Clark v. Super. Ct.

Filed 3/19/21
CERTIFIED FOR PUBLICATION
COURT OF APPEAL, FOURTH APPELLATE DISTRICT
DIVISION ONE
STATE OF CALIFORNIA
ALICIA CLARK, D077711
Petitioner, (San Diego County
Super. Ct. No. 37-2018-00026654-
v. CU-WT-CTL)
THE SUPERIOR COURT OF SAN
DIEGO COUNTY,
Respondent;
ARTHROSCOPIC & LASER
SURGERY CENTER OF SAN
DIEGO, L.P.,
Real Party in Interest.
PETITION for writ of mandate from the Superior Court of San Diego
County, Timothy Taylor, Judge. Petition granted.
Lyon Law and Geoffrey C. Lyon for Petitioner.
No appearance for Respondent.
Hickman Robinson Yaege and Kyle E. Yaege for Real Party in Interest.
I.
INTRODUCTION
In this writ proceeding, we consider whether petitioner, Alicia Clark,
exhausted her administrative remedies under the Fair Employment and
Housing Act (FEHA) (Gov. Code, § 12940 et seq.)1 prior to bringing this
action against her former employer, real party in interest, Arthroscopic &
Laser Surgery Center of San Diego, L.P. (ALSC).
Clark filed an administrative complaint with the Department of Fair
Employment and Housing (DFEH) (DFEH Complaint) that alleged that her
former employer had committed various acts of employment discrimination
against her. While Clark’s DFEH Complaint contained an inaccuracy as to
ALSC’s legal name, it clearly and unequivocally reflected Clark’s intent to
name ALSC as a respondent. Specifically, Clark’s DFEH Complaint named,
as respondents, “Oasis Surgery Center LLC,” and “Oasis Surgery Center,
LP,” which are variants of ALSC’s registered business name, “Oasis Surgery
Center.” In addition, Clark’s DFEH Complaint referenced the names of her
managers, supervisors, and coworkers.
The same day that Clark filed her DFEH Complaint, the DFEH issued
a right-to-sue notice and Clark filed this action against “Oasis Surgery
Center LLC,” and “Oasis Surgery Center, LP.” One week after filing her
DFEH Complaint and the initial complaint in this action, Clark filed an
amended complaint in this action, properly naming ALSC as a defendant.
Notwithstanding that Clark’s DFEH Complaint clearly identified her
former employer as the intended respondent, the trial court granted ALSC’s
motion for summary adjudication as to all of Clark’s FEHA claims brought
1 Unless otherwise specified, all subsequent references are to the
Government Code.
2
against it because Clark “named the wrong entity in her DFEH [C]omplaint,
and . . . never corrected that omission.” Clark then filed a petition for writ of
mandate in this court, requesting that we vacate the trial court’s order
granting ALSC’s motion for summary adjudication.
After considering the text and purpose of the relevant statutory
exhaustion requirement, administrative regulations, and applicable case law,
we conclude that Clark exhausted her administrative remedies against
ALSC. FEHA’s exhaustion requirement should not be interpreted as a
“ ‘procedural gotcha’ ” (People v. Matthews (2019) 32 Cal.App.5th 792, 798)
that absolves an alleged perpetrator of discrimination from all potential
liability merely because a plaintiff makes a minor mistake in naming the
respondent in an administrative complaint when the intended respondent’s
identity is clear. This is particularly true in a case such as this, in which the
plaintiff’s error could not possibly have hampered any administrative
investigation or prejudiced the defendant in any judicial proceedings.
Accordingly, we grant Clark’s writ petition and direct the trial court to vacate
its order granting ALSC’s motion for summary adjudication.
II.
FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND
A. The DFEH proceedings
1. Clark’s DFEH Complaint
On May 30, 2018, Clark, through her counsel, filed her DFEH
Complaint. In the caption of her DFEH Complaint, Clark listed “Oasis
Surgery Center LLC,” “Oasis Surgery Center, LP” and, an individual,
Michael Reibold, as respondents. Clark claimed that she was a former
employee of Oasis Surgery Center LLC and Oasis Surgery Center, LP and
that Reibold was her former manager and supervisor. Clark stated that
3
respondents had taken numerous “adverse actions” against her, and that she
had suffered harassment, discrimination, and retaliation in the workplace.
Clark also alleged that several individuals working with her, including
Reibold and Dr. Douglas Wemmer, had engaged in various discriminatory
acts against her.
In addition to Reibold, Clark’s DFEH Complaint referred, by name, to
several other managers and supervisors for whom she worked. She also
stated her job title, her period of employment, and the names of numerous
individuals alleged to have information related to her claims.
2. DFEH’s Right-to-Sue Notice
Pursuant to Clark’s request, DFEH issued an immediate right-to-sue
notice on the same day that she filed her DFEH Complaint. 2 The caption of
the notice stated in relevant part, “Right to Sue: Clark / Oasis Surgery
Center LLC et al.” (Some capitalization omitted.) The notice stated in
relevant part:
“This letter informs you that the above-referenced
complaint [that] was filed with the . . . DFEH[ ] has been
closed effective May 30, 2018 because an immediate Right
to Sue notice was requested. DFEH will take no further
action on the complaint.
“This letter is also your Right to Sue notice. According
to . . . section 12965, subdivision (b), a civil action may be
brought under the provisions of the [FEHA] against the
person, employer, labor organization or employment agency
named in the above-referenced complaint. The civil action
must be filed within one year from the date of this letter.”
2 (See Cal. Code Regs., tit. 2, § 10005 [“(a) Any person claiming to be
aggrieved by an employment practice made unlawful by the [Fair
Employment and Housing Act] FEHA may forgo having the department
investigate a complaint and instead obtain an immediate right-to-sue
notice”].)
4
B. Proceedings in the trial court
1. Clark’s initial complaint
Also on May 30, Clark, through her counsel, filed this action against
“Oasis Surgery Center LLC,” “Oasis Surgery Center, LP” and Reibold.
Clark’s initial complaint contained numerous FEHA counts against these
defendants, including counts alleging race, sex and sexual orientation
discrimination, harassment and retaliation.3 Clark attached a copy of her
DFEH Complaint and the DFEH’s right-to-sue notice to her complaint.
2. Clark’s first and second amended complaints
One week later, on June 6, Clark, again through counsel, filed a first
amended complaint against ALSC and Reibold. Clark’s amended complaint
contained the same FEHA counts as her original complaint.
In January 2019, Clark filed the operative second amended complaint
against ALSC, Reibold, and Wemmer. Clark alleged that ALSC had violated
FEHA in counts for harassment based on sex (count 1), harassment based on
sexual orientation (count 2), harassment based on race (count 3),
discrimination based on sex (count 4), discrimination based on sexual
orientation (count 5), discrimination based on race (count 6), discrimination
based on disability (count 7), failure to engage in an interactive process to
determine a reasonable disability accommodation (count 8), failure to
reasonably accommodate disabilities (count 9), retaliation for opposing FEHA
violations (count 10), and failure to prevent harassment, discrimination and
retaliation (count 11).
3 The complaint also contained a single count of racial harassment
against Reibold (count 3). However, it appears that, at some point prior to
the summary adjudication proceedings at issue in this writ proceeding, Clark
agreed to dismiss Reibold from this action. (See fn. 8, post.)
5
Clark also alleged that ALSC had violated the Labor Code in counts for
failure to provide rest breaks (count 12) and whistleblower retaliation (count
13).
Clark alleged count 3 (harassment based on race) against Reibold and
Wemmer.4
Clark attached a copy of her DFEH Complaint and the DFEH’s right-
to-sue notice to her second amended complaint.
3. ALSC and Wemmer’s motion for summary judgment and/or
adjudication
In December 2019, ALSC and Wemmer filed a motion for summary
judgment and/or adjudication. As relevant to this writ proceeding, ALSC
sought summary adjudication as to the remaining FEHA counts in Clark’s
second amended complaint (counts 1–6, 10, and 11). ALSC argued Clark
could not demonstrate that she had exhausted her administrative remedies
as required under FEHA because her DFEH Complaint did not refer to ALSC
by its proper legal name.5 ALSC argued, “Summary adjudication is
appropriate because Clark has failed to fulfill the mandatory administrative
4 Although it is not entirely clear from the parties’ briefs or the record, it
appears that Clark agreed to dismiss Reibold, as well as counts 7, 8, and 9, at
some point prior to ALSC’s December 2019 motion for summary judgment /
adjudication. (See fn. 8, post.)
5 Wemmer moved for summary judgment / adjudication of count 3 on the
ground that there was not a triable issue of material fact demonstrating that
he acted with an improper racial motive. Wemmer did not seek summary
judgment or adjudication on exhaustion grounds and he is not a party to
these writ proceedings.
ALSC also sought summary adjudication of several counts on the
ground that Clark could not demonstrate the existence of an adverse
employment action and that it did not have sufficient knowledge of any
unlawful conduct.
6
claims process with the DFEH as to ALSC, and as a result of that failure
Clark’s causes of action Nos. 1-6, and 10-11 should be summarily adjudicated
in ALSC's favor.” (Some capitalization omitted.)
4. Clark’s opposition
Clark filed an opposition to ALSC and Wemmer’s motion. With respect
to ALSC’s exhaustion argument, Clark contended in part:
“[A]lthough [Clark] listed ALSC’s [doing business name]
instead of its name of record, the complaint still clearly
described ALSC and the conduct of its employees and
contractors. ALSC did not suffer any harm from [Clark’s]
failure to include ALSC’s legal name in the DFEH
complaint because the DFEH did not serve the complaint or
the Right-to-Sue notice on any party, and did not perform
any investigation, but instead directed [Clark] to serve the
notice on all relevant parties and proceed with a civil
action. The fact that [Clark], as a lay person, did not
understand that she should use ALSC’s legal business
name in her DFEH complaint instead of its commonly used
business name, is not a basis to prevent [Clark] from
bringing claims here. [Citation.] Accordingly, Defendants’
motion for summary adjudication on the ground of failure
to exhaust administrative remedies should be denied.” (Fn.
omitted.)
5. The trial court’s order granting ALSC’s motion for summary
adjudication
In June 2020, after ALSC and Wemmer filed a reply brief and the trial
court heard a telephonic oral argument, the trial court granted ALSC’s
motion for summary adjudication as to counts 1 through 6, 10, and 11. The
trial court reasoned in part:
“Counts . . . 1-6 and 10-11: failure to exhaust
administrative remedies under FEHA. Summary
adjudication is granted. [Clark] named the wrong entity in
her DFEH complaint, and has never corrected that
omission [with the DFEH]. Her responses to [the separate
7
statement of facts numbers] 152-154[6] are bereft of
citation to any evidence supporting her decision to ‘dispute’
these items on the Separate Statement. Her accompanying
opposition brief does not contain reasoned argument or
citation to authority rescuing these claims.[7] [Citation.]
Summary adjudication of these claims is therefore
appropriate.”8
C. Clark’s petition for writ of mandate
The following month, Clark filed a petition for writ of mandate in this
court in which she requested that we vacate the trial court’s order granting
ALSC’s motion for summary adjudication. In a supporting brief, Clark
argues that the trial court erred in concluding that she failed to exhaust her
administrative remedies against ALSC. Specifically, Clark argues that under
California law and analogous federal law, “if a reasonable administrative
6 We discuss ALSC’s separate statement of facts, numbers 152 through
154, and Clark’s responses thereto in part III.C.2, post.
7 We discuss the trial court’s reasoning in this regard in part III.C.2,
post.
8 The court denied ALSC’s motion for summary judgment and its motion
for summary adjudication as to count 13. In light of its ruling granting
summary adjudication in favor of ALSC on counts 1 through 6, 10, and 11 on
the exhaustion ground, the trial court declined to rule on ALSC’s additional
grounds for summary adjudication asserted in the motion for summary
judgment / adjudication. (See fn. 5, ante.) The trial court may rule on those
grounds on remand.
The trial court denied Wemmer’s motion for summary judgment /
adjudication of count 3. In addition, the trial court’s summary adjudication
order states, “The parties were able to reach a stipulation regarding the
dismissal of one party and four counts.” While the record is not entirely clear
as to the precise nature of the dismissals, and it is not material to the issues
in this writ proceeding, it appears that Clark dismissed Reibold and counts 7,
8, 9, and 12 prior to the summary judgment / adjudication proceedings.
8
investigation [into the administrative complaint] would have led the agency
to identify the correct employer, then the administrative remedy is deemed
exhausted even if the wrong name, or merely a reasonable description of the
[employer], is used in the administrative complaint.” (Boldface omitted.)
Clark maintains that her DFEH Complaint easily met this test. 9
Pursuant to our request, ALSC filed an informal response to Clark’s
writ petition. In its informal response, ALSC maintains that Clark failed to
exhaust her administrative remedies against it because she failed to use
ALSC’s legal name in her DFEH Complaint.
After receiving Clark’s petition and ALSC’s informal response, we
issued an order to show cause and stayed all further proceedings in the trial
court. We deemed ALSC’s response to serve as its return,10 and Clark filed a
reply.
9 Among the exhibits that Clark filed with her petition for writ of
mandate seeking vacatur of the trial court’s summary adjudication order is a
motion for reconsideration and accompanying exhibits that she filed after the
trial court entered its order granting summary adjudication. As ALSC
correctly points out, ordinarily, “ ‘[w]rit review does not provide for
consideration of evidence not before respondent court at the time of its
ruling.’ ” (Bounds v. Superior Court (2014) 229 Cal.App.4th 468, 478.)
Accordingly, we decline to consider Clark’s motion for reconsideration and the
exhibits accompanying her motion for reconsideration.
10 Our order to show cause stated, “Absent objection on or before August
17, 2020, the informal response filed by real party in interest will be deemed
its return to the order to show cause.” ALSC filed no objection.
9
III.
DISCUSSION
The trial court erred in granting ALSC’s motion for summary adjudication
In her writ petition, Clark claims that she exhausted her
administrative remedies against ALSC and that the trial court therefore
erred in granting ALSC’s motion for summary adjudication as to counts 1–6
and 10 and 11 of her second amended complaint.
A. Law governing a motion for summary adjudication
A party is entitled to summary adjudication of a cause of action if there
is no triable issue of material fact and the party is entitled to judgment as a
matter of law. (Code Civ. Proc., § 437c, subds. (c) & (f)(1), (2).) A defendant
moving for summary adjudication of a cause of action must show that one or
more elements cannot be established or that there is a complete defense. (Id.,
subd. (p)(2).)
“We review an order on a motion for summary adjudication de novo.
[Citation.]” (Esparza v. Safeway, Inc. (2019) 36 Cal.App.5th 42, 51.)
B. Relevant substantive law
1. Statutory provisions
FEHA makes it an unlawful employment practice for an employer
(1) to harass or discriminate against an employee based on the employee’s
sex, sexual orientation, or race; (2) to fail reasonably to investigate a
complaint of harassment or discrimination; or (3) to retaliate against an
employee for making such a complaint. (§ 12940, subds. (a), (h), (j) & (k).)
“Any person claiming to be aggrieved by an alleged unlawful practice
may file with [the DFEH] a verified complaint, in writing, that shall state the
name and address of the person, employer, labor organization, or
employment agency alleged to have committed the unlawful practice
10
complained of, and that shall set forth the particulars thereof and contain
other information as may be required by [the DFEH].” (§ 12960, former
subd. (b).)11
Section 12965, subdivision (b) specifies that the Department shall issue
a right-to-sue notice as follows:
“If a civil action is not brought by [the DFEH] within 150
days after the filing of a complaint, or if [the DFEH] earlier
determines that no civil action will be brought, [the DFEH]
shall promptly notify, in writing, the person claiming to be
aggrieved that [the DFEH] shall issue, on request, the
right-to-sue notice. This notice shall indicate that the
person claiming to be aggrieved may bring a civil action
under this part against the person, employer, labor
organization, or employment agency named in the verified
complaint within one year from the date of that notice.”
2. Administrative regulations12
California Code of Regulations, title 2, section 10003 mandates that the
DFEH “shall liberally construe all complaints to effectuate the purpose of the
laws the department enforces to safeguard the civil right of all persons to
seek, obtain and hold employment without discrimination.”
California Code of Regulations, title 2, section 10004 defines various
types of complaints that may be filed with the DFEH, including the following:
11 Effective January 1, 2020, former section 12960, subdivision (b) was
redesignated without material change as section 12960, subdivision (c).
(Stats. 2019, ch. 709, § 1.) All references to section 12960, subdivision (b) are
to the former version of this statute in effect prior to this amendment.
12 Pursuant to section 12930, subdivision (e), DFEH is authorized “[t]o
adopt, promulgate, amend, and rescind suitable procedural rules and
regulations to carry out the investigation, prosecution, and dispute resolution
functions and duties of the [DFEH] . . . .”
11
“(c) Complaint filed to request an immediate right-to-sue
notice. A complaint, which the department does not
investigate, filed to request an immediate right-to-sue
notice.”
California Code of Regulations, title 2, section 10005 outlines the
requirements for obtaining a right-to-sue notice. Subdivision (a) provides
that a person may obtain an “immediate” right-to-sue notice, i.e., a right-to-
sue notice issued without the DFEH conducting any investigation into the
alleged discrimination:
“(a) Any person claiming to be aggrieved by an employment
practice made unlawful by the FEHA may forgo having the
department investigate a complaint and instead obtain an
immediate right-to-sue notice. A right-to-sue notice issued
by the department shall state that the aggrieved party may
bring a civil action against the person or entity named in
the complaint within one year from the date of the notice.”
(Cal. Code Regs., tit. 2, § 10005, subd. (a).)
California Code of Regulations, title 2, section 10005, subdivision (d)
describes the requirements for obtaining an immediate right-to-sue notice
and provides in relevant part:
“To obtain an immediate right-to-sue notice . . . an
aggrieved person shall file a right-to-sue complaint with
the department containing the following:
“(1) complainant’s name and, where available, address,
telephone number and e-mail address;
“(2) respondent’s name, address and, where available,
telephone number and e-mail address. If applicable, the job
title and/or capacity in which the respondent is being
named also shall be included;
“(3) a description of the alleged act or acts of
discrimination, harassment or retaliation;
12
“(4) the date or dates each alleged act of discrimination,
harassment or retaliation occurred, including the date of
the last or most recent alleged act;
“(5) each protected basis upon which the alleged
discrimination or harassment was based;
“(6) for retaliation complaints, the date and type of
protected activity in which the complainant engaged;
“(7) the complainant’s declaration, made under penalty of
perjury under the laws of the State of California, that to
the best of the complainant’s knowledge all information
stated is true and correct, except matters stated on
information and belief, which the complainant believes to
be true . . . .”13
3. California case law
a. FEHA exhaustion
Courts have interpreted sections 12960, subdivision (b) and 12965,
subdivision (b) to require that [b]efore filing a civil action alleging FEHA
violations, an employee must exhaust his or her administrative remedies
with DFEH. [By] fil[ing] an administrative complaint with DFEH identifying
the conduct alleged to violate FEHA.” (Wills v. Superior Court (2011) 195
Cal.App.4th 143, 153 (Wills); Rojo v. Kliger (1990) 52 Cal.3d 65, 83 (Rojo)
[“exhaustion of the FEHA administrative remedy is a precondition to
bringing a civil suit on a statutory cause of action” (italics omitted)].)
In Rojo, the California Supreme Court described the purpose of the
FEHA exhaustion doctrine as follows:
“In cases appropriate for administrative resolution, the
exhaustion requirement serves the important policy
interests embodied in the act of resolving disputes and
13 California Code of Regulations, title 2, section 10005, subdivision (d)(8)
and (9) specifies the manner by which the complaint may be signed.
13
eliminating unlawful employment practices by conciliation
[citation], as well as the salutory goals of easing the burden
on the court system, maximizing the use of administrative
agency expertise and capability to order and monitor
corrective measures, and providing a more economical and
less formal means of resolving the dispute [citation]. By
contrast, in those cases appropriate for judicial resolution,
as where the facts support a claim for compensatory or
punitive damages, the exhaustion requirement may
nevertheless lead to settlement and serve to eliminate the
unlawful practice or mitigate damages and, in any event, is
not an impediment to civil suit, in that the [DFEH’s]
practice evidently is to issue a right-to-sue letter (§ 12965)
at the employee’s request as a matter of course [citations].”
(Rojo, supra, 52 Cal.3d at pp. 83–84.)
b. General FEHA exhaustion standard
The administrative exhaustion requirement is satisfied if FEHA claims
in a judicial complaint are “ ‘like and reasonably related to’ ” those in the
DFEH complaint (Wills, supra, 195 Cal.App.4th at p. 154) or “likely to be
uncovered in the course of a DFEH investigation” (Okoli v. Lockheed
Technical Operations Co. (1995) 36 Cal.App.4th 1607, 1617.)
c. Valdez and its progeny
In Valdez v. City of Los Angeles (1991) 231 Cal.App.3d 1043 (Valdez),
the Court of Appeal considered, as a matter of first impression, “the question
whether a civil suit is permissible against a party not named in a complaint
filed with the [DFEH].” (Id. at p. 1060.) The Valdez court acknowledged that
prior case law had established that “the function of an administrative
complaint [is] to provide the basis for an investigation into an employee’s
claim of discrimination and not as a ‘limiting device.’ ” (Ibid.) However, the
Valdez court stated that it “dr[e]w a distinction between a failure to include
with specificity all charges of discrimination in an administrative complaint
and the failure to name as defendants those persons known, or obtainable
14
through reasonable diligence, to have perpetrated or inflicted the
discrimination and who are sought to be held individually accountable in a
suit at law.” (Ibid.) The Valdez court explained its reasoning for drawing
such a distinction as follows:
“It is consonant with the [FEHA] to liberally construe
allegations that are general in nature. On the other, it is
equally consonant with the act to require the exhaustion of
administrative remedies (by charging all those who are
sought to be accountable) to enable a speedy resolution of
violations of the act without the delays attendant to a
lengthy civil trial. For a claimant to withhold naming of
known or reasonably obtainable defendants at the
administrative complaint level is neither fair under the act
in its purpose of advancing speedy resolutions of claims nor
fair to known, but unnamed individuals, who at a later date
are called upon to ‘personally’ account in a civil lawsuit
without having been afforded a right to participate at the
administrative level.” (Id. at p. 1061.)
Several courts have followed Valdez in concluding that where a plaintiff
fails to name a defendant in either the body or caption of a DFEH complaint,
the plaintiff has failed to exhaust his administrative remedy against that
defendant. (See Cole v. Antelope Valley Union High School Dist. (1996)
47 Cal.App.4th 1505, 1515 (Cole); Alexander v. Community Hospital of Long
Beach (2020) 46 Cal.App.5th 238, 251 (Alexander) [“Under Cole and Valdez,
plaintiffs’ failure even to mention [defendant] in their DFEH complaint is
fatal to their right to bring a civil FEHA action against it”]; Medix Ambulance
Service, Inc. v. Superior Court (2002) 97 Cal.App.4th 109, 118 (Medix)
[concluding that plaintiff failed to exhaust FEHA administrative remedy
against two defendants in case in which “[p]laintiff neither listed
[defendants] in the administrative charge as an ‘employer’ or ‘person’ against
15
whom the claim was made, nor did she name them in the body of the
complaint form as the alleged perpetrators”].)
The Cole court, like the court in Valdez, looked to the purposes of the
exhaustion doctrine in concluding that a plaintiff had failed to exhaust his
administrative remedies against two individual defendants because he had
not named the defendants in either “the caption or body of the DFEH
charge.” (Cole, supra, 47 Cal.App.4th at p. 1515.) In reaching this
conclusion, the Cole court provided a detailed overview of the administrative
process for resolving DFEH complaints (id. at pp. 1513–1514), and reasoned
that “the Legislature insured that the administrative investigation,
conciliation attempts, and evidentiary proceedings would encompass the
entire sphere of the alleged discrimination.” (Id. at p. 1514.) According to
the Cole court:
“To allow a complainant to sue individuals in a state court
action on a FEHA cause of action without having brought
them within the scope of the comprehensive administrative
process by naming them as perpetrators of discrimination
at the outset would undermine the purposes of the fair
employment statute. The Legislature certainly did not
intend that the administrative process should be
circumvented by allowing a civil lawsuit under the FEHA
against individuals who allegedly discriminated but who
were not mentioned in the administrative charge.”14
(Ibid.)
14 In contrast, the Cole court concluded that the plaintiff’s “lawsuit [was]
viable as against [a third defendant (Rossi)] because [Rossi] was named in
the body of the administrative charge as a person who discriminated against
plaintiff.” (Cole, supra, 47 Cal.App.4th at p. 1511.) The Cole court reasoned,
“If there had been an administrative investigation, Mr. Rossi would have
been put on notice of the charges, and would have had an opportunity to
participate.” (Ibid.)
16
Similarly, in Alexander, the court found no basis “to carve an equitable
exception out of mandatory statutory language where an unnamed defendant
receives actual notice of a FEHA complaint,” because the purposes of the
exhaustion doctrine would not be served by the creation of such an exception.
(Alexander, supra, 46 Cal.App.5th at p. 251.) The Alexander court reasoned:
“[T]he DFEH, for one, had no notice that plaintiffs intended
to accuse [defendant], and thus had no opportunity to
contact [defendant], investigate its involvement in the
alleged unlawful practice, or seek to resolve the matter by
conference, conciliation, and persuasion. Further, even
though [defendant] may have known . . . that plaintiffs
could have named it in their administrative complaint,
[defendant] was entitled to rely on their failure to do so as
evidence that they did not intend to pursue a civil
complaint against it, at least not until they had filed new
administrative complaints.” (Id. at pp. 251–252.)
d. A plaintiff exhausts her administrative remedies by
identifying a defendant, even if not by name, as the alleged
perpetrator of discrimination in a DFEH complaint
In Martin v. Fisher (1992) 11 Cal.App.4th 118 (Martin), the court
distinguished Valdez and concluded that a plaintiff who failed to name a
defendant “as a charged party [in the plaintiff’s DFEH complaint] or to obtain
a right-to-sue letter naming him,” could nevertheless maintain a civil action
against that defendant because plaintiff had named the defendant “in the
body of her charge of discrimination with [DFEH].” (Id. at p. 119.) After
reviewing federal cases considering exhaustion requirements under federal
law, the Martin court concluded that none of the federal cases supported the
conclusion that the plaintiff had failed to exhaust her administrative
remedies under these circumstances:
“None of the . . . federal authorities takes the hard line
proposed by respondent and amicus curiae on his behalf,
17
that only a party named in the caption of the
administrative complaint may be sued, regardless of any
other circumstances. The reasons are apparent. The
function of an administrative complaint is to provide the
basis for an investigation into an employee’s claim of
discrimination against an employer, and not to limit access
to the courts. A strict rule would harm victims of
discrimination without providing legitimate protection to
individuals who are made aware of the charges through the
administrative proceeding. If they are described in the
charge as the perpetrators of the harm, they can certainly
anticipate they will be named as parties in any ensuing
lawsuit.” (Id. at p. 122, italics added.)
In Saavedra v. Orange County Consolidated Transportation etc. Agency
(1992) 11 Cal.App.4th 824 (Saavedra), plaintiff’s former employer, CTSA, and
her former supervisor, Greg Winterbottom, moved for summary adjudication
on two of plaintiff’s counts in her complaint15 on the ground that plaintiff
“had not named Winterbottom in her DFEH complaint.” (Id. at p. 826.) The
trial court granted the motion for summary adjudication as to these two
counts. (Ibid.) After a jury rendered a verdict against plaintiff on a
remaining cause of action, plaintiff filed an appeal, raising a single issue:
“[Plaintiff] should have been able to proceed against Winterbottom despite
her failure to specifically name him in the administrative complaint.” (Ibid.)
In considering this issue, the Saaverda court described plaintiffs’
DFEH complaint as follows:
“[Plaintiff’s] [DFEH] complaint named CTSA as the agency
which committed the unlawful practice. Winterbottom was
not delineated as an offending party but he was described
as the individual who ‘demoted [her] for
nonperformance . . . .’ He said her ‘job was no longer
15 One of the counts was for employment discrimination (§ 12940) and the
other was for intentional infliction of emotional distress. Both counts were
alleged against both CTSA and Winterbottom.
18
available . . . .’ ” (Saavedra, supra, 11 Cal.App.4th at p.
827.)
In determining whether plaintiff’s DFEH complaint exhausted her
administrative remedies, the Saaverda court quoted the same block quotation
from Martin as quoted ante, and stated:
“And so it is here. Winterbottom was the only individual
identified in the administrative complaint. He was the only
person with whom Saavedra dealt. His actions were those
of CTSA. He was put on notice and had an opportunity to
pursue a ‘voluntary settlement had he so desired.’ (Martin
v. Fisher, supra, [11 Cal.App.4th at p. 122].)” (Saaverda,
supra, 11 Cal.App.4th at p. 827.)
C. Application
1. Clark exhausted her administrative remedies against ALSC
In determining whether Clark exhausted her administrative remedies
under sections 12960, subdivision (b) and 12965, subdivision (b), we begin by
observing that, as a practical matter, there was no administrative process to
exhaust, because Clark requested and received an immediate right-to-sue
notice in this case pursuant to California Code of Regulations, title 2, section
10005 on the same day that she filed her DFEH Complaint.16 (Cf. Rickards
v. United Parcel Service, Inc. (2012) 206 Cal.App.4th 1523, 1529 [noting that
DFEH has made clear that “requests for an immediate right-to-sue letter are
accepted from complainants who have decided to go directly to court without
an investigation by DFEH”].) However, even assuming that a plaintiff can be
held to have failed to exhaust her administrative remedies even where she is
permitted by law to forego the entirety of the administrative process (apart
16 In issuing Clark’s right-to-sue notice, the DFEH stated, “This case is
not being investigated by DFEH and is being closed immediately.”
19
from the filing of an administrative complaint),17 we conclude that Clark
exhausted her administrative remedies against ALSC in this case.
To begin with, Clark’s DFEH Complaint clearly and unmistakably
identified ALSC as an intended respondent, even though it did not use
ALSC’s legal name. The caption of Clark’s DFEH Complaint named “Oasis
Surgery Center LLC,” and “Oasis Surgery Center, LP” as respondents —
names that are very similar to ALSC’s actual fictitious business name, “Oasis
Surgery Center.”18 Further, no reasonable person could think that Clark
intended to identify an entity other that ALSC as a respondent, since the
body of Clark’s DFEH Complaint named her managers, supervisors,
coworkers, job title, and period of employment at ALSC. Thus, any
administrative investigation into Clark’s DFEH Complaint would have
certainly identified ALSC as an intended respondent, particularly since
DFEH is mandated to “liberally construe all complaints to effectuate the
purpose of the laws the department enforces . . . .” (Cal. Code Regs, tit. 2,
§ 10003; accord, Nazir v. United Airlines, Inc. (2009) 178 Cal.App.4th 243,
268 [“what is submitted to the DFEH must not only be construed liberally in
favor of plaintiff, it must be construed in light of what might be uncovered by
a reasonable investigation”].))
Moreover, because any administrative investigation into Clark’s DFEH
Complaint would have revealed ALSC as an intended respondent, Clark’s
DFEH Complaint also fully served the purpose of the FEHA administrative
17 Neither party has cited any case law discussing the interaction between
the exhaustion doctrine and the availability of the immediate right-to-sue
notice under California law, and our research has uncovered no such case
law.
18 It is also undisputed that ALSC is a limited partnership.
20
exhaustion doctrine, i.e., to give the administrative agency an opportunity to
investigate and conciliate the claim. (Rojo, supra, 52 Cal.3d at p. 83; Martin,
supra, 11 Cal.App.4th at p. 122 [“The function of an administrative complaint
is to provide the basis for an investigation into an employee’s claim of
discrimination against an employer, and not to limit access to the courts”].)
Our conclusion that Clark’s DFEH Complaint exhausted her
administrative remedies against ALSC is also supported by the Court of
Appeal’s decision in Saavedra, supra, 11 Cal.App.4th 824. In Saaverda, the
court considered whether a plaintiff was permitted to bring a lawsuit against
a defendant alleging a violation of FEHA, “despite her failure to specifically
name him in the administrative complaint.” (Id. at p. 826, italics added.)
The Saaverda court concluded that, notwithstanding that the individual
defendant was “not delineated as an offending party” (id. at p. 827, italics
added), the plaintiff could sue the defendant since he was “identified in the
administrative complaint” as the person who had discriminated against
plaintiff. (Id. at p. 827, italics added.) (See also Chin et al., Cal. Prac. Guide
Employment Litigation (The Rutter Group 2020) ch. 16-A, § 16-316
(hereinafter “Employment Litigation”) [“[P]ersons identified although not
named: Even if not named as the offending party in the DFEH complaint, an
individual described in the body of the complaint as a perpetrator of
discriminatory acts is subject to suit under the FEHA. Rationale: If the
DFEH had investigated, that individual would have been put on notice of the
charges, and would have had an opportunity to participate” (italics altered),
citing, inter alia, Saavedra, supra, 11 Cal.App.4th at pp. 826–828].)19
19 In both Medix, supra, 97 Cal.App.4th 109 and Alexander, supra,
46 Cal.App.5th 238, the courts stated that the plaintiff in Saaverda had
named the individual defendant in the body of her DFEH complaint. (See
Medix, at p. 117 [stating that in Saaverda “plaintiff filed an administrative
21
The reasoning in Saaverda would seem to apply with equal force where
the employer is a partnership or a corporate entity, rather than an
individual; as long as the DFEH complaint identifies the complainant’s
employer as having discriminated against complainant, we see no basis for
precluding the complainant from bringing a lawsuit against that employer
even if the employer is not referred to by its proper legal name in the DFEH
complaint. This is particularly true since there is no textual basis for
treating persons and employers differently for purposes of FEHA’s exhaustion
requirement. (See § 12960, subd. (c) [“Any person claiming to be aggrieved by
an alleged unlawful practice may file with [DFEH] a verified complaint, in
writing, that shall state the name and address of the person, employer, labor
organization, or employment agency alleged to have committed the unlawful
practice complained of”]; § 12965, subd. (b) [“the person claiming to be
aggrieved may bring a civil action under this part against the person,
complaint which . . . named an individual in the body of the complaint”];
Alexander, at p. 251 [stating that in Saavedra, “the offending individual was
named in the body of a DFEH complaint”].) However, neither the Medix nor
Alexander courts provided a pin citation to Saaverda to support their
assertions.
We read Saaverda, as does the Employment Litigation treatise, to state
that the plaintiff in that case had not named the individual defendant in her
DFEH Complaint. (See, e.g., Saavedra, supra, 11 Cal.App.4th at p. 826
[noting that defendants moved for summary adjudication on ground that
plaintiff “had not named Winterbottom in her DFEH complaint”], ibid.
[stating “[Plaintiff] raises only one issue on appeal: She should have been
able to proceed against [individual defendant] Winterbottom despite her
failure to specifically name him in the administrative complaint” (italics
added)]; id. at p. 827 [concluding that notwithstanding that Winterbottom
was “not delineated as an offending party,” plaintiff could sue Winterbottom
because he was “identified in the administrative complaint” as having
discriminated against plaintiff (italics added)].)
22
employer, labor organization, or employment agency named in the verified
complaint within one year from the date of that notice” (italics added)]).
Federal courts applying California law have also concluded that a
plaintiff may exhaust his or her administrative remedies against a defendant
despite failing to properly state the defendant’s name in a DFEH complaint.
For example, in Myers v. Checksmart Financial, LLC (9th Cir. 2017) 701
Fed.Appx. 588,20 the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit
concluded that a plaintiff had exhausted her administrative remedies under
the following circumstances:
“While [plaintiff] failed to identify Checksmart in either the
caption or the body of her charge, she did identify the
fictitious business of CCCS, as well as the store’s address.
She also identified ‘Ashley’ as the individual who informed
her of her termination. Ashley was the Human Resources
representative for Checksmart, as well as CCCS. This was
sufficient to identify Checksmart as her employer.” (Id. at
p. 590.)
Similarly, in Thompson v. George DeLallo Co., Inc. (E.D.Cal., Jan. 16,
2013, CIV. S-12-1058 LKK/CMK) 2013 U.S. Dist. Lexis 6838, the federal
court considered California case law and concluded that a plaintiff had
exhausted his FEHA remedies against his employer, notwithstanding that
“the FEHA charge [did] not name the proper defendant,” but did “correctly
identify the proper defendant’s address and fictitious business name.” (Id. at
*25.) The Thompson court reasoned, in part, that the employee’s FEHA
20 While Myers was not selected for publication, the prohibition on citing
unpublished California decisions (Cal. Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a)) does
not apply to unpublished decisions from federal courts. (Farm Raised
Salmon Cases (2008) 42 Cal.4th 1077, 1096, fn. 18 [“Citing unpublished
federal opinions does not violate our rules”].)
23
charge was sufficient “to have put [the employer] on notice of plaintiff’s
allegations.” (Id. at *26.)
Concluding that Clark exhausted her administrative remedies in this
case is also supported by federal decisions interpreting analogous exhaustion
requirements contained in federal anti-discrimination law. For example, in
Martin, supra, 11 Cal.App.4th 118, the Court of Appeal noted that the Ninth
Circuit has interpreted federal law to “permit suit against unnamed parties if
their ‘involvement is likely to have been revealed in the [administrative]
investigation which could reasonably have been expected to grow out of the
charge. [Fn. omitted.]’ ” (Id. at pp. 121–122, citing Chung v. Pomona Valley
Community Hospital (9th Cir. 1982) 667 F.2d 788, 792.)21
Finally, concluding that Clark exhausted her administrative remedies
against ALSC despite her failure to state its proper legal name in her DFEH
Complaint is consistent with California law concerning the misnaming of a
defendant in a judicial complaint. In Hawkins, the court noted that the
plaintiff had sued his former employer as “Basalite Corporation,” when the
employer’s legal name was actually “ ‘Pacific Coast Building Products, Inc.’ ”
(Hawkins v. Pacific Coast Bldg. Products, Inc. (2004) 124 Cal.App.4th 1497,
1500–1501 (Hawkins).) The plaintiff filed an amended complaint
substituting the correct name of the defendant after the statute of limitations
had expired as to various claims. (Id. at p. 1501.) The trial court sustained
21 Harmonizing California and Ninth Circuit exhaustion case law in this
context is also supported by the fact that, because of work sharing
agreements, discrimination claims that are “filed with either the [federal
Equal Employment Opportunity Commission] or the DFEH are deemed
‘constructively filed’ with the other.” (Employment Litigation, supra,
ch. 16-A, § 16:9.)
24
the defendant’s demurrer on the ground that the statute of limitations barred
plaintiff’s claims. (Id. at p. 1502.)
On appeal, the Hawkins court held that the trial court had erred in
concluding that the amended complaint did not relate back to the date on
which he filed his original complaint:
“By defectively describing ‘Pacific Coast dba Basalite’ as
Basalite Corporation, Hawkins’s original complaint merely
misnamed the proper defendant. . . . Allowing Hawkins to
substitute the correct name for his original misdescription
of the only named defendant neither changes the nature of
the action nor represents an ‘entire change of parties.’
[Citation.] Hawkins was at all times attempting to sue a
single entity, his former employer of three years, for
wrongful termination.” (Hawkins, supra, 124 Cal.App.4th
at pp. 1504–1505.)
Similarly, in this case, while Clark misnamed her employer in her
DFEH Complaint, using a variant of its fictitious business name rather than
the employer’s legal name, in both the administrative proceeding and in this
lawsuit, Clark was charging a single entity, her former employer, with
alleged discrimination. Clark’s error in misnaming ALSC in her DFEH
Complaint should not result in the dismissal of her lawsuit, just as such an
error would not have resulted in the dismissal of her case if she had made the
same error in drafting her complaint in this action.
2. ALSC’s arguments to the contrary are not persuasive
ALSC contends that the trial court properly granted its motion for
summary adjudication. ALSC’s primary argument is that two cases “with
comparable facts,” Alexander, supra, 46 Cal.App.5th 238, and Cole, supra,
47 Cal.App.4th 1505, demonstrate that Clark failed to exhaust her
administrative remedies. We disagree.
25
Alexander and Cole did not involve “comparable facts” and thus are
materially distinguishable from this case. Critically, there was nothing in
the DFEH complaints at issue in Alexander and Cole that demonstrated the
plaintiffs’ intent to name the defendants in those cases as perpetrators of
discrimination. (See Alexander, supra, 46 Cal.App.5th at pp. 251–252
[stating that “plaintiffs mentioned [defendant] nowhere in their FEHA
complaint,” defendant “had no notice that plaintiffs intended to accuse
[defendant],” and defendant was “entitled to rely on [plaintiffs’] failure to do
so as evidence that they did not intend to pursue a civil complaint against
[defendant]”]; Cole, supra, 47 Cal.App.4th at p. 1514 [concluding that plaintiff
was barred from suing defendants “who were not mentioned in the
administrative charge [at all]” and stating “[t]he Legislature certainly did not
intend that the administrative process should be circumvented by allowing a
civil lawsuit under the FEHA against individuals who allegedly
discriminated but who were not mentioned in the administrative charge”].)
In contrast, in this case, for the reasons discussed in part III.C.1, ante,
any reasonable person reading Clark’s DFEH Complaint would understand
that Clark intended to name her former employer, ALSC, as a respondent. 22
While Valdez and its progeny (including Alexander and Cole) stand for the
proposition that a DFEH Complaint that entirely fails to name or identify a
person or entity as a perpetrator of alleged discrimination does not exhaust a
22 In its informal response, ALSC also states, “While ALSC used a
properly published and recorded fictitious business name that was very
similar, it never operated as ‘Oasis Surgery Center, LLC’ or ‘Oasis Surgery
Center, LP,’ which are distinct legal entities.” However, the existence of
distinct legal entities named Oasis Surgery Center, LLC and Oasis Surgery
Center, LP is irrelevant because our analysis turns on whether the DFEH
complaint sufficiently identified ALSC, which it did.
26
plaintiff’s FEHA administrative remedies against that person or entity, 23
ALSC has cited no cases, and we are aware of none, in which a court has
extended this holding to permit a defendant who was clearly identifiable as a
respondent in a DFEH complaint to avoid all potential liability merely
because of a misnomer in the plaintiff’s DFEH complaint as to the
respondent.24 In short, given that neither Alexander nor Cole considered the
effect of a wrong or inaccurate designation of a respondent that is otherwise
identifiable in a DFEH complaint, neither case controls here. 25
23 In addition, Alexander, Cole, and Valdez are all based primarily on the
notion that the purposes of the exhaustion doctrine are not served where a
plaintiff fails entirely to name a defendant in her DFEH Complaint. (See pt.
III.B.3, ante, discussing Alexander, supra, 46 Cal.App.5th at pp. 251–252;
Cole, supra, 47 Cal.App.4th at p. 1515; Valdez, supra, 231 Cal.App.3d at
p. 1061.) ALSC fails to present any argument as to how the purposes of the
administrative exhaustion doctrine are thwarted in a case such as this where
it is clear that Clark intended to name ALSC in her DFEH Complaint, there
was no administrative investigation because the DFEH Complaint, right-to-
sue notice and judicial complaint were all filed on the same day, and Clark
amended her judicial complaint to properly name ALSC as a defendant a
week later.
24 We are similarly unaware of any cases in which a court has extended
Valdez to preclude a plaintiff from suing an individual defendant in a case in
which the plaintiff’s DFEH complaint properly identified the defendant (e.g.,
by referring to the defendant by his commonly known name) but failed to
state the defendant’s proper legal name.
25 ALSC also notes that the court in Alexander stated that, prior to trial,
the plaintiffs in that case discovered their error in failing to name their
employer in their DFEH complaint. The Alexander plaintiffs amended their
judicial complaint, but failed to amend their DFEH complaint. (Quoting
Alexander, supra, 46 Cal.App.5th at pp. 246–247.) ALSC argues that Clark
“chose the same course that was used in Alexander, she amended the superior
court complaint, but left her DFEH complaint unchanged.” However, unlike
in Alexander, for the reasons stated in the text, Clark’s DFEH Complaint
27
ALSC argues that there are two additional grounds, apart from its
exhaustion claim, for granting summary adjudication that “individually
justify the trial court’s ruling.”
First, ALSC argues that the trial court’s order granting summary
adjudication may be affirmed on the ground that Clark purportedly failed to
“present any written opposition to ALSC’s argument on the issue of
exhaustion of administrative remedies.” This argument is meritless. Clark’s
opposition to ALSC’s motion for summary adjudication directly addressed
ALSC’s exhaustion argument (see pt. II.B.4, ante) and included both reasoned
argument and citation to authority.26 Thus, the trial court’s order granting
summary adjudication may not be affirmed on this ground.
Second, ALSC argues that the trial court properly granted summary
adjudication on the ground that Clark failed to “comply with the formatting
requirements for her separate statement of undisputed material fact.” Again,
we are not persuaded. While the trial court stated that Clark’s “responses to
[ALSC’s separate statements of fact numbers] 152-154 are bereft of citation
to any evidence supporting her decision to ‘dispute’ these items on the
Separate Statement,” the trial court did not state that Clark’s failure to
comply with formatting requirements constituted an independent basis for
granting ALSC’s motion for summary adjudication.
exhausted her administrative remedies against ALSC. Thus, her failure to
amend her DFEH Complaint to state ALSC’s proper legal name prior to the
trial court’s granting of summary adjudication is immaterial.
26 Clark’s opposition had a separately captioned argument entitled in
relevant part, “Plaintiff exhausted her administrative remedies with respect
to ALSC . . . .” (Boldface & some capitalization omitted.) Clark also cited
several cases, including Cole and Martin and argued that her DFEH
Complaint, “clearly described ALSC and the conduct of its employees . . . .”
28
In any event, none of the facts asserted by ALSC in its separate
statement of facts numbered 152 through 154, even if considered undisputed,
constituted a basis for summary adjudication. ALSC’s separate statement of
facts provided in relevant part:
“152. At all times during her employment, Clark
understood that her employer was named ‘Arthroscopic and
Laser Surgery Center of San Diego, LP’ doing business as
‘Oasis Surgery Center’ not the distinct legal entity ‘Oasis
Surgery Center, LLC’ ”[;]
“153. On June 6 ,2018 Clark amended her complaint in this
action to change the name of her employer from ‘Oasis
Surgery Center, LLC’ to ‘Arthroscopic And Laser Surgery
Center Of San Diego, LP’ but did not amend her complaint
with the California [DFEH] to correct the name of her
‘employer’ to reflect this change”[;]
“154. The ‘right to sue’ letter upon which Clark’s present
action is based continues to erroneously name the
defendant employer by the name ‘Oasis Surgery Center,
LLC.’ ”27 (Some capitalization omitted.)
27 Clark disputed each of these facts by stating:
“Although Plaintiff listed ALSC’s DBA [doing business as]
[name] instead of its name of record, the complaint still
clearly described ALSC and the conduct of its employees
and contractors. ALSC did not suffer any harm from
Plaintiff’s failure to include ALSC’s legal name in the
DFEH complaint because the DFEH did not serve the
complaint or the Right-to-Sue notice on any party, and did
not perform any investigation, but instead directed Plaintiff
to serve the notice on all relevant parties and proceed with
a civil action. The fact that Plaintiff, as a lay person, did
not understand that she should use ALSC’s legal business
name in her DFEH complaint instead of its commonly used
business name, is not a basis to prevent Plaintiff from
bringing claims here.”
29
These facts merely support the conclusion that Clark’s DFEH
Complaint and the DFEH right-to-sue notice failed to identify ALSC using its
proper legal name. For the reasons stated in this opinion, that fact does not
entitle ALSC to judgment as a matter of law on Clark’s FEHA counts.
IV.
CONCLUSION
In Saavedra, supra, 11 Cal.App.4th 824, in concluding that the plaintiff
had sufficiently exhausted her administrative remedies against the
defendant notwithstanding the plaintiff’s failure to specifically “delineate[ ]
[the defendant] an offending party” in her DFEH complaint, (id. at p. 827)
the Court of Appeal observed, “Who was [Saavedra’s] employer? . . . Lawyers
confronted with questions like this typically resolve them by naming
everyone in sight. But [Saavedra] is not a lawyer, and requiring a claimant
to hire a lawyer to complete a discrimination claim form would be antithetical
to the purposes of the legislation.” (Id. at p. 827, quoting Valdez, supra, 231
Cal.App.3d at pp. 1062–1063 (dis. opn. of Johnson, J.).)
In this case, Clark did obtain a lawyer before filling out her DFEH
complaint, and that lawyer drafted a DFEH complaint that unequivocally
identifies ALSC as an intended defendant/respondent. It surely would be
antithetical to the purposes of the FEHA to conclude that Clark’s lawyer’s
minor mistake in failing to identify ALSC by its proper legal name in the
DFEH complaint forever barred Clark from proceeding against ALSC; this is
particularly so because that mistake could have no legal relevance and could
not have prejudiced ALSC given the fact that DFEH issued an immediate
right-to sue notice and Clark amended her judicial complaint to state ALSC’s
proper legal name just one week after she filed her DFEH complaint. A
plaintiff’s misdescription of an employer’s proper legal name on a DFEH
30
complaint has never been held to provide a “get-out-jail-free card” to the
employer under California anti-discrimination law. And so it remains.
V.
DISPOSITION
Let a writ of mandate issue directing the trial court to vacate its order
granting summary adjudication in favor of ALSC on counts 1-6, 10 and 11.
The stay issued on August 10, 2020 is vacated.
AARON, J.
WE CONCUR:
BENKE, Acting P. J.
IRION, J.
31