People v. Hubbard

Filed 7/22/20
CERTIFIED FOR PARTIAL PUBLICATION*
IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA
THIRD APPELLATE DISTRICT
(Sacramento)
----
THE PEOPLE, C088149
Plaintiff and Respondent, (Super. Ct. No. 17FE018579)
v.
DWAYNE ALLEN HUBBARD,
Defendant and Appellant.
APPEAL from a judgment of the Superior Court of Sacramento County,
Michael A. Savage, Judge. Affirmed.
Jake C. Stebner, under appointment by the Court of Appeal, for Defendant and
Appellant.
Xavier Becerra, Attorney General, Lance W. Winters, Chief Assistant Attorney
General, Michael P. Farrell, Assistant Attorney General, Eric L. Christoffersen, Christina
Hitomi Simpson, Deputy Attorney General, for Plaintiff and Respondent.
* Pursuant to California Rules of Court, rules 8.1105 and 8.1110, this opinion is certified
for publication with the exception of parts III and IV.
1
Defendant Dwayne Allen Hubbard appeals from his conviction by jury trial for
felony indecent exposure. Among his contentions are that the prosecutor committed
misconduct by improperly referring to his decision to not testify, in violation of Griffin v.
California (1965) 380 U.S. 609, at page 615, and that the trial court erred by failing to
instruct the jury sua sponte on attempted indecent exposure as a lesser included offense.
In the published portion of our opinion, we disagree with these claims.
In the unpublished portion of our opinion, we disagree with an additional claim of
prosecutorial misconduct and agree with defendant’s claim that the trial court erred by
admitting certain photographs into evidence. We find the error harmless and affirm the
judgment.
FACTS AND PROCEEDINGS
The testimony presented at defendant’s trial revealed the following:
At approximately 10:00 p.m., after finishing class at Cosumnes River College,
Nayeli B. stood at the top of a set of stairs in front of the Winn Center while awaiting her
ride home. She stood on the left side of the stairs. It was dark, but the area was well-lit
by streetlamps. Nayeli saw defendant walking toward her; there was no one else in front
of the building. Defendant walked closely past her.
After walking past Nayeli, defendant walked down the stairs and stood behind two
signs with a several inch gap between them; the signs were to the left of the bottom of the
stairs and approximately 36 feet from her. That area was illuminated by a thin-poled
streetlamp located between defendant and Nayeli.
Nayeli felt uncomfortable, so she called her girlfriend. Defendant “kept looking
back staring at [her]” and “gawking” at her for approximately one to two minutes. Nayeli
increased her attention on him so she could describe him for her girlfriend. She “noticed
he was masturbating” while gawking at her. She did not see defendant pull out his penis,
but she could see his penis, and she saw him moving his hand up and down in a
“masturbating motion.” She watched him masturbate for approximately 30 to 40
2
seconds.1 Defendant did not turn his back to her, position himself behind one of the
signs, try to cover himself up, or stop gawking at her. Nayeli testified the light pole was
“[a]bsolutely not” obstructing her view of defendant.
Nayeli ran back into the building; she was crying and screaming. She told an
employee that she had seen a man masturbating. She said defendant was “thrusting
himself” and that he “showed [her] his privates.” The employee called the police.
Campus security arrived at the scene and arrested defendant within three to five minutes.
The prosecution charged defendant with a single count of indecent exposure (Pen.
Code, § 314, subd. 1)2 and alleged that he had been previously convicted of committing a
lewd or lascivious act on a child (§ 288, subd. (a)). That previous conviction rendered
the indecent exposure charge a felony. (§ 314, subd. 2.) The information further alleged
defendant had three serious felony prior convictions within the meaning of section 667,
subdivision (e)(2)(C)(iv) and section 1170.12, subdivision (c)(2)(C)(iv) -- lewd or
lascivious act on a child under 14 years (§ 288, subd. (a)), assault with intent to commit a
sexual offense (§ 220), and attempted kidnapping (§§ 664, 207, subd. (a)).
A jury found defendant guilty of indecent exposure. In a bifurcated proceeding,
the trial court found the allegations true. The court denied defendant’s motion to dismiss
the prior strike convictions pursuant to People v. Superior Court (Romero) (1996)
13 Cal. 4th 497. Applying the three strikes law, the court sentenced defendant to 25 years
to life in prison.
Defendant timely appealed. Additional facts will be set out in the Discussion as
necessary.
1Nayeli later testified she ran back into the Winn Center as soon as she noticed he was
masturbating.
2 Further undesignated statutory references are to the Penal Code.
3
DISCUSSION
I
Allegation of Griffin Error
Defendant neither testified nor called any witnesses on his behalf. He contends
the prosecutor improperly commented on his failure to testify, in violation of Griffin.
Although we view this as a fairly close case, as we explain in detail below, we conclude
the prosecutor’s challenged comments were fair responses to specific portions of defense
counsel’s closing argument.
A. Procedural Background
During her closing argument, defense counsel argued that defendant was merely a
student who had to urinate: “So this student is leaving campus. He has to take a pee. He
is walking down the stairs. He is going to the Light Rail station. He has no idea how
many people might be standing there at that Light Rail station. There is one person
where he is, okay? There is one person that he just walked past. She had just stopped in
front of him at the top of those stairs. He passed her. He glances back once to check is
she going to stay there. Is this a private place or not.” Two short paragraphs of the
transcript from the end of her closing, defense counsel emphasized the lack of physical
evidence against defendant and told the jury that: “In no way, shape or form did the
government give a student any chance of proving he is not guilty.” (Italics added.) The
trial court sustained the prosecutor’s objection that the argument assumed facts not in
evidence.
After a recess, at the beginning of his rebuttal argument, the prosecutor read
CALCRIM No. 355: “A defendant has an absolute constitutional right not to testify. He
may rely on the state of the evidence and argue that the People have failed to prove the
charges beyond a reasonable doubt. Do not consider for any reason at all the fact the
defendant did not testify. Do not discuss that fact during your deliberations or let it
influence your decision in any way.”
4
The prosecutor then argued: “That’s the law and you guys have to follow it. You
must understand that. Also, the burden in this case, it’s with the People. It’s with me. It
never shifts. [Defense counsel] is absolutely correct when she tells you they don’t have
to do anything. They don’t have to put on any evidence.
“But now let’s talk about what they are not allowed to do. She’s not allowed to
get up here in closing and make up facts of which there is no evidence of that. What am I
talking about? Well, apparently he’s a college student who was getting out of class,
going to the Light Rail station, stopped to pee. What evidence did we hear of that? What
evidence at all?
“He had a collared shirt and a backpack on. That is true. You heard that evidence.
You didn’t hear any evidence of the narrative she spun about this innocent man walking
after getting out of college class going to the Light Rail station, zero, none.
“The defendant has an absolute right not to testify, but she cannot use that as a
sword and a shield. And that’s what she did. And the reason she did it, because these
facts don’t break good for her or her client. You are left with the evidence you heard.”
The prosecutor concluded his rebuttal: “Did [defendant] sit around innocently
peeing or just hanging out facing the Winn Center? No, he didn’t. He went to the Light
Rail station. [¶] The facts are clear, the evidence is uncontroverted. The defendant has a
constitutional right to the presumption of innocence. He has that throughout these
proceedings, up and until you are convinced otherwise. The burden never shifts.
Remember that. But what he is not entitled to do is a made up universe of facts that was
just given to you in the defense attorney’s closing argument.”
At the conclusion of the prosecutor’s argument, defense counsel requested to
approach the bench. The lawyers and the court conferenced in chambers. After giving
the jury its final instructions and dismissing it to begin deliberations, the court told
defense counsel, “I know you have something you want to put on the record . . . so we
will get to that in just a moment.” After addressing other procedural issues, the court
5
stated, “And your argument on the closing, Ms. Cunningham.” Defense counsel then
objected to the prosecutor’s argument; she argued he improperly drew attention to the
fact that defendant did not testify before arguing there was no evidence to support
defense counsel’s version of the events. According to defense counsel, the prosecutor’s
argument implied defendant should have testified. She requested a curative instruction.
The trial court observed the prosecutor had a right to recite any jury instruction,
and it was not improper to highlight the fact that there was no evidence that defendant
was merely urinating. It did not give a curative instruction.
B. Standard of Review
We evaluate claims of Griffin error by inquiring whether there is “a reasonable
likelihood that any of the [prosecutor’s] comments could have been understood, within its
context, to refer to defendant’s failure to testify.” (People v. Clair (1992) 2 Cal. 4th 629,
663.) “[W]hen the claim focuses upon comments made by the prosecutor before the jury,
the question is whether there is a reasonable likelihood that the jury construed or applied
any of the complained-of remarks in an objectionable fashion. [Citation.]” (People v.
Samayoa (1997) 15 Cal. 4th 795, 841.) We review prosecutorial remarks referring to the
defendant’s failure to testify de novo. (See People v. Roybal (1998) 19 Cal. 4th 481, 514.)
“What is crucial to a claim of prosecutorial misconduct is not the good faith vel
non of the prosecutor, but the potential injury to the defendant.” (People v. Benson
(1990) 52 Cal. 3d 754, 793.) “Under the federal standard, prosecutorial misconduct that
infects the trial with such ‘ “unfairness as to make the resulting conviction a denial of due
process” ’ is reversible error. [Citation.] In contrast, under our state law, prosecutorial
misconduct is reversible error where the prosecutor uses ‘deceptive or reprehensible
methods to persuade either the court or the jury’ [citation] and ‘ “it is reasonably probable
that a result more favorable to the defendant would have been reached without the
misconduct” ’ [citation].” (People v. Martinez (2010) 47 Cal. 4th 911, 955-956.)
6
C. Forfeiture
The Attorney General contends defendant forfeited the argument by not timely
objecting to the argument and by not objecting on the basis of a federal constitutional
error. We disagree.
“To preserve a misconduct claim for review on appeal, a defendant must make a
timely objection and, unless an admonition would not have cured the harm, ask the trial
court to admonish the jury to disregard the prosecutor’s improper remarks or conduct.
[Citation.]” (People v. Martinez, supra, 47 Cal.4th at p. 956.) In People v. Peoples
(2016) 62 Cal. 4th 718 at page 801, our Supreme Court concluded the defendant did not
forfeit a prosecutor misconduct claim despite his failure to contemporaneously object to
the statements. The court held that the defendant’s motion for a mistrial the day after the
prosecutor’s remarks preserved the issue on appeal where the motion occurred before the
jury had begun deliberating and well before a verdict had been reached. (Ibid.)
Here, while the referenced chambers conference was unreported, it appears
defense counsel raised her objections to the prosecutor’s argument immediately after the
conclusion of the prosecutor’s argument. We conclude defendant’s objection put the
court on notice that misconduct was alleged in time for the court to issue a curative
instruction. Thus, defendant’s objection was timely.
We also disagree that defendant forfeited the argument by not objecting on the
basis of a federal constitutional error. Defendant contended that the prosecutor had made
“an improper argument” by highlighting that he did not testify and implying that he
should have testified to support his trial counsel’s version of the events. That objection
and explanation was sufficient to preserve the claim.
D. Griffin Error Background
Under the rule in Griffin v. California, supra, 380 U.S. at pages 612 to 613, it is a
violation of the Fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution for the prosecutor or
court to comment on the defendant’s failure to testify. The Griffin rule has been extended
7
to prohibit a prosecutor from commenting, either directly or indirectly, on the defendant’s
failure to testify. (People v. Medina (1995) 11 Cal. 4th 694, 755; People v. Guzman
(2000) 80 Cal. App. 4th 1282, 1287 [Griffin has been interpreted as prohibiting
prosecution from “so much as suggesting to the jury that it may view the defendant’s
silence as evidence of guilt”]; People v. Vargas (1973) 9 Cal. 3d 470, 476 [prosecutor’s
argument asserting “there is no denial at all that they were all there” connotes a personal
response from the accused himself].) This rule does not prohibit a prosecutor’s
comments on the state of the evidence, or on the failure of the defense to introduce
material evidence or to call logical witnesses. (People v. Hovey (1988) 44 Cal. 3d 543,
572; People v. Sanchez (2014) 228 Cal. App. 4th 1517, 1524.) “ ‘ “ ‘[A] prosecutor is
given wide latitude during argument. The argument may be vigorous as long as it
amounts to fair comment on the evidence, which can include reasonable inferences, or
deductions to be drawn therefrom.’ ” ’ ” (People v. Hill (1998) 17 Cal. 4th 800, 819 .)
As relevant here, under certain specific circumstances a prosecutor’s reference to a
defendant’s opportunity to testify may be properly classified as fair response to defense
counsel’s argument. This tactic is not without risk, but the United States Supreme Court
has described a situation where a reference to a lack of evidence coming from defendant
himself does not violate his Fifth Amendment privilege. In United States v. Robinson
(1988) 485 U.S. 25, defense counsel urged during closing argument that the government
had not allowed defendant to explain his side of the story in a mail fraud prosecution.
The prosecutor responded during his closing that defendant “ ‘could have taken the stand
and explained it to you . . . .’ ” (Id. at p. 28.) The Court observed that the prosecutor’s
comment referred to defendant’s decision to not testify as declining an opportunity to tell
his side of the story. (Id. at pp. 31-32.) The Court did not find error, explaining the
difference between Griffin error and the prosecutor’s comments in Robinson: “Where the
prosecutor on his own initiative asks the jury to draw an adverse inference from a
defendant’s silence, Griffin holds that the privilege against compulsory self-incrimination
8
is violated. But whereas in this case the prosecutor’s reference to the defendant’s
opportunity to testify is a fair response to a claim made by defendant or his counsel, we
think there is no violation of the privilege.” (Id. at p. 32.) The Court observed, “ ‘[The]
central purpose of a criminal trial is to decide the factual question of the defendant’s guilt
or innocence, [citation] . . . .’ [Citation.] To this end it is important that both the
defendant and the prosecutor have the opportunity to meet fairly the evidence and
arguments of one another.” (Id. at p. 33.) “It is one thing to hold . . . that the prosecutor
may not treat a defendant’s exercise of his right to remain silent at trial as substantive
evidence of guilt; it is quite another to urge, as defendant does here, that the same
reasoning would prohibit the prosecutor from fairly responding to an argument of the
defendant by adverting to that silence.” (Id. at p. 34.)
Thus “[q]uestions or argument suggesting that the defendant did not have a fair
opportunity to explain his innocence can open the door to evidence and comment on his
silence. [Citation.]” (People v. Lewis (2004) 117 Cal. App. 4th 246, 257, italics added.)
E. Analysis
As we have detailed above, here defense counsel argued that defendant was
merely a student leaving campus who had to urinate, despite the fact that no evidence had
been admitted supporting that description of events. She added that the government did
not give “a student any chance of proving he is not guilty.”
The prosecutor then began his rebuttal by reciting CALCRIM No. 355. Absent
the preceding argument by defense counsel, this may well have been problematic. (See
In re Rodriguez (1981) 119 Cal. App. 3d 457, 468 [discouraging reference to comparable
instruction by the prosecutor in argument, noting that the “probable effect is to focus the
jury’s attention upon” defendant’s failure to testify and comments thereon, and that
“depending upon the tone and manner in which they are delivered, . . . convey a meaning
precisely contrary to their literal import”].)
9
The prosecutor then reminded the jury that the defense did not have to put on any
evidence, and stated: “But now let’s talk about what they are not allowed to do. She’s
not allowed to get up here in closing and make up facts of which there is no evidence of
that. What am I talking about? Well, apparently he’s a college student who was getting
out of class, going to the Light Rail station, stopped to pee. What evidence did we hear
of that? What evidence at all?” He continued: “You didn’t hear any evidence of the
narrative she spun about this innocent man walking after getting out of college class
going to the Light Rail station, zero, none.” These statements were permissible
comments on the evidence and did not comment on defendant’s decision to not testify.
(See People v. Bradford (1997) 15 Cal. 4th 1229, 1339-1340 [prosecutor’s statement that
“ ‘there is no evidence to the contrary’ ” does not constitute Griffin error because it did
not allude to the lack of refutation or denial by defendant].)
The prosecutor continued: “The defendant has an absolute right not to testify, but
she cannot use that as a sword and a shield. And that’s what she did. And the reason she
did it, because these facts don’t break good for her or her client. You are left with the
evidence you heard.” These statements, while again referencing CALCRIM No. 355 and
arguably impermissible comments on defendant’s decision to not testify when taken out
of context, in this instance were fair response to defense counsel’s closing argument.3
The prosecutor fairly observed that defense counsel had just argued a version of the facts
largely lacking in evidentiary support--the sword--while not subjecting defendant or that
version of the facts generally to cross examination--the shield. And, importantly, as we
have described above, defense counsel had just told the jury that “the government” had
not, in any “way, shape, or form,” given defendant the “chance of proving he is not
3 It is important here to note that defense counsel apparently identified as female and
defendant as male. Therefore the majority of the prosecutor’s references in this segment
(to “her” and “she”) were to defense counsel, not defendant himself.
10
guilty.” Under Robinson and Lewis, this argument permitted the prosecutor to counter
the suggestion that defendant was somehow precluded by the government from telling his
story. While we recognize that, for practical purposes, defendant was not able to testify
given his prior sex offenses (see Evid. Code, § 788; People v. Linyard (1957) 151
Cal. App. 2d 50, 55), here defense counsel herself raised the issue.
In concluding his rebuttal argument, the prosecutor stated: “Did [defendant] sit
around innocently peeing or just hanging out facing the Winn Center? No, he didn’t. He
went to the Light Rail station. [¶] The facts are clear, the evidence is uncontroverted.
The defendant has a constitutional right to the presumption of innocence. He has that
throughout these proceedings, up and until you are convinced otherwise. The burden
never shifts. Remember that. But what he is not entitled to do is a made up universe of
facts that was just given to you in the defense attorney’s closing argument.”
Our Supreme Court has held that a prosecutor may commit Griffin error if he
argues to the jury that certain testimony or evidence is uncontradicted, if such
contradiction or denial could be provided only by the defendant, who therefore would be
required to take the witness stand. (People v. Johnson (1992) 3 Cal. 4th 1183, 1229.) The
prosecutor may, however, describe the evidence as “unrefuted” or “uncontradicted”
where the evidence could have been contradicted by witnesses other than defendant.
(Ibid.) In People v. Bruce G. (2002) 97 Cal. App. 4th 1233 at pages 1244 to 1245, we
observed that a prosecutor may characterize evidence as “uncontroverted” even where the
defendant is the only person who could have known what did or did not happen if the
prosecutor was commenting on the entire state of the evidence.
Here, defendant could have presented other witnesses to support his counsel’s
version of events. For example, defendant could have called his professor, a classmate,
or an administrator to testify that he was in a class that had concluded immediately before
the incident or some other fact to show that he was, indeed, “a student,” as counsel
argued. Moreover, here the prosecutor’s statement that the evidence was
11
“uncontradicted” was a comment on the state of the evidence rather than a comment on
defendant’s failure to testify. The comment simply observed, correctly, that no evidence
contradicting Nayeli’s version of events had been presented. Because the prosecutor’s
statements were fair comments in response to a defense argument that was not based on
actual evidence admitted at trial, this segment of the argument was also permissible.
For these reasons, we conclude the prosecutor did not commit Griffin error in any
of his challenged comments during his rebuttal argument.
II
Lesser Included Offense Instruction
Defendant contends the trial court erred by failing to instruct the jury sua sponte
on the law of attempted indecent exposure as a lesser included crime of indecent
exposure. He asserts there is substantial evidence that he committed attempted indecent
exposure but not the completed crime of indecent exposure, requiring the court to instruct
the jury on attempt. We disagree.
A. Duty to Instruct
“ ‘The trial court is obligated to instruct the jury on all general principles of law
relevant to the issues raised by the evidence, whether or not the defendant makes a formal
request.’ [Citations.] ‘That obligation encompasses instructions on lesser included
offenses if there is evidence that, if accepted by the trier of fact, would absolve the
defendant of guilt of the greater offense but not of the lesser.’ [Citations.] ‘To justify a
lesser included offense instruction, the evidence supporting the instruction must be
substantial—that is, it must be evidence from which a jury composed of reasonable
persons could conclude that the facts underlying the particular instruction exist.’
[Citations.] [¶] ‘ “Conversely, even on request, the court ‘has no duty to instruct on any
lesser offense unless there is substantial evidence to support such instruction.’ ”
[Citation.] This substantial evidence requirement is not satisfied by “ ‘any evidence . . .
no matter how weak,’ ” but rather by evidence from which a jury composed of reasonable
12
persons could conclude “that the lesser offense, but not the greater, was committed.”
[Citation.] “On appeal, we review independently the question whether the trial court
failed to instruct on a lesser included offense.” ’ ” (People v. Souza (2012) 54 Cal. 4th 90,
115-116.) An attempt to commit a specific intent crime is considered a lesser included
offense of the completed crime. (In re Sylvester C. (2006) 137 Cal. App. 4th 601, 609.)
“Doubts as to the sufficiency of the evidence to warrant instructions should be
resolved in favor of the accused.” (People v. Wilson (1967) 66 Cal. 2d 749, 763.)
B. Indecent Exposure
“Generally, a conviction for indecent exposure requires proof of two elements:
‘(1) the defendant must willfully and lewdly expose the private parts of his person; and
(2) such exposure must be committed in a public place or in a place where there are
present other persons to be offended or annoyed thereby.’ [Citation.]” (People v.
Carbajal (2003) 114 Cal. App. 4th 978, 982 (Carbajal).) “[A] conviction for indecent
exposure under Penal Code section 314, subdivision 1 requires evidence that a defendant
actually exposed his or her genitals in the presence of another person, but there is no
concomitant requirement that such person actually must have seen the defendant’s
genitals.” (Id. at p. 986.)
The trial court instructed the jury with CALCRIM No. 1160, which provides: “To
prove that the defendant is guilty of this crime, the People must prove that: [¶] 1. The
defendant willfully exposed his genitals in the presence of another person or persons who
might be offended or annoyed by the defendant’s actions; [¶] [AND] [¶] 2. When the
defendant exposed himself, he acted lewdly by intending to direct public attention to his
genitals for the purpose of sexually arousing or gratifying himself or another person, or
sexually offending another person[.] [¶] Someone commits an act willfully when he
does it willingly or on purpose. It is not required that he intend to break the law, hurt
someone else, or gain any advantage. [¶] It is not required that another person actually
see the exposed genitals.”
13
As for attempted indecent exposure, “[a]n attempt to commit a crime consists of
two elements: a specific intent to commit the crime, and a direct but ineffectual act done
toward its commission.” (§ 21a.) “[A] defendant can be convicted of an attempt to
commit a crime even though the crime, in fact, was completed.” (People v. Rundle
(2008) 43 Cal. 4th 76, 138, fn. 28, disapproved on another ground in People v. Doolin
(2009) 45 Cal. 4th 390, 421, fn. 22; § 663.)
In Carbajal, supra, 114 Cal. App. 4th 978, the appellate court directly addressed the
issue whether a defendant may be convicted of indecent exposure where the complaining
witness did not personally see the defendant’s genitals. While sitting at a table in a
restaurant, Carbajal put his fist inside his shorts and moved his hands up and down for
five to 10 minutes. He then ejaculated onto the floor. The complaining witness testified
she did not see Carbajal’s penis because he wore a long t-shirt and loose fitting shorts.
The witness could tell he had taken his penis out of his shorts because she would see the
skin of his fist “ ‘[w]hen he made strong movements . . . .’ ” (Id. at p. 981.) The jury
found the defendant guilty of indecent exposure and lewd conduct. (Ibid.)
On appeal, Carbajal challenged the sufficiency of the evidence as to his conviction
for indecent exposure because the complaining witnesses did not actually see his genitals.
(Carbajal, supra, 114 Cal.App.4th at p. 982.) The court reviewed the history of section
314 and the application of similar statutes in other jurisdictions. (Carbajal, at pp. 983-
986.) The court first observed that, at common law, indecent exposure only required that
the exposure had occurred in a public place, not that it be observed. (Id. at p. 983, citing
3 Wharton’s Criminal Law (15th ed. 1995) § 308, pp. 196-200, fns. omitted.) In
reviewing recent cases from other jurisdictions, the court noted several jurisdictions have
not required the exposure to be witnessed. (Carbajal, at pp. 984-985 [citing cases].) The
court identified potentially conflicting case law from Texas, where a divided appellate
court held that a man using his hand to shield his otherwise uncovered penis had not
committed indecent exposure (Beasley v. State (Tex. App. 1995) 906 S.W.2d 270, 271,
14
272), and a different appellate court later concluded that circumstantial evidence
suggesting a defendant was naked from the waist down and was masturbating was
sufficient to support a conviction for indecent exposure (Metts v. State (Tex. App. 2000)
22 S.W.3d 544, 546-548). (Carbajal, at p. 985.) Finally, the Carbajal court described
two cases from other jurisdictions in which the evidence was insufficient to support the
conclusion that the defendant had actually exposed himself. (Carbajal, at p. 986, citing
Commonwealth v. Arthur (Mass. 1995) 650 N.E.2d 787, 788-789 [evidence insufficient
where defendant only exposed pubic hair], State v. Jaime (Conn. Cir. Ct. 1967) 236 A.2d
474, 475 [evidence insufficient where defendant was observed “shaking his hand in the
region of his sexual organ” but not exposing himself].)
The Carbajal court concluded: “Our review of the common law and cases from
other jurisdictions leads us to conclude that a conviction for indecent exposure under
Penal Code section 314, subdivision 1 requires evidence that a defendant actually
exposed his or her genitals in the presence of another person, but there is no concomitant
requirement that such person actually must have seen the defendant’s genitals. Thus, we
will uphold defendant’s conviction for indecent exposure in the absence of evidence of
any direct visual observation of his genitals so long as there is sufficient circumstantial
evidence to show that actual exposure occurred.” (Carbajal, supra, 114 Cal.App.4th at p.
986.)
Defendant relies on People v. Rehmeyer (1993) 19 Cal. App. 4th 1758, where a
complaining witness awoke to the sound of Rehmeyer putting lotion on his skin and
rubbing briskly. The witness saw a nude--except for a baseball cap--man in her doorway,
who turned and ran away when she awoke. She did not see the man’s genitals. (Id. at p.
1764.) A jury found Rehmeyer guilty of attempted indecent exposure, and he challenged
the conviction on appeal. (Id. at p. 1766.) The appellate court concluded sufficient
evidence supported Rehmeyer’s intent to expose himself and that he was masturbating
before the witness woke up. (Id. at p. 1767.) But the court in Rehmeyer notably did not
15
conclude that the evidence presented would have been insufficient to support a conviction
for indecent exposure merely because the witness did not see Rehmeyer’s genitals.
Indeed, the court did not discuss whether a complaining witness would need to see a
defendant’s genitals to support a conviction for indecent exposure.
We apply the standard described in Carbajal, supra, 114 Cal.App.4th at page 986,
and conclude here that there was not substantial evidence to require the attempted
indecent exposure instruction. Defendant asserts that a juror skeptical of Nayeli’s version
of events could have reasonably concluded that the prosecution had only proved
attempted indecent exposure. He contends Nayeli was standing approximately 36 feet
away from defendant, there was no evidence of semen at the scene, the events occurred at
night, and defendant was standing between two signs. He argues Nayeli was on “high
alert” and could have misperceived or confabulated what actually occurred. Finally, he
asserts circumstantial evidence allows for the conclusion that the light pole could have
partially or completely blocked her view of defendant’s genitals. Defendant concludes:
“[A] reasonable juror had reason to conclude that [defendant] was masturbating and
attempting to expose his penis to [Nayeli], but that his effort was thwarted by the visual
barriers of darkness, distance, and physical obstructions between him and [Nayeli].”
However, the issue here is not whether Nayeli actually observed defendant’s
genitals. Rather, the issue is whether, in Nayeli’s presence, defendant willfully exposed
himself lewdly for the purpose of sexually gratifying himself or offending Nayeli.
Defendant argues that a reasonable juror could have concluded that defendant’s conduct
satisfied all of the elements but that his genitals were not visible to Nayeli. But in that
circumstance, defendant would still have satisfied the elements of indecent exposure.
Therefore, we conclude there was no factual circumstance in which the jury could have
16
found defendant guilty of attempted indecent exposure and not guilty of indecent
exposure.4
III
Defendant’s Booking Photograph and Photograph of Nayeli
Defendant next contends the trial court erred by admitting into evidence his
booking photograph and a photograph of Nayeli. Defendant argues the photographs were
inadmissible because they were irrelevant and because the risk of undue prejudice
substantially outweighed any probative value of the photographs. We agree there was
error but find it harmless.
A. Procedural Background
The prosecutor sought to introduce defendant’s booking photograph and a
photograph of Nayeli taken before the incident. In defendant’s photograph, his eyes
appear red, watery, and almost closed. The top of the photo states defendant’s “Arrest
Number.” The photograph extends to defendant’s top shoulder and neck area; he appears
to be wearing a dark-colored outer layer, although it is not clear what that garment is, and
possibly a collared shirt. To the extent the photograph would otherwise show defendant’s
clothes, almost all of that area is covered by defendant’s long, dreadlocked hair.
Defendant had not changed his appearance since the photograph was taken.
Nayeli presents in her photograph as a smiling and pleasant young lady, possibly
at some kind of event. She testified the photograph was taken around the time of the
incident, which was less than nine months before trial. No evidence suggested her
appearance had changed between the date of the incident and the date of her testimony.
4 Defendant also argues this issue has been preserved despite defendant’s failure to raise
it at trial, the error was not invited, and the error was not harmless. Because we conclude
the trial court did not err by not instructing the jury on the law of attempted indecent
exposure, we do not reach these other issues.
17
Defendant moved to exclude the photographs from evidence. Regarding the
photograph of Nayeli, defense counsel argued the photograph was irrelevant and “only
serve[d] to invoke sympathy and bias on the part of the jury.” The prosecutor argued: “I
will be honest with you, your Honor, I use them in Power Point closings, pictures of the
victim and defendant. That’s why I want it.” The trial court permitted use of the
photograph provided it “accurately depicts who the woman is . . . just to remind the jury
of who she is.”
The trial court found defendant’s booking photograph was not “particularly
prejudicial” and that defendant looked “sleepy, if anything.” The court initially deferred
ruling and after defense counsel’s cross examination of Nayeli--which focused on her
ability to observe defendant’s conduct given the lighting and physical impediments--the
court concluded the booking photograph was relevant to prove identity, pointing out that
defense counsel had questioned Nayeli about her ability to accurately perceive defendant
during the incident. The court also determined the booking photograph was relevant to
show what defendant looked like on the night of the incident to justify Nayeli’s reaction
to him coming up from behind her.
At the court’s direction, the prosecutor displayed the booking photograph and the
photograph of Nayeli on different slides during closing argument, although he had
originally expressed the intention to show them side by side on one slide. He told the
jury that he did not display the photograph so the jury would “condemn” defendant or
“judge” him based on the photograph. Rather, the prosecutor stated that he displayed the
photograph “because he’s wearing the clothes that he was wearing that night.”
B. Legal Background
Only relevant evidence is admissible. (Evid. Code, § 350.) All relevant evidence
is admissible unless excluded under the federal or California Constitution or by statute.
(Id., § 351.) Evidence is relevant where it has “any tendency in reason to prove or
disprove any disputed fact that is of consequence to the determination of the action.”
18
(Id., § 210.) “The trial court is vested with wide discretion in determining the relevance
of evidence. [Citation.] The court, however, has no discretion to admit irrelevant
evidence. [Citation.]” (People v. Babbitt (1988) 45 Cal. 3d 660, 681.) We review the
trial court’s decision whether to admit evidence for abuse of discretion. (People v.
Benavides (2005) 35 Cal. 4th 69, 90.)
“ ‘In reviewing the ruling of the trial court, we reiterate the well-established
principle that “the admissibility of evidence has two components: (1) whether the
challenged evidence satisfied the ‘relevancy’ requirement set forth in Evidence Code
section 210, and (2) if the evidence was relevant, whether the trial court abused its
discretion under Evidence Code section 352 in finding that the probative value of the
[evidence] was not substantially outweighed by the probability that its admission would
create a substantial danger of undue prejudice.” ’ ” (People v. Carter (2005) 36 Cal. 4th
1114, 1166.) Our Supreme Court has “ ‘ “described the ‘prejudice’ referred to in
Evidence Code section 352 as characterizing evidence that uniquely tends to evoke an
emotional bias against a party as an individual, while having only slight probative value
with regard to the issues. [Citation.]” ’ ” (Id. at p. 1168.)
In making this determination, a court can consider whether the erroneously
admitted evidence seems “likely to have appreciably intensified whatever feelings –
whether of hostility toward defendant or sympathy toward his victim – that the jury may
have developed in this case.” (People v. Poggi (1988) 45 Cal. 3d 306, 323.)
C. Booking Photo
Defendant’s booking photograph was not relevant. Identity was not disputed.
Defense counsel sought to establish that Nayeli could not see what defendant was doing
behind the signs, but she did not argue he was not there. Even if identity were disputed,
the booking photograph was only minimally relevant to proving identity. Nayeli
identified defendant in person the night of the incident, and she identified him in court.
The officer who responded to the scene identified defendant in court and identified
19
defendant as the person in the booking photograph, but did not testify that defendant’s
physical appearance had changed.
Moreover, the parties agreed that the photograph does not depict defendant as he
looked that evening. The photograph only shows the collar portion of what defendant
wore on the night in question, which was not in dispute. The parties agree the
photograph depicted defendant “mid-blink,” which we presume was not how defendant
looked while interacting with Nayeli. To the extent that the photograph was relevant to
show his haircut, facial hair, or other identifying features, defendant had not changed any
of those things between the date of his arrest and the trial date.
Any marginal relevance was substantially outweighed by its prejudicial effect.
Defendant’s nearly-closed, red, watery eyes give the appearance of intoxication. As
argued by defense counsel at trial, the photograph is very unflattering. In our view, the
booking photograph only served to provide the jury with a lasting, negative image of
defendant. It was an abuse of discretion to admit the irrelevant, prejudicial photograph.
D. Photo of Nayeli
The photograph of Nayeli was completely irrelevant. We are not persuaded by the
prosecutor’s argument that he “use[s] them in Power Point closings” and the trial court’s
conclusion that the photograph was admissible to “remind the jury of who she is.” Nayeli
was one of only three witnesses to testify during the only day of testimony and had
testified the day before. On appeal, the Attorney General argues the photograph of
Nayeli “was relevant to whether [defendant] [w]as guilty of the charged crime.
Accordingly, the photo was relevant.” How exactly the photograph is relevant, the
Attorney General does not say. Frankly, the argument makes no sense. It was an abuse
of discretion to admit the photograph.
E. Harmless Error
If we determine a trial court abused its discretion in admitting evidence that had a
probative value that was outweighed by its potentially prejudicial effect, reversal is
20
required when the error is not deemed harmless under the Watson5 standard. (People v.
Carter, supra, 36 Cal.4th at pp. 1170-1171.) “ ‘Under the Watson standard, the
erroneous admission of a photograph warrants reversal of a conviction only if the
appellate court concludes that it is reasonably probable the jury would have reached a
different result had the photograph been excluded.’ ” (Ibid.)
We conclude it was not reasonably probable that the jury would have returned a
different verdict had the photographs been excluded. Nayeli testified the previous day,
and the impression of her testimony was likely fresh in the jury’s mind. The photograph
of Nayeli did not affect her version of events as explained through her testimony. While
the photograph tends to show Nayeli in a favorable light, which could make her appear
more sympathetic to the jury, we conclude it was not reasonably probable any such
sympathy would have changed the verdict.
Similarly, the jury had the opportunity to observe defendant throughout the trial.
Testimony at trial informed the jury that defendant was arrested on the night in question,
and nothing in the photograph suggested defendant had previously been arrested, so the
photograph provided no new information. Both counsel told the jury that defendant was
not intoxicated at the time of the incident. It was not reasonably probable that defendant
would have received a different result at trial had the photograph been properly excluded.
Therefore, the error in admitting the photographs was harmless.
IV
Prosecutor’s Comment Regarding Nayeli’s Credibility and the Police Report
Defendant next contends the prosecutor committed misconduct by impermissibly
referring to the police report and by vouching for Nayeli’s credibility. We disagree.
5 People v. Watson (1956) 46 Cal. 2d 818.
21
A. Procedural Background
During closing argument, the prosecutor stated: “Now just briefly, some general
rules, and this was, again, touched on by the Judge in his instructions. We talked about
some of this in voir dire, your duties as a juror. You can consider only what’s inside that
circle. [¶] We get this question a lot, oh, can we see the police report? You can’t. It is a
rule, you cannot look at the police report, otherwise my job would be pretty easy. I can [6]
just mark them and hand them over to you guys. Don’t ask for them. You are not going
to get a copy of the police report.”
During defendant’s closing argument, defense counsel attacked Nayeli’s
credibility: “[Nayeli] should be hypervigilant, and she was. She was well aware of her
surroundings, okay? [¶] That does not mean that she’s right about what she saw. And in
fact, her reaction to what she saw proves that she assumed the worst, and it makes perfect
sense that she saw what she thought she was going to see. So remember, that with this
young lady, and we are talking about bias, we are talking about witness bias, and I’m not
saying she is a bad person. It just means she is not reliable.”
In rebuttal, the prosecutor stated: “You heard from [Nayeli]. [Defense counsel]
can sit up here and come up with an alternative reality of the facts, but you guys can’t.
You are stuck with the facts you heard. Now, either you believe [Nayeli] or you believe
she is lying about this, and she has absolutely no reason to lie.”
B. Forfeiture and Ineffective Assistance of Counsel
Defendant failed to object to these statements and request an admonition, but he
argues he did not forfeit the arguments on appeal because no admonishment could have
cured the harm caused by the prosecutor’s comments. He does not explain how an
admonishment to the jury could not have cured any harm done by the prosecutor’s
6 We presume the prosecutor intended to say “cannot.”
22
allegedly improper comments regarding any police reports or his alleged bolstering of
Nayeli’s credibility. As we will discuss post, we conclude the prosecutor did not commit
prejudicial misconduct, and therefore “it follows there was no pervasive misconduct that
otherwise excused defendant’s failure to object to the individual instances of misconduct
of which he now complains.” (People v. Riggs (2008) 44 Cal. 4th 248, 298.)
Anticipating this conclusion, defendant contends his trial counsel’s failure to
object to the prosecutor’s argument constituted ineffective assistance of counsel. “ ‘A
defendant whose counsel did not object at trial to alleged prosecutorial misconduct can
argue on appeal that counsel’s inaction violated the defendant’s constitutional right to the
effective assistance of counsel.’ [Citation.]” (People v. Centeno (2014) 60 Cal. 4th 659,
674.) “ ‘To establish ineffective assistance of counsel, a defendant must show that (1)
counsel’s representation fell below an objective standard of reasonableness under
prevailing professional norms, and (2) counsel’s deficient performance was prejudicial,
i.e., there is a reasonable probability that, but for counsel’s failings, the result would have
been more favorable to the defendant.’ [Citation.]” (People v. Johnson (2015) 60 Cal. 4th
966, 979-980.) “An attorney may choose not to object for many reasons, and the failure
to object rarely establishes ineffectiveness of counsel. [Citation.]” (People v. Kelly
(1992) 1 Cal. 4th 495, 540.)
C. Comment Regarding the Police Report
Defendant contends the prosecutor’s comment about not being able to share the
police report improperly implied that the police report contained inculpatory evidence
that supported a finding of defendant’s guilt. He contends the impropriety was
compounded by the prosecutor’s implication that but for a legal rule the jurors would
have access to the police report.
It is improper for a prosecutor to suggest that additional inculpatory evidence was
not presented at trial because of legal rules. (Berger v. United States (1935) 295 U.S. 78,
86-88.) In Berger, the prosecutor stated that procedural rules prevented the prosecutor
23
from eliciting testimony that a witness knew the defendant. (Ibid.) “The jury was thus
invited to conclude that the witness . . . knew [defendant] well but pretended otherwise;
and that this was within the personal knowledge of the prosecuting attorney.” (Id. at p.
88; see also State v. Leon (Ariz. 1997) 945 P.2d 1290, 1292-1293 [improper for
prosecutor to imply police report contained information “the Judge makes various rulings
on” and suggesting the police report included evidence of other bad acts].)
Here, we do not interpret the prosecutor’s comment about the police report to
imply the existence of additional inculpatory evidence being withheld from the jury due
to procedural rules. Rather, the prosecutor’s comments appear intended to convey that he
would have to do less work in prosecuting a case if he could just mark the police report
and give it to the jury. While the implication was irrelevant, it was not harmful; we do
not view that comment as suggesting the police report contained additional inculpatory
evidence not presented at trial. We conclude defense counsel did not fall below a
reasonable attorney standard by failing to object to the prosecutor’s statement.
D. Comment on Nayeli’s Credibility
“ ‘Impermissible “vouching” may occur where the prosecutor places the prestige
of the government behind a witness through personal assurances of the witness’s veracity
or suggests that information not presented to the jury supports the witness’s testimony.’
[Citation.]” (People v. Williams (1997) 16 Cal. 4th 153, 257.) But “ ‘[p]rosecutorial
assurances, based on the record, regarding the apparent honesty or reliability of
prosecution witnesses, cannot be characterized as improper “vouching,” which usually
involves an attempt to bolster a witness by reference to facts outside the record.’
[Citation.] No impermissible ‘vouching’ occurs where ‘the prosecutor properly relie[s]
on facts of record and the inferences reasonably drawn therefrom, rather than any
purported personal knowledge or belief.’ [Citations.]” (Ibid.; see also People v. Boyette
(2002) 29 Cal. 4th 381, 433 [prosecutor may properly argue witness is telling the truth
based on the circumstances of the case].)
24
In U.S. v. Weatherspoon (9th Cir. 2005) 410 F.3d 1142, 1145-1148, the court
analyzed a prosecutor’s argument regarding two witnesses. In the first, the prosecutor
stated: “[Taylor’s] statement about being threatened I don’t believe is truthful, ladies and
gentlemen.” (Id. at p. 1147.) In the second, the prosecutor stated: “The point, ladies and
gentlemen, is he told the truth in that handwritten statement that he gave on that morning,
he told the truth when he came into the Grand Jury under oath, and he was in front of you
today and told the truth to you.” (Ibid.) The court concluded: “For any prosecutor to
state his own view that witnesses are credible or not credible, or indeed to say flat out-
three times over in rapid succession-that a witness ‘told the truth,’ rather than to invite the
jury to make all of those determinations based on evidence to which the prosecutor
points, cannot fairly be labeled as ‘no more than a comment on the evidence that one
would expect in a hard-fought case such as this,’ or as ‘nothing more than an
unremarkable comment based upon the evidence,’ or as ‘merely a comment on the
evidence.’ ” (Id. at p. 1148.)
We conclude the prosecutor’s comments here are distinguishable from those in
Weatherspoon. Here, the prosecutor’s comments were comments on the evidence. The
prosecutor rebutted the defense’s argument that Nayeli was a hypervigilant woman who
imagined defendant’s criminal conduct because she was in a panic and was carefully
observing him. The prosecutor reminded the jury that it heard Nayeli’s testimony, and he
argued (somewhat confusingly but not harmfully) that the defense attorney was asserting
“an alternative reality of facts.” The prosecutor’s remark about Nayeli’s lack of
motivation to lie was a reasonable commentary on the circumstances of the case and
would not have been understood by the jury as the prosecutor’s personal beliefs or his
knowledge about evidence outside of the record. Because the prosecutor’s comments
25
were not objectionable, defense counsel did not fall below a reasonable attorney standard
by failing to object to the prosecutor’s comment.7
DISPOSITION
The judgment is affirmed.
/s/
Duarte, Acting P.J.
We concur:
/s/
Hoch, J.
/s/
Butz, J.*
7 Defendant contends the cumulative effect of the prosecutor’s various improper
comments requires reversal. Because we conclude the only error here--the admission of
the photographs--was harmless, we do not analyze cumulative effect.
* Retired Associate Justice of the Court of Appeal, Third Appellate District, assigned by
the Chief Justice pursuant to article VI, section 6 of the California Constitution.
26