. The consent judgment further prohibited Be
Wicked from manufacturing or ordering any storage cases or packaging that
is not phthalate free, and required it to pay civil penalties.
Contrary to the trial court’s finding, Davia achieved excellent results.
(Cf. Cal. Code Regs., tit. 11, § 3201, subd. (b)(2) [regarding § 1021.5
guidelines for fee awards in settlements, “[r]eformulation of a product . . . or
other changes in the defendant’s practices that reduce or eliminate the
exposure to a listed chemical . . . are presumed to confer a significant benefit
on the public”]; Environmental Protection Information Center v. Department
of Forestry & Fire Protection, supra, 190 Cal.App.4th at p. 239 [“[f]ull
compensation may be appropriate where the plaintiff has obtained ‘excellent
results’ ”].) By making a value judgment about the significance of the
litigation as secondary to litigating the fee award, the court improperly
conflated the first portion of a section 1021.5 attorney fee inquiry —
examining whether litigation conferred a significant benefit on the general
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public — with the lodestar adjustments. Because Davia was successful on
her Proposition 65 claim, eliminating specific hours or reducing the award by
the hours spent litigating an unsuccessful claim was unwarranted. (Sokolow,
supra, 213 Cal.App.3d at p. 248.) And while the court retained the authority
to reduce Davia’s award based on a determination the hours were
unreasonable, on this record, we cannot separate that justification from the
court’s improper reliance on the scope of success. (Center for Biological
Diversity v. County of San Bernardino (2010) 188 Cal.App.4th 603, 622–623
[remanding attorney fee award where ruling was based on trial court’s
erroneous assessment of the record].) Reducing Davia’s fee award on that
basis was thus improper, and requires reversal. (Save Our Community,
supra, 235 Cal.App.4th at pp. 1189–1190.) Considering this conclusion, we
need not address Davia’s remaining arguments for reversing the fee award.
We reverse the fee award and remand to the trial court for further
consideration of Davia’s request for attorney fees, consistent with this
opinion. We take no position on how the court should exercise its discretion
on remand. With respect to Davia’s request for attorney fees on appeal, we
note that “absent circumstances rendering an award unjust, the fee should
ordinarily include compensation for all hours reasonably spent, including
those relating solely to the fee,” as well as those for fees on appeal. (Serrano
v. Unruh (1982) 32 Cal.3d 621, 624.) The court is directed to determine
Davia’s entitlement to appellate fees in the first instance.
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DISPOSITION
The order reducing Davia’s attorney fees is reversed, and the case is
remanded to the trial court to make an award of attorney fees and costs
consistent with this opinion. Davia shall also recover her costs on appeal, in
amounts to be determined by the trial court. (Cal. Rules of Court, rule
8.278(a)(1).)
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_________________________
Rodríguez, J.
WE CONCUR:
_________________________
Fujisaki, Acting P. J.
_________________________
Petrou, J.
A163076
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