In re K.W.

Filed 9/9/20
CERTIFIED FOR PUBLICATION
IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA
FOURTH APPELLATE DISTRICT
DIVISION TWO
In re K.W., a Person Coming Under the
Juvenile Court Law.
THE PEOPLE, E073894
Plaintiff and Appellant, (Super.Ct.No. J271424)
v. OPINION
K.W.,
Defendant and Respondent.
APPEAL from the Superior Court of San Bernardino County. Pamela P. King,
Judge. Reversed.
Jason Anderson, District Attorney, and Brent J. Schultze, Deputy District
Attorney, for Plaintiff and Appellant.
Rex Adam Williams, under appointment by the Court of Appeal, for Defendant
and Respondent.
Pursuant to a plea bargain, minor K.W. admitted one count of robbery; counts
alleging kidnapping, brandishing, and vandalism were dismissed. After he completed
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probation, he moved to seal the record under section 786.1 He was not eligible for
sealing, because robbery is one of the crimes listed in section 707, subdivision (b)
(section 707(b) offense). The trial court, however, reduced the adjudication to the lesser
included offense of grand theft, which is not a section 707(b) offense; it then granted the
motion to seal. As support for its authority to reduce the adjudication, it cited section
775, which allows it to modify its previous orders; it also cited section 786 itself.
The People appeal. They contend that:
1. The juvenile court lacked the authority to reduce the adjudication.
2. Reducing the adjudication violated the plea bargain.
We will hold that the statutes the juvenile court cited — sections 775 and 786 —
did not give it any authority to reduce the conviction. We will also hold that section 782,
which allows the juvenile court to “set aside the findings and dismiss the petition” in the
interest of justice, does not authorize the juvenile court to reduce an adjudication, at least
when doing so would violate a plea bargain, as it would here.
I
FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND
In June 2017, the People filed a delinquency petition which, as subsequently
amended, alleged:
Count 1: Simple kidnapping. (Pen. Code, § 207, subd. (a).)
1 This and all further statutory citations are to the Welfare and Institutions
Code, unless otherwise indicated.
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Count 2: Second degree robbery. (Pen. Code, § 211.)
Count 3: Brandishing a deadly weapon. (Pen. Code, § 417, subd. (a)(1).)
Count 4: Felony vandalism. (Pen. Code, § 594, subd. (b)(1).)
Pursuant to a plea bargain, the minor admitted the second degree robbery count;
the other counts were dismissed.2 The plea bargain did not specify any particular
disposition.
At a further hearing, the minor was declared a ward, placed in the custody of the
probation officer, and committed to the Gateway Program.3 Eighteen months later, he
completed the program and started “aftercare supervision.”
At that point, the minor moved to seal the case under section 786.4 The People
filed an opposition to the motion, arguing, among other things, that section 786,
subdivision (d) (section 786(d)), by its terms, prohibited the court from sealing an
adjudication for robbery committed when the minor was 14 or older.
The minor then filed a motion to reduce or dismiss the robbery adjudication, citing
section 775 and section 782. The People filed an opposition to the motion. While the
2 According to police reports, the minor had confessed to two robberies in
addition to the one charged. As part of the plea bargain, it was stipulated that the other
robberies would “merge” with the charged robbery.
3 “[T]he Gateway Program [is] a residential program which utilizes evidence-
based assessments, treatments and evaluations aimed at reducing recidivism.” (S.B.
County Behavioral Health, Gateway Program, http://wp.sbcounty.gov/dbh/mental-health-
services/children-youth/jjp/gateway, as of Sept. 4, 2020.)
4 The motion also cited, alternatively, section 781. In this appeal, the minor
disclaims any reliance on section 781.
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motion was pending, the trial court found that the minor had satisfactorily completed
probation and dismissed the petition.
After hearing argument, the trial court reduced the adjudication to grand theft from
the person (§ 487, subd. (c)), citing section 775 and section 786(d); it then granted the
motion to seal.
The People filed a timely notice of appeal.
II
APPEALABILITY
In a juvenile delinquency matter, the People may appeal from “[a]n order
modifying the jurisdictional finding by . . . modifying the offense to a lesser offense.”
(§ 800, subd. (b)(3).)
The People have no right to appeal from an order sealing a minor’s juvenile court
records. (People v. Superior Court (2002) 104 Cal. App. 4th 915, 922-924.) Here,
however, if we reverse the order reducing the adjudication, that will effectively also
reverse the sealing order. “Our unqualified reversal automatically remands the matter for
renewed proceedings and places the parties in the same position as if the matter had never
been heard. [Citation.]” (Barron v. Superior Court (2009) 173 Cal. App. 4th 293, 300;
see also Code Civ. Proc., § 908 [“When the judgment or order is reversed . . . , the
reviewing court may direct that the parties be returned so far as possible to the positions
they occupied before the enforcement of . . . the judgment or order.”].) Even assuming
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we lack jurisdiction to reverse the sealing order ourselves, the trial court would be
required to vacate it on remand. (See Allen v. Smith (2002) 94 Cal. App. 4th 1270, 1284.)
III
THE JUVENILE COURT’S AUTHORITY TO REDUCE AN ADJUDICATION
As mentioned, the People contend that the trial court erred by reducing the robbery
adjudication, purportedly on the authority of section 775.
In the lower court, there was a discussion of the interplay of all the various
statutes. The People did not articulate precisely this contention, in so many words. The
juvenile court, however, recognized that the issue was presented for decision: “[Y]ou are
suggesting that 775 does not authorize the changing of a true finding of a charge.” That
was sufficient to preserve it for appeal. In any event, “we may consider new arguments
that present pure questions of law on undisputed facts. [Citations.]” (People v. Runyan
(2012) 54 Cal. 4th 849, 859, fn. 3.) This would be such an argument.
Section 775, in its entirety, provides: “Any order made by the court in the case of
any person subject to its jurisdiction may at any time be changed, modified, or set aside,
as the judge deems meet and proper, subject to such procedural requirements as are
imposed by this article.”
Section 775 traces back to at least 1915. (Stats. 1915, ch. 631, § 9, pp. 1232-
1233.) In 1961, when it was enacted in its present form (Stats. 1961, ch. 1616, § 2,
p. 3491), it was part of a single set of statutes that governed both delinquency and
dependency proceedings. (See id. at p. 3471.) In 1976, the Juvenile Court Law was split
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into separate dependency (§ 300 et seq.) and delinquency provisions (§ 601 et seq.).
Section 775 continued to apply to delinquency proceedings; section 385 was newly
enacted to apply to dependency proceedings. (Stats. 1976, ch. 1068, § 12, p. 4779.) The
wording of the two pairs of statutes, however, was word-for-word identical.
Accordingly, authorities construing section 385 are persuasive in construing section 775.
Under section 775, “the juvenile court may modify an order that contains a clerical
error, [and] may also reconsider the substance of a previous order the court considers to
have been erroneously, inadvertently or improvidently granted. [Citations.]” (Nickolas
F. v. Superior Court (2016) 144 Cal. App. 4th 92, 116 [construing section 385; accord, In
re G.B. (2014) 227 Cal. App. 4th 1147, 1160 [construing section 385].) Despite its
apparent breadth, section 775 “does not authorize the court to make substantive changes
or modifications that otherwise exceed the court’s jurisdiction.” (In re Luke H. (2013)
221 Cal. App. 4th 1082, 1089 [construing section 385].)
The minor asserts that section 775 does not require a showing of good cause. We
disagree. Its requirement that the judge must deem the modification “meet and proper” is
the same as requiring that the judge must find good cause. And that finding is subject to
appellate review. It has been held that “the court must have substantial reasons” for
modifying a prior order under section 775; should it do so, “the question . . . would be of
whether or not the court had abused its discretion . . . .” (People v. De Fehr (1927) 81
Cal. App. 562, 574 [decided under predecessor of section 775].)
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At the jurisdictional hearing in a delinquency proceeding under section 602, the
juvenile court must determine whether the minor has “violate[d] any law . . . or any
ordinance . . . .” (§§ 602, subd. (a), 701, 702.) It must also determine what specific
offense or offenses the minor has committed. (In re J.T. (1974) 40 Cal. App. 3d 633, 640.)
It cannot find that an allegation is true unless it is convinced beyond a reasonable doubt.
(In re Winship (1970) 397 U.S. 358, 368; § 701; Cal. Rules of Court, rule 5.780(e).) At
the same time, however, if it is convinced beyond a reasonable doubt, it “must” find that
the allegation is true. (Cal. Rules of Court, rule 5.780(e) & (e)(3), italics added.) To do
otherwise would be a form of jury nullification — or, more accurately, “trier of fact
nullification.” “[A]lthough jurors have the ‘power’ to engage in jury nullification, they
have no legal authority to do so.” (People v. Estrada (2006) 141 Cal. App. 4th 408, 410.)
The court, at least as much as a jury, is required to follow the law.
It follows that section 775 does not give the juvenile court the authority to reduce
or modify an adjudication, in the absence of circumstances showing that the original
adjudication was somehow flawed — e.g., ineffective assistance of counsel or new
evidence. (See In re Edward S. (2009) 173 Cal. App. 4th 387, 398, fn. 3 [ineffective
assistance of counsel]; In re Steven S. (1979) 91 Cal. App. 3d 604, 607 [new evidence].)
In his motion to reduce or dismiss the robbery adjudication, the minor cited his
successful completion of the Gateway Program and his plans for living independently.
These were arguably good reasons to dismiss the petition and to terminate delinquency
jurisdiction; however, they were not circumstances that were in any way relevant to the
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validity of the original adjudication. Making it possible to seal the record under section
786 was not a changed circumstance at all; and in addition, it, too, was irrelevant to the
validity of the original adjudication. Accordingly, the trial court erred by reducing the
adjudication based on section 775.
We might be able to find the error harmless if the trial court had the power to
reduce the adjudication under some other statute. Section 782 gives the juvenile court the
power to “dismiss the petition, or may set aside the findings and dismiss the petition,” in
the interests of justice and of the welfare of the minor. This power resembles, in some
(but not all) respects, the power of a trial court in an adult criminal case to dismiss an
action or a count under Penal Code section 1385. (In re A.O. (2017) 18 Cal. App. 5th 390,
394; People v. Haro (2013) 221 Cal. App. 4th 718, 720; but see In re Greg F. (2012) 55
Cal. 4th 393, 416 [“The analogy between section 782 and Penal Code section 1385 is . . .
flawed . . . .”].) It is unclear, however, whether a juvenile court can exercise this power
after disposition. (See In re Greg F., supra, 55 Cal.4th at p. 415; In re A.O., supra, 18
Cal.App.5th at p. 396; Cal. Rules of Court, rule 5.790(a).) Moreover, the wording of
section 782 suggests that the juvenile court can use it to set aside an adjudication, but not
to reduce an adjudication to a lesser included offense. (But see People v. Marsh (1984)
36 Cal. 3d 134, 143 [“‘The authority to dismiss the whole includes, of course, the power
to dismiss or “strike out” a part.’ [Citation.]”].)
We need not resolve these uncertainties, because section 782 did not apply here
for a different reason: The juvenile court cannot wield its power under section 782 when
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doing so would deprive a party of the benefit of a plea bargain. (V.C. v. Superior Court
(2009) 173 Cal. App. 4th 1455, 1465-1467, disapproved on other grounds in In re Greg F.,
supra, 55 Cal.4th at p. 415.) A dismissal that violates a plea bargain simply is not in the
interest of justice. (V.C. at pp. 1464-1465.) In V.C., it was the minor who was deprived
of his rights under the plea bargain. (Id. at pp. 1460, 1465.) The court’s holding,
however, did not depend on whose ox was gored. To the contrary, the court recognized
“‘ . . . the rule “that . . . ‘furtherance of justice,’ requires consideration both of the
constitutional rights of the defendant, and the interests of society represented by the
People[.]”’ [Citation.]” (Id. at p. 1465.)
Here, assuming the juvenile court could reduce the adjudication under section 782
at all, doing so would violate the plea bargain. The People specifically bargained for the
minor to admit one count of robbery. In return, counts alleging kidnapping, brandishing,
and vandalism were dismissed, and the People gave up their right to charge two
additional robberies. Thus, the minor’s admission of robbery was a material term of the
plea bargain. Indeed, it was the only benefit the People obtained (other than avoiding a
trial, which benefited both sides).
Finally, in addition to section 775, the trial court also cited section 786(d). That
subdivision provides: “A court shall not seal a record or dismiss a petition pursuant to
this section if the petition was sustained based on the commission of [a section 707(b)]
offense . . . that was committed when the individual was 14 years of age or older unless
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the finding on that offense was dismissed or was reduced to a misdemeanor or to a lesser
offense that is not [a section 707(b) offense].” (Italics added.)
This language is not a separate source of authority to dismiss or reduce an
adjudication. That is apparent from its use of “was,” rather than “is.” If this language
allowed the trial court to dismiss or reduce an adjudication solely to permit sealing, it
would say, “unless the finding on that offense is dismissed or is reduced to a
misdemeanor or to a lesser offense” — i.e., at the same time as the juvenile court grants
the motion to seal. By using “was,” this subdivision requires that the dismissal or
reduction have already been made, pursuant to some other authorizing statute.
On remand, the minor can still seek sealing of the record under section 781, rather
than section 786. Under that section, a minor who has committed a section 707(b)
offense can obtain sealing; however, the minor must show “that since the termination of
jurisdiction . . . , the [minor] has not been convicted of a felony or of any misdemeanor
involving moral turpitude and that rehabilitation has been attained . . . .” (§ 781, subd.
(a)(1)(A).) Also, the record, although sealed, remains available, under certain
circumstances, to the prosecution and to the court. (§ 781, subd. (a)(1)(D)(ii), (iii).)
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IV
DISPOSITION
The order appealed from is reversed.
CERTIFIED FOR PUBLICATION
RAMIREZ
P. J.
We concur:
McKINSTER
J.
MILLER
J.
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