Mejia v. DACM Inc.

Filed 8/24/20; certified for publication 9/15/20 (order attached)
IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA
FOURTH APPELLATE DISTRICT
DIVISION THREE
JOSEPH MEJIA,
Plaintiff and Respondent, G058112
v. (Super. Ct. No. 30-2018-01023401)
DACM INC., OPINION
Defendant and Appellant.
Appeal from an order of the Superior Court of Orange County, Peter J.
Wilson, Judge. Affirmed.
Severson & Werson, Jan T. Chilton, John B. Sullivan and Erik Kemp for
Defendant and Appellant.
Kemnitzer, Barron & Krieg, Bryan Kemnitzer, Mark A. Chavez, Adam
McNeile and Kristin Kemnitzer for Plaintiff and Respondent.
* * *
Defendant DACM, Inc. (Del Amo), a motorcycle dealership, moved to
compel arbitration of a customer’s claims Del Amo violated various consumer protection
statutes when it sold the customer a motorcycle. The trial court denied Del Amo’s
petition to compel arbitration, finding the arbitration provision was unenforceable under
McGill v. Citibank, N.A. (2017) 2 Cal.5th 945 (McGill) because it barred the customer
from pursuing “in any forum” his claim for a public injunction to stop Del Amo’s
allegedly illegal practices.
Del Amo contends the trial court erred in ruling the arbitration provision is
unenforceable under McGill, supra, 2 Cal.5th 945. Del Amo makes essentially four
arguments. It contends McGill does not apply because, due to a choice-of-law provision
in the contract, Utah law rather than California law governs the dispute. Del Amo further
contends if California law applies, the arbitration provision “does not run afoul of
McGill” because Mejia does not seek a public injunction. Del Amo also argues the
arbitration clause is not unenforceable under McGill because the provision does not
prevent a plaintiff from seeking public injunctive relief in all fora. Finally, Del Amo
asserts if the arbitration provision is unenforceable under McGill, the Federal Arbitration
Act (FAA) preempts McGill and requires enforcement of the clause.
There is no merit to any of these contentions. Consequently, we affirm the
order.
I
BACKGROUND
A. The Underlying Transaction
In May 2017, plaintiff Joseph Mejia (Mejia) bought a used motorcycle from
Del Amo for $5,500. Mejia paid $500 cash and financed the remainder of the purchase
price with a WebBank-issued Yamaha credit card he obtained through the dealership
purchasing the motorcycle. In applying for the credit card, Mejia signed a credit
application acknowledging he had received and read WebBank’s Yamaha Credit Card
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Account Customer Agreement (the credit card agreement), which contained an arbitration
provision. The arbitration provision, set forth in section 36 of the credit card agreement,
stated either WebBank, Mejia, or “Yamaha (including its affiliates and dealers),” could,
acting alone, elect and thereby “require that the sole and exclusive forum and remedy for
resolution of a Claim be final and binding arbitration pursuant to this section . . .” The
provision defined “Claim,” in pertinent part, as follows: “As used in this Arbitration
Provision, ‘Claim’ shall include any . . . claim, dispute, or controversy . . . arising out of
your application for and origination of this Account, this Agreement, your Account or the
relationship between you and us, including (except to the extent provided otherwise in the
last sentence of section (f) below) the validity or enforceability of this Arbitration
Provision, any part thereof, or the entire Agreement. . . .” (§ 36(a).)
In subpart (f), the arbitration provision specifically barred arbitration of all
class, representative, or private attorney general claims: “NO ARBITRATION SHALL
PROCEED ON A CLASS, REPRESENTATIVE, OR COLLECTIVE BASIS
(INCLUDING AS PRIVATE ATTORNEY GENERAL ON BEHALF OF OTHERS),
EVEN IF THE CLAIM OR CLAIMS THAT ARE THE SUBJECT OF THE
ARBITRATION HAD PREVIOUSLY BEEN ASSERTED (OR COULD HAVE BEEN
ASSERTED) IN A COURT AS CLASS, REPRESENTATIVE, OR COLLECTIVE
ACTIONS IN A COURT. . . . Unless consented to in writing by all parties to the
arbitration, an award in arbitration shall determine the rights and obligations of the named
parties only, and only with respect to the claims in arbitration, and shall not (a) determine
the rights, obligations, or interests of anyone other than a named party, or resolve any
Claim of anyone other than a named party; nor (b) make an award for the benefit of, or
against, anyone other than a named party. . . . Any challenge to the validity of this
section (f) shall be determined exclusively by a court and not by the administrator or any
arbitrator.”
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Crucially for this appeal, the arbitration agreement also contained a “poison
pill” provision. Subpart (h) of section 36 states, in pertinent part, as follows: “If any
portion of this Arbitration Provision other than section (f) is deemed invalid or
unenforceable, the remaining portions of this Arbitration Provision shall nevertheless
remain valid and in force. If an arbitration is brought on a class, representative, or
collective basis, and the limitations on such proceedings in section (f) are finally
adjudicated pursuant to the last sentence of section (f) to be unenforceable, then no
arbitration shall be had.” (Italics added.)
The credit card agreement also contained a choice-of-law provision stating,
“This Agreement is governed by applicable federal law and by Utah law.”
B. The Petition to Compel Arbitration
Sometime after his purchase, Mejia filed a complaint against Del Amo on
behalf of himself and other similarly situated consumers alleging Del Amo “has violated
and continues to violate” the Rees-Levering Automobile Sales Finance Act (Rees-
Levering) by failing to provide its customers with a single document setting forth all the
financing terms for motor vehicle purchases made with a conditional sale contract.
According to Mejia, Rees-Levering’s “‘single document rule’ . . . requires motor vehicle
dealers in transactions involving the financing of motor vehicles to state in a single
document all the agreements concerning the total cost and terms of payment, including
the terms of financing as required by Civil Code section 2981.9.”
In essence, the complaint alleges Del Amo induces its customers to finance
their motorcycle purchase with a WebBank credit card, an “open-ended” credit
arrangement which, over time, substantially increases the customer’s cost. Moreover,
Mejia alleges, by facilitating the customer’s use of a credit card for the purchase, Del
Amo deceptively makes the transaction appear to be a “cash purchase,” which is exempt
from Rees-Levering. In actuality, Mejia asserts, the financing arrangement is a
conditional sale contract in which WebBank, the legal owner of the motorcycle, takes a
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security interest in the motorcycle which does not vest in the customer until after the
customer makes all payments due to WebBank. Consequently, Mejia contends, the
purchase transaction is governed by Rees-Levering.
The complaint alleges Del Amo’s failure to provide all the required
financing information in a single document violates not only Rees-Levering and Civil
Code section 2981 et seq., but also the Consumers Legal Remedies Act (CLRA, Civ.
Code, § 1750 et seq.) and the Unfair Competition Law (UCL, Bus. & Prof. Code,
§ 17200 et seq.). Among the relief requested, the complaint requests an injunction
prohibiting Del Amo from selling motor vehicles “without first providing the consumer
with a single document containing all of the agreements of Del Amo and the consumer
with respect to the total cost and the terms of payment for the motor vehicle, including
any promissory notes or other evidence of indebtedness in accordance with Civil Code
[section] 2981.9.” The complaint further requests an injunction preventing Del Amo
from selling motor vehicles “without first providing the consumer with all disclosures
mandated by Civil Code [section] 2982 in a single document.”
Based on the arbitration clause in the credit card agreement, Del Amo
moved to compel arbitration and to dismiss or stay the case pending completion of the
arbitration.
Mejia filed opposition to the motion to compel arbitration. Mejia argued
Del Amo, a nonsignatory to the credit card agreement, lacked standing to enforce the
arbitration provision in that agreement. Mejia also argued his claims against Del Amo
“are well beyond the scope of the Arbitration Agreement,” given the complaint does “not
even mention[]” the credit card agreement and “only disputes the adequacy of the
disclosures provided by Del Amo for a separate Sales Agreement.” Mejia also argued
the arbitration provision is unenforceable under McGill, supra, 2 Cal.5th 945, because it
purports to waive Mejia’s right to seek a public injunction “‘in any forum.’” (See
McGill, supra, 2 Cal.5th at p. 961 [arbitration provision purporting to waive right to seek
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“in any forum” statutory remedy of public injunctive relief “is invalid and unenforceable
under California law”].)
C. The Order Denying the Petition to Compel Arbitration
The trial court denied the petition to compel arbitration. Though the court
concluded the arbitration provision “appears to encompass [Mejia’s] claims in this action,
and Del Amo appears to be an intended third-party beneficiary of that provision,” the
court nonetheless ruled the arbitration provision is unenforceable under McGill, supra,
2 Cal.5th 945. The court explained its reasoning as follows:
“Plaintiff’s Complaint seeks, among other remedies, a public injunction.
The arbitration provision, as Plaintiff correctly argues, prevents Plaintiff from seeking
and obtaining a public injunction in arbitration. And because, if Del Amo elects to
compel arbitration, arbitration is the only forum available to Plaintiff, Plaintiff is
effectively precluded from seeking a public injunction in any forum.
“As held in McGill[, supra,] 2 Cal.5th 945, 961, Plaintiff’s right to seek a
public injunction is not waivable, and thus, at the least, this Court would have to sever the
prohibition on public injunctive relief from the Arbitration Provision before it could
enforce that provision. But, by the terms of the Credit Card Agreement, the parties have
restricted the right of the Court to so sever.
“Specifically, Section 36(f) of the Credit Card Agreement contains the
prohibition on public injunctive relief and provides that ‘[a]ny challenge to the validity of
this section (f) shall be determined exclusively by a court and not by the administrator or
any arbitrator.’ Section 36(h) in turn provides that ‘[i]f an arbitration is brought on a
class, representative, or collective basis, and the limitations on such proceedings in
section (f) are finally adjudicated pursuant to the last sentence of section (f) to be
unenforceable, then no arbitration shall be had.’
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“Thus, since the Court hereby determines that the limitation on public
injunctive relief is unenforceable, ‘then no arbitration shall be had.’ [¶] Del Amo’s
motion to compel arbitration is accordingly denied.”
II
DISCUSSION
Del Amo argues the trial court erred in concluding the arbitration provision
is unenforceable under McGill, supra, 2 Cal.5th 945, a case we discuss in more detail
below. Del Amo asserts McGill does not apply to this case because the credit card
agreement specifies Utah law rather than California law governs the agreement.
Alternatively, Del Amo asserts the arbitration provision is not unenforceable under
McGill because Mejia does not seek a public injunction and, in any event, the arbitration
provision does not bar public injunctive relief in all fora. Finally, Del Amo contends if
McGill renders the arbitration provision unenforceable, the Federal Arbitration Act
(FAA) preempts McGill and requires enforcement of the provision.
Because all the issues raised in this appeal involve only questions of law,
we review the trial court’s order de novo. (Laswell v. AG Seal Beach, LLC (2010)
189 Cal.App.4th 1399, 1406; Aanderud v. Superior Court (2017) 13 Cal.App.5th 880,
890.) For the reasons explained below, we find none of Del Amo’s contentions has
merit.
A. The McGill Decision Applies Notwithstanding the Choice-of-Law Provision
1. A Short Primer on McGill
In McGill, supra, 2 Cal.5th 945, a credit card accountholder filed a class
action against the issuing bank alleging claims under the CLRA, UCL, and the false
advertising law (Bus. & Prof. Code, § 17500 et seq.) for deceptive practices in offering a
“‘credit protector’” insurance plan. The complaint sought money damages, restitution,
and an injunction prohibiting the bank “from continuing to engage in its allegedly illegal
and deceptive practices.” (Id. at p. 953.) The Supreme Court noted such “public
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injunctive relief, i.e., injunctive relief that has the primary purpose and effect of
prohibiting unlawful acts that threaten future injury to the general public,” is among “the
statutory remedies available for a violation of” the CLRA, the UCL, and the false
advertising law. (Id. at p. 951.)
The bank in McGill petitioned to compel the account holder to arbitrate her
claims on an individual basis based on an arbitration clause in the customer account
agreement. The arbitration clause required arbitration of “‘All Claims . . . ,’” and stated,
“‘Claims and remedies sought as part of a class action, private attorney general or other
representative action are subject to arbitration on an individual (non-class, non-
representative) basis, and the arbitrator may award relief only on an individual (non-class,
non-representative) basis.’. . . ‘The arbitrator will not award relief for or against anyone
who is not a party. If you or we require arbitration of a Claim, neither you, we, nor any
other person may pursue the Claim in arbitration as a class action, private attorney
general action or other representative action, nor may such Claim be pursued on your or
our behalf in any litigation in court.’” (McGill, supra, 2 Cal.5th at p. 952, italics added.)
The Supreme Court identified the issue in McGill as “whether the
arbitration provision is valid and enforceable insofar as it purports to waive McGill’s
right to seek public injunctive relief in any forum.” (McGill, supra, 2 Cal.5th at p. 956.)
The high court concluded the arbitration clause had such a sweeping preclusive effect
across all fora because the clause barred McGill from pursuing “‘Claims and remedies’”
on a class or representative basis in both arbitration and “‘in any litigation in court.’”
(Id. at p. 952.) Having identified the issue, the Court ruled the arbitration provision was
“invalid and unenforceable under California law” precisely because “it purports to waive
McGill’s statutory right to seek [public injunctive] relief.” (Id. at p. 961.)
In explaining that conclusion, the Supreme Court cited Civil Code section
3513, which provides, in pertinent part, that “‘a law established for a public reason
cannot be contravened by a private agreement.’” (McGill, supra, 2 Cal.5th at p. 961.) In
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other words, a statutory right created to serve a public purpose is unwaivable. The Court
stated, “By definition, the public injunctive relief available under the UCL, the CLRA,
and the false advertising law . . . is primarily ‘for the benefit of the general public.’
[Citations.]” (Ibid.) Accordingly, the Supreme Court concluded, “the waiver in a
predispute arbitration agreement of the right to seek public injunctive relief under these
statutes would seriously compromise the public purposes the statutes were intended to
serve. Thus, insofar as the arbitration provision here purports to waive McGill’s right to
request in any forum such public injunctive relief, it is invalid and unenforceable under
California law.” (Ibid.)
2. The Choice-of-Law Analysis
Del Amo argues the trial court erred in ruling the arbitration provision is
unenforceable under McGill, supra, 2 Cal.5th 945 because Utah law, not California law,
applies in this case. The contention lacks merit. We conclude the trial court properly
refused to enforce the choice-of-law provision in the credit card agreement.
In Nedlloyd Lines B.V. v. Superior Court (1992) 3 Cal.4th 459 (Nedlloyd),
our high court set forth the rules for deciding the enforceability of contractual choice-of-
law provisions. Nedlloyd involved a contract dispute between a shipping company which
was incorporated in Hong Kong with its principal place of business in California, and
three other shipping companies which were incorporated and had their principal places of
business in the Netherlands. The contract contained a choice-of-law clause providing the
contract was to be governed by Hong Kong law. The Supreme Court held the choice of
law clause was fully enforceable and applicable to the claims asserted in that litigation
based on an analysis of the factors listed in the Restatement Second of Conflict of Laws
(Restatement) section 187, subdivision (b).
As the Supreme Court explained in Nedlloyd, in determining whether to
enforce a contractual choice-of-law provisions, “California courts shall apply the
principles set forth in Restatement section 187, which reflects a strong policy favoring
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enforcement of such provisions.” (Nedlloyd, supra, 3 Cal.4th at pp. 464-465.) Under the
Restatement section 187 principles, “‘The law of the state chosen by the parties to govern
their contractual rights and duties will be applied . . . unless either [¶] (a) the chosen state
has no substantial relationship to the parties or the transaction and there is no other
reasonable basis for the parties’ choice, or [¶] (b) application of the law of the chosen
state would be contrary to a fundamental policy of a state which has a materially greater
interest than the chosen state in the determination of the particular issue and which, under
the rule of § 188, would be the state of the applicable law in the absence of an effective
choice of law by the parties.’” (Id. at p. 465, fns. omitted; Washington Mutual Bank v.
Superior Court (2001) 24 Cal.4th 906, 917 [if party seeking to enforce choice-of-law
meets burden of proving substantial relationship, “the parties’ choice generally will be
enforced unless the other side can establish both that the chosen law is contrary to a
fundamental policy of California and that California has a materially greater interest in
the determination of the particular issue”] (italics added).)
Del Amo prevails on the first step of the Restatement section 187 analysis
because it produced evidence the chosen state, Utah, has a substantial relationship to the
parties or the transaction. In Nedlloyd, supra, 3 Cal.4th at p. 467, the Supreme Court held
a party’s domicile or incorporation in the chosen state “provides the required ‘substantial
relationship.’ [Citation.]” (Ibid.) Del Amo satisfied the “substantial relationship”
requirement by submitting evidence WebBank’s headquarters and bank charter are in
Utah.
Del Amo fares less well in the next two steps of the Restatement section
187 analysis, however: Mejia persuasively argues Utah law is contrary to a fundamental
policy of California, and California has a “‘materially greater interest than the chosen
state in the determination of the particular issue’” involved in this appeal: the
enforceability of arbitration contracts which purport to waive the right to seek public
injunctive relief.
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Del Amo argues Utah law is not contrary to any fundamental policy of
California because both states “broadly favor[] enforcement of arbitration clauses as
written. [Citations.]” Moreover, Del Amo contends, “Mejia cannot show that application
of Utah law would deny him the right to pursue adequate relief.” Del Amo argues Utah’s
consumer protection statute, the Consumer Sales Practices Act (UCSPA) “broadly
prohibits unfair and deceptive acts in consumer transactions. . . . [and] also provides
aggrieved consumers various remedies, including damages, restitution, and equitable
relief. . . . So applying Utah law and dismissing plaintiffs’ UCL and CLRA claims would
not violate any fundamental public policy of California[.]”
Mejia argues Utah’s consumer protection statute lacks many of the
substantive protections California law provides, pointing, for example, to Rees-
Levering’s requirement of full disclosure in one document of all cost items associated
with financing a motor vehicle purchase, with no comparable provision in Utah law. We
need not delve into the significance of the distinctions Mejia draws between the two
states’ consumer protection statutes, however, because there is a simpler basis for finding
Utah law conflicts with a fundamental policy of California. As Del Amo concedes in its
reply, “Utah does not permit courts to invalidate arbitration clauses that waive public
injunctive relief in any forum.”
The California Supreme Court’s McGill decision articulates the state’s
fundamental policy against enforcing the contractual waiver of the right to seek in any
forum a public injunction, which “[b]y definition . . . is primarily ‘for the benefit of the
general public.’ [Citations.]” (McGill, supra, 2 Cal.5th at p. 961.) Utah law does not
afford the same protection to the right to seek a public injunction. Consequently,
applying Utah law would conflict with California’s fundamental interest in protecting
Mejia’s right to seek public injunctive relief from Del Amo’s allegedly illegal practices.
Faced with this obstacle to enforcing the choice of law provision, Del Amo
responds with three arguments, each unsuccessful. The first two arguments dispute the
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application of McGill to this case. Del Amo argues “the relief Mejia seeks does not
qualify as a public injunction” and “the [arbitration] agreement does not waive the right
to seek public injunctive relief in all forums.” We consider and reject both these
arguments in the next section of this opinion. Del Amo’s third argument is circular and
conclusory, deserving no discussion. Del Amo states: “Finally, Mejia’s argument fails
as Utah law provides him adequate relief, and he fails to show that denying him the
additional remedy of a public injunction would violate any fundamental public policy in
this case.” We conclude Mejia carried his burden under Nedlloyd, supra, 3 Cal.4th at
p. 465, to show Utah law is contrary to a fundamental policy of California.
Mejia likewise prevails in his argument California has a materially greater
interest than Utah in the determination of the particular issue involved in this case.
(Nedlloyd, supra, 3 Cal.4th at p. 465.) Del Amo characterizes California’s interest here
as “an interest in regulating transactions concerning its consumers,” and asserts “Utah has
an equally compelling interest in regulating banks chartered within its borders.” Del
Amo asserts, “[S]ince WebBank conducts business throughout the United States, Utah
has a compelling interest in ensuring uniform regulation and interpretation of its banks’
credit card agreements. . . . Utah’s interests would be severely impacted if banks located
and chartered there were exposed to the peril of litigation under 50 different states’
regulatory schemes.” Del Amo further asserts, “Mejia seeks a ruling effectively
invalidating the WebBank-Yamaha credit card program in California, thus significantly
impairing WebBank’s interests even though it is not a party to the case. The impact of
such a rule of law on WebBank’s business operations and Utah’s interests would be
substantial.”
Del Amo’s argument badly misses the mark. Mejia’s complaint does not
seek to regulate WebBank, interpret its credit card agreement, or invalidate its “credit
card program in California[.]” In fact, this case has nothing to do with WebBank’s
practices or with its credit card program. Instead, the complaint has everything to do
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with Del Amo’s practices, and Del Amo is a California corporation, domiciled and doing
business in California.
As Mejia states in his brief, “[T]he claims in the case all relate to Del
Amo’s failure to disclose to Mejia . . . the costs associated with the financing of the
motorcycle in a single document, as required by the Rees-Levering Act.” In other words,
the complaint only seeks to evaluate, penalize, and correct Del Amo’s alleged illegal
practices; WebBank’s practices are simply not in issue in the case. It follows that the
complaint does not implicate Utah’s interest in “regulating banks chartered within its
borders.”
We conclude Mejia also carried his burden of showing California has a
materially greater interest than Utah in the determination of the “particular issue”
involved: the enforceability of an arbitration provision which bars Mejia from seeking in
any forum public injunctive relief against Del Amo. Accordingly, the trial court properly
applied the California Supreme Court’s decision in McGill, supra, 2 Cal.5th 945 in
denying the petition to compel arbitration.
B. The Arbitration Provision is Unenforceable under McGill
Del Amo asserts several arguments for finding McGill does not invalidate
the arbitration clause in this case. None has merit.
1. Mejia Seeks a Public Injunction under McGill
Del Amo argues the arbitration clause is not unenforceable under McGill
because Mejia “did not seek a public injunction.” Del Amo asserts that “[al]though
Mejia labeled his action as one for a ‘public’ injunction, the injunctive relief he sought
was actually private. McGill therefore does not apply.” Del Amo asserts, “Mejia does
not seek to prevent future harm to the general public,” but rather seeks an injunction to
benefit only a “narrow group of Del Amo customers”––the class of similarly situated
individuals who, like Mejia, would buy a motorcycle from Del Amo with a conditional
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sale contract. The general public, Del Amo argues, would not benefit from such a
“private” injunction.1 The argument makes little sense.
Mejia’s brief demonstrates the illogic of Del Amo’s argument. Mejia
points out his prayer seeks an injunction forcing Del Amo to cease “selling motor
vehicles in the state of California without first providing the consumer with all
disclosures mandated by Civil Code [section] 2982 in a single document.” Mejia asserts,
“[T]he prayer is plainly one for a public injunction given that Mejia ‘seeks to enjoin
future violations of California's consumer protection statutes, relief oriented to and for the
benefit of the general public.’ (Blair [v. Rent-A-Center, Inc. (9th Cir. 2019) 928 F.3d
[819,] 831.) [¶] . . . Mejia’s prayer does not limit itself to relief only for class members or
some other small group of individuals; it encompasses ‘consumers’ generally. (See Cruz
v. PacifiCare Health Sys., Inc. (2003) 30 Cal.4th 303, 315 [(Cruz)] [‘the request for
injunctive relief is clearly for the benefit of health care consumers and the general public
by seeking to enjoin PacifiCare’s alleged deceptive advertising practices’ (emphasis
added)].)”
1 Del Amo argues the facts of this case are analogous to those in Clifford v. Quest
Software (2019) 38 Cal.App.5th 745 (Clifford), where we held the plaintiff in that case
could not avoid arbitration of a UCL claim under “the Broughton/Cruz rule” because he
sought private injunctive relief for the benefit of only himself and a group of similarly
situated persons. Del Amo contends Mejia, like the plaintiff in Clifford, seeks only a
private injunction.
Clifford is not analogous. As Mejia points out, Clifford “was a wage and hour
case that did not involve either the Rees-Levering Act or the CLRA. Moreover, the
private nature of the UCL claim that was alleged was ‘immediately evident’ from the face
of the complaint given that the complaint ‘repeatedly refers to wage and hour violations
directed at Clifford only.’ (38 Cal.App.4th at 753.) The prayer was similarly limited,
with ‘[t]he only express beneficiary of Clifford’s requested injunctive relief . . . [being]
Clifford;’ ‘the only potential beneficiaries are Quest’s current employees.’”
Unlike the patently “private” injunctive relief the plaintiff sought in Clifford, we
explain here the injunctive relief Mejia seeks is clearly for the benefit of the general
public.
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The Supreme Court in McGill distinguished private and public injunctions.
The opinion defined “private injunctive relief” as “relief that primarily ‘resolve[s] a
private dispute’ between the parties [citation] and ‘rectif[ies] individual wrongs’
[citation], and that benefits the public, if at all, only incidentally[.]” (McGill, supra,
2 Cal.5th at p. 955.) The opinion defined “public injunctive relief” as “relief that ‘by and
large’ benefits the general public [citation] and that benefits the plaintiff, ‘if at all,’ only
‘incidental[ly]’ and/or as ‘a member of the general public’ [citation].” (Ibid.) The high
court cited as an example of a public injunction “an injunction under the CLRA against a
defendant’s deceptive methods, acts, and practices [which] ‘generally benefit[s]’ the
public ‘directly by the elimination of deceptive practices’ and ‘will . . . not benefit’ the
plaintiff ‘directly,’ because the plaintiff has ‘already been injured, allegedly, by such
practices and [is] aware of them.’ [Citation.] ‘[E]ven if a CLRA plaintiff stands to
benefit from an injunction against a deceptive business practice, it appears likely that the
benefit would be incidental to the general public benefit of enjoining such a practice.’
[Citation.]” (Ibid.)
We conclude the injunctive relief Mejia prays for in the complaint fits the
Supreme Court’s definition of “public injunctive relief” in McGill: “injunctive relief that
has the primary purpose and effect of prohibiting unlawful acts that threaten future injury
to the general public.” (McGill, supra, 2 Cal.5th at p. 951.) Consequently, there is no
merit to Del Amo’s argument McGill is inapplicable because Mejia does not seek public
injunctive relief.
2. The Arbitration Provision Bars a Public Injunction in Every Forum
Del Amo similarly fails to persuade us McGill is inapplicable because the
arbitration clause, “properly interpreted,” does not preclude a public injunction “in every
forum.” Del Amo’s argument depends on a strained, unreasonable interpretation of the
arbitration clause. We concur with the trial court’s interpretation of the arbitration clause
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as barring Mejia from seeking public injunctive relief “in any forum,” thereby rendering
the arbitration clause unenforceable under McGill.
The trial court’s reasoning in the minute order can be summarized as
follows: The arbitration provision “prevents [Mejia] from seeking and obtaining a public
injunction in arbitration.”2 Del Amo’s election to compel arbitration made arbitration
“the only forum available to [Mejia].”3 Given that, under McGill, the statutory right to
seek a public injunction is unwaivable and an arbitration agreement which purports to
waive that statutory right is unenforceable (McGill, supra, 2 Cal.5th at p. 961), the court
might have “saved” the arbitration clause by “sever[ing] the prohibition on public
injunctive relief from the Arbitration Provision.” The court could not save the arbitration
clause, however, because of the “poison pill” contained in the clause “restrict[ing] the
right of the Court to sever.” That restriction is in section 36, subpart (h), which provides
that “[i]f an arbitration is brought on a class, representative, or collective basis, and the
limitations on such proceedings in section (f) are finally adjudicated pursuant to the last
sentence of section (f) to be unenforceable, then no arbitration shall be had.” Having
concluded the arbitration provision’s “limitation on public injunctive relief is
unenforceable” under McGill, the court further concluded “‘then no arbitration shall be
had.’”
Del Amo explicitly attacks as “erroneous” the first two premises of the trial
court’s reasoning. Del Amo argues “settled principles of contract interpretation” support
a different construction of the arbitration clause.
2 Section 36, subpart (f) barred arbitration on “a class, representative, or collective
basis (including as private attorney general on behalf of others)” and also explicitly
barred the arbitrator from determining “the rights, obligations, or interests of anyone
other than a named party” or from “mak[ing] an award for the benefit of . . . anyone other
than a named party.”
3 Section 36, subpart (a) gave Del Amo as a Yamaha “dealer” the right to elect
arbitration as “the sole and exclusive forum and remedy for resolution of a Claim . . . .”
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In a nutshell, Del Amo contends the arbitration provision requiring
arbitration (upon Del Amo’s election to arbitrate) of any “Claim” has an implied
exception for a claim for a public injunction; the arbitration provision allows Mejia to
pursue his claim for public injunction in court after arbitration of all arbitrable claims.
Consequently, the arbitration provision does not purport to waive the right to seek a
public injunction in every forum and is, therefore, not unenforceable under McGill.
Close inspection of Del Amo’s argument reveals its errors.
There is no merit to Del Amo’s contention the arbitration provision has an
“implied exception” for seeking a public injunction. An implied exception must be
consistent with the intent of the parties as expressed in the contract, and must be
reasonable in light of the whole contract. “A contract must receive such an interpretation
as will make it lawful . . . and capable of being carried into effect, if it can be done
without violating the intention of the parties.” (Civ. Code, § 1643.) “We do not have the
power to create for the parties a contract that they did not make and cannot insert
language that one party now wishes were there.” (Vons Companies, Inc. v. United States
Fire Ins. Co. (2000) 78 Cal.App.4th 52, 59.) Here, the purported implied exception for a
public injunction directly conflicts with the plain text of the arbitration provision and the
clear intent expressed in that text.
As the trial court specifically noted, the “poison pill” provision in subpart
(h) expressly states that if a court finds “unenforceable” the “limitations” in subpart (f) on
the arbitration of “class, representative, or collective” actions and on “class,
representative, or collective” relief (such as a public injunction), “then no arbitration shall
be had.” In other words, the arbitration provision makes clear the parties do not intend
to arbitrate “other claims” if the “limitations” on the arbitration of “class, representative
[and] collective” claims are unenforceable. The clear import of the poison pill, then, is
the parties intend to forfeit arbitration entirely if class, representative, or collective claims
17
(and relief) are exempted from the reach of the arbitration provision and allowed to be
tried in court.
Given the text and intent of the poison pill in subpart (h), Del Amo’s
argument for an implied exception for public injunctive relief makes no sense.
Notwithstanding Del Amo’s invocation of general rules of construction favoring
construing “arbitration provisions to support their enforceability[] (Pearson Dental
[Supplies, Inc. v. Superior Court (2010)] 48 Cal.4th [665,] 681-682),” we reject the
unreasonable interpretation of the arbitration provision Del Amo urges here.
Del Amo’s final argument is the FAA preempts McGill. We need not
discuss this contention, however, because Del Amo itself concedes the argument has no
chance of success. Del Amo states in a footnote to its opening brief: “The California
Supreme Court and the Ninth Circuit have held that the FAA does not preempt the
McGill rule. (McGill, supra, 2 Cal.5th at p. 952; Blair v. Rent-A-Center, Inc., supra,928 F.3d at p. 824.) Del Amo acknowledges that this Court is bound by McGill, but
raises the preemption point to preserve it for appellate review by the California or United
States Supreme Courts.”)
In conclusion, the trial court properly found the arbitration provision
unenforceable under McGill, supra, 2 Cal.5th at p. 961, and on that basis properly denied
Del Amo’s petition to compel arbitration.4
4 In light of this conclusion, we need not address Mejia’s two arguments, rejected
by the trial court, that Del Amo as a nonsignatory to the credit card agreement lacks
standing to enforce that agreement’s arbitration clause, and that the claims in his
complaint are outside the scope of the agreement to arbitrate.
18
III
DISPOSITION
The order denying the petition to compel arbitration is affirmed. Mejia is
entitled to his costs on appeal.
ARONSON, J.
WE CONCUR:
MOORE, ACTING P. J.
IKOLA, J.
19
Filed 9/15/20
IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA
FOURTH APPELLATE DISTRICT
DIVISION THREE
JOSEPH MEJIA,
Plaintiff and Respondent, G058112
v. (Super. Ct. No. 30-2018-01023401)
DACM INC., ORDER
Defendant and Appellant.
Respondent, Joseph Mejia, and nonparties Center for Consumer Law and
Economic Justice, National Consumer Law Center, Consumers for Auto Reliability and
Safety, Housing and Economic Rights Advocates, and UC Consumer Law Clinic have
requested that our opinion filed on August 24, 2020, be certified for publication. It
appears that our opinion meets the standards set forth in California Rules of Court, rule
8.1105(c). The request is GRANTED. The opinion is ordered published in the Official
Reports.
ARONSON, J.
WE CONCUR:
MOORE, ACTING P. J.
IKOLA, J.