People v. Wilson CA4/1

Filed 5/2/23 P. v. Wilson CA4/1
NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN OFFICIAL REPORTS
California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for publication or
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purposes of rule 8.1115.
COURT OF APPEAL, FOURTH APPELLATE DISTRICT
DIVISION ONE
STATE OF CALIFORNIA
THE PEOPLE, D080335
Plaintiff and Respondent,
v. (Super. Ct. No. SCD286386)
DALE WILSON,
Defendant and Appellant.
APPEAL from a judgment of the Superior Court of San Diego County,
Evan P. Kirvin, Judge. Affirmed.
Andrea S. Bitar, under appointment by the Court of Appeal, for
Defendant and Appellant.
Rob Bonta, Attorney General, Lance E. Winters, Chief Assistant
Attorney General, Charles C. Ragland, Assistant Attorney General,
Collette C. Cavalier and Nora S. Weyl, Deputy Attorneys General for Plaintiff
and Respondent.
I
INTRODUCTION
Dale Wilson appeals a judgment of conviction after a jury found him
guilty of aiding and abetting the robbery of a 17-year-old high school student
(Pen. Code, § 211).1 He argues the evidence was insufficient to support his
conviction and the trial court committed instructional error when responding
to a note it received from the jury. Relying on People v. Dueñas (2019) 30
Cal.App.5th 1157 (Dueñas), Wilson also asserts the court erred by imposing
fines and fees on him without assessing his ability to pay them. Finding no
merit to Wilson’s arguments, we affirm the judgment.
II
BACKGROUND
Wilson challenges the sufficiency of the evidence supporting the jury’s
verdict. Therefore, “we set forth the facts here in the light most favorable to
the judgment.” (People v. Lee (2011) 51 Cal.4th 620, 625, fn. 5.)
One afternoon, 17-year-old N.R. stopped at a bank in downtown San
Diego while he was walking home from school. He withdrew $60 from the
bank ATM, folded the money, and placed the money in a money clip, which he
stored in his pocket. He then entered a nearby convenience store.
As N.R. exited the convenience store, a male with whom N.R. was
unfamiliar—later identified as Wilson, or Big D—approached N.R. and
offered to sell marijuana to him. Soon after, a second male—later identified
as Little D—joined them. N.R. declined Wilson’s offer and started walking
home. Wilson engaged N.R. in small talk and accompanied him as he walked
away. Little D followed them, walked close behind them, and occasionally
chimed into the conversation.
1 Further undesignated statutory references are to the Penal Code.
2
About five or ten minutes later, N.R., Wilson, and Little D approached
a street intersection and Wilson said, “The dude with the dreads, though.”
N.R. thought Wilson’s statement seemed out of place because they were not
discussing hair or dreadlocks and he did not see anyone with dreadlocks in
the vicinity. According to N.R., “[i]t just didn’t seem like a natural thing to
say in an unrelated conversation.” Little D replied, “The dude with the
dreads, though?”
Almost immediately afterwards, Little D approached N.R. from behind,
placed him in a headlock, and dragged him behind a building. Little D threw
N.R. to the ground, punched him in the face two or three times, and
demanded that he empty his pockets. N.R. surrendered his wallet, his money
clip, his cell phone, and several rings to Little D.
Wilson followed Little D as he placed N.R. in a headlock, pulled him
behind the building, and robbed him. Wilson stood close by during the
robbery—no more than 15 or 20 feet away—and kept looking back and forth,
left and right. Throughout the incident, Wilson did not try to aid N.R., call
for help, or tell Little D to stop. After N.R. handed over his belongings,
Wilson and Little D casually walked away together.
Law enforcement obtained footage of the incident from two surveillance
cameras, one of which shows Little D placing N.R. in a chokehold and pulling
him offscreen. Footage from the same camera shows Wilson holding nothing
in his hands prior to the attack. Consistent with this surveillance footage,
N.R. did not recall Wilson holding anything in his hands before the attack.
However, footage from the second camera shows Wilson holding something in
his right hand immediately after the attack. According to N.R., the item
Wilson held after the attack resembled the money he had withdrawn from
the bank ATM.
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At trial, N.R. testified that he believed Wilson played the role of the
lookout during the robbery because he kept “looking around ... when [he] was
attacked.” N.R. testified that he believed Wilson also played the role of the
shot caller because Wilson directed the conversation that took place before
the attack and he generally seemed more dominant than Little D.
III
DISCUSSION
1. The Evidence was Sufficient to Support the Conviction
On appeal, Wilson contends there was insufficient evidence to support
his conviction for aiding and abetting robbery. We disagree.
“Robbery is the felonious taking of personal property in the possession
of another, from his person or immediate presence, and against his will,
accomplished by means of force or fear.” (§ 211.) A person may be convicted
of robbery if he or she was the perpetrator of the robbery or, alternatively, if
he or she aided and abetted the commission of the robbery. (§ 31 [“All
persons concerned in the commission of a crime, ... whether they directly
commit the act constituting the offense, or aid and abet in its commission, ...
are principals in any crime so committed.”]; see also People v. McCoy (2001)
25 Cal.4th 1111, 1117 [“a person who aids and abets a crime is guilty of that
crime even if someone else committed some or all of the criminal acts.”].)
“ ‘[A] person aids and abets the commission of a crime when he or she, acting
with (1) knowledge of the unlawful purpose of the perpetrator; and (2) the
intent or purpose of committing, encouraging, or facilitating the commission
of the offense, (3) by act or advice aids, promotes, encourages or instigates,
the commission of the crime.’ ” (People v. Johnson (2016) 62 Cal.4th 600, 630,
quoting People v. Beeman (1984) 35 Cal.3d 547, 561.)
4
When we assess the sufficiency of the evidence to support a conviction,
we apply the substantial evidence standard of review. (People v. Beck & Cruz
(2019) 8 Cal.5th 548, 626.) Under that standard, “ ‘ “we review the entire
record in the light most favorable to the judgment to determine whether it
contains substantial evidence—that is, evidence that is reasonable, credible,
and of solid value—from which a reasonable trier of fact could find the
defendant guilty beyond a reasonable doubt.” [Citation.] We determine
“whether, after viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the
prosecution, any rational trier of fact could have found the essential elements
of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt.” [Citation.] In so doing, a reviewing
court “presumes in support of the judgment the existence of every fact the
trier could reasonably deduce from the evidence.” ’ ” (Ibid.) “ ‘A reversal for
insufficient evidence “is unwarranted unless it appears ‘that upon no
hypothesis whatever is there sufficient substantial evidence to support’ ” the
jury’s verdict.’ ” (People v. Penunuri (2018) 5 Cal.5th 126, 142.)
Wilson argues the evidence established, at most, that he was present at
or near the scene of the robbery—not that he affirmatively aided or
encouraged Little D in the commission of the robbery. “ ‘[I]t is well settled
that aiding and abetting the commission of a crime require[s] some
affirmative action.’ ” (People v. Partee (2020) 8 Cal.5th 860, 868, italics
omitted.) Thus, aiding and abetting liability cannot be predicated solely on a
defendant’s mere presence at the scene of a crime or his or her knowledge
about, and failure to prevent, a crime. (See People v. Durham (1969) 70
Cal.2d 171, 181; In re Jose T. (1991) 230 Cal.App.3d 1455, 1460.) “Such
evidence may, however, be considered together with other evidence in
determining that a person is an aider and abettor.” (Ibid.)
5
Here, there was substantial evidence from which a rational jury could
find that Wilson affirmatively aided Little D in the commission of the
robbery. As N.R. testified, Wilson approached him outside of the convenience
store and Little D joined them immediately afterwards. Wilson initiated N.R.
in conversation and then, together with Little D, followed N.R. as he walked
away. From this evidence, a jury could reasonably find that Wilson and
Little D acted in concert with one another throughout their encounter with
N.R. and, as part of their joint operation, Wilson assisted Little D in the
robbery by instigating contact with N.R., the intended victim of the robbery.
(People v. Burgos (2022) 77 Cal.App.5th 550, 560 [evidence was sufficient to
support aiding and abetting robbery conviction, in part, because defendant
“was a ‘continuous constituent’ of the group that committed the robbery—
before, during, and after the offense”]; In re Juan G. (2003) 112 Cal.App.4th
1, 5 [same, where defendant approached victim together with perpetrator]
(Juan G.); People v. Campbell (1994) 25 Cal.App.4th 402, 409 [“Together [the
defendant and the perpetrator] approached [the victims], stopping closely in
front of them. Their concerted action reasonably implies a common purpose”]
(Campbell).)
Further, after Little D placed N.R. in a headlock and dragged him
behind a building, Wilson did not attempt to stop Little D or seek help from
others. Instead, he moved closer to them, remained no more than 15 or 20
feet away, and kept looking left and right. A jury could rationally find that
Wilson engaged in these actions to watch out for approaching witnesses and
intimidate N.R. while Little D robbed him, which are “textbook example[s] of
aiding and abetting.” (Campbell, supra, 25 Cal.App.4th at p 409; see In re
White (2020) 9 Cal.5th 455, 464 [substantial evidence supported a finding
that petitioner aided and abetted perpetrator by “ ‘keeping his eye up and
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down the street’ and acting as the ‘lookout guy’ ”].) Indeed, N.R. himself
described Wilson as the more dominant member of the duo and the lookout.
Evidence from after the robbery supports the jury’s verdict as well. As
noted, Wilson and Little D left the scene of the crime together, which
supports a logical inference that they were acting in concert. (Juan G.,
supra, 112 Cal.App.4th at p. 5.) Further, there was evidence that, after the
robbery, Wilson held an item in his hand resembling the money that N.R. had
just withdrawn from the bank ATM—an item Wilson did not have in his
hand just before the robbery took place. A jury could reasonably infer the
item in Wilson’s hand was N.R.’s money and, therefore, Wilson aided in the
commission of the robbery by taking possession of stolen contraband.
Collectively, the evidence in the record also constituted substantial
evidence from which a jury could find that Wilson knew of Little D’s unlawful
purpose and intended to commit, or encourage the commission of, the
robbery. In particular, a jury could find Wilson harbored the requisite
mental state and intent necessary to sustain the conviction based on the
evidence that he initiated the contact with N.R., acted in concert with Wilson,
stood close by during the robbery, failed to intervene or seek assistance as the
crime was ongoing, acted as a lookout, received and helped abscond with
stolen contraband, and left the crime scene with Wilson. (See People v. Hill
(1998) 17 Cal.4th 800, 850–852 [defendant harbored mental state to support
aiding and abetting robbery conviction because there was substantial
evidence that he stood with the perpetrator, approached the victim with the
perpetrator, and surrounded the vehicle in which the victim was seated—
evidence that “suggest[ed] a preconceived plan of attack”].)
Because there was substantial evidence that Wilson affirmatively aided
and assisted Little D in the commission of the robbery, and that he harbored
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the requisite knowledge and intent while doing so, we conclude the evidence
was sufficient to support Wilson’s conviction for aiding and abetting robbery.
2. The Trial Court Did Not Commit Instructional Error
During jury deliberations, the jury sent a note to the trial court seeking
clarification on the knowledge element of the jury instruction for aiding and
abetting (CALCRIM No. 401). The note read, “The defendant knew that the
perpetrator intended to commit the crime. [¶] By when does the defendant
need to know? [¶] At the instant of [sic] the crime is committed? [¶] Or prior?”
After consulting with counsel, the court responded to the note, “To be guilty
of robbery as an aider and abettor, the defendant must have known that the
perpetrator intended to commit the robbery either before or during the
commission of the robbery. [¶] Please review Jury Instruction (CALCRIM)
#401 for further guidance.”
Wilson contends the trial court committed instructional error when it
responded to the jury’s note. Without citation to any relevant legal
authorities, he asserts a defendant may be convicted as an aider and abettor
only if he or she knows of the perpetrator’s unlawful purpose before the
perpetrator begins to commit the offense. The People contend that Wilson
forfeited his argument by failing to object to the trial court’s response or
requesting a modification to the response. They further argue that the
court’s response was proper because an aider and abettor need not have
advance knowledge of a perpetrator’s unlawful purpose prior to the
commission of the offense, so long as the aider and abettor obtains such
knowledge during the commission of the offense.
We will address Wilson’s instructional error argument to forestall a
possible ineffective assistance of counsel claim and because he argues the
error affected his substantial rights. However, we reject Wilson’s argument
8
on the merits. Indeed, it is firmly entrenched in the caselaw that “advance
knowledge is not a prerequisite for liability as an aider and abettor. ‘Aiding
and abetting may be committed “on the spur of the moment,” that is, as
instantaneously as the criminal act itself.’ ” (People v. Swanson-Birabent
(2003) 114 Cal.App.4th 733, 742; see People v. Cooper (1991) 53 Cal.3d 1158,
1161 [“a getaway driver who has no prior knowledge of a robbery, but who
forms the intent to aid in carrying away the loot during such asportation,
may properly be found liable as an aider and abettor of the robbery”], italics
added; People v. Frandsen (2019) 33 Cal.App.5th 1126, 1148 [“the aider and
abettor need not have advance knowledge of the crime or the perpetrator’s
intent”]; accord People v. Montoya (1994) 7 Cal.4th 1027, 1044–1045 [“if an
individual happens upon a scene in which a perpetrator unlawfully has
entered [a structure] with intent to commit a felony or theft, and, upon
learning of that circumstance, forms the intent to facilitate the perpetrator’s
illegal purpose in entering, that individual incurs the liability of an aider and
abettor” of burglary].) Based on these well-settled legal principles, we reject
Wilson’s argument that the trial court committed instructional error.
3. The Challenged Fines and Fees are Affirmed
During sentencing, the trial court imposed various fines and fees on
Wilson, including a crime prevention fund fine of $41 (§ 1202.5), a court
operations assessment of $40 (§ 1465.8), and a criminal conviction
assessment of $30 (Gov. Code, § 70373). Wilson asserts the court erred in
levying these fines and fees because he did not have the ability to pay them
and the court never considered his ability to pay. Relying on Dueñas, supra,
9
30 Cal.App.5th 1157, Wilson asks us to “vacate [the] fines and fees ... unless
and until it is demonstrated that [he] has the ability to pay.” 2
We reject Wilson’s argument for two reasons. First, Wilson forfeited
his argument by failing to object to the fines and fees based on his purported
inability to pay. During sentencing, Wilson asked the court to consider “the
needs of his family” and his “financial obligations” when assessing fines and
fees, “consider reducing” a restitution fine (§ 1202.4, subd. (b)) and a parole
revocation restitution fine (§ 1202.45) to the statutory minimum, and stay
“the remaining fees” (presumably referring to the crime prevention fund fine,
the court operations assessment, and the criminal conviction assessment).
However, he never told the court he was indigent, nor did he request an
ability-to-pay hearing or state he was unable to pay the fines and fees he now
challenges. Because Wilson did not notify the court about his alleged
inability to pay, or object to the fines and fees on this basis, he has forfeited
his Dueñas argument. (People v. Flowers (2022) 81 Cal.App.5th 680, 687,
review granted October 12, 2022, S276237; People v. Keene (2019) 43
Cal.App.5th 861, 863–864; People v. Torres (2019) 39 Cal.App.5th 849, 860.)
Second, even if we were to presume that Wilson preserved his Dueñas
argument, and further presume that his argument was meritorious, we
would nonetheless affirm the fines and fees because Wilson “will have the
ability to earn prison wages over a sustained period.” (People v. Johnson
(2019) 35 Cal.App.5th 134, 139 (Johnson).) The court sentenced Wilson to a
2 “In a nutshell, Dueñas ... held that a sentencing court violated the due
process rights of a defendant who committed her acts out of poverty when it
imposed certain mandatory fees and fines that lack a statutory exception
without first making a finding the unemployed defendant (who suffered from
cerebral palsy) had the ability to pay while she was on probation.” (People v.
Oliver (2020) 54 Cal.App.5th 1084, 1100.)
10
relatively lengthy aggregate prison term of 11 years, during which time he
will have the opportunity to earn wages.3 The probation report shows Wilson
has a sustained history of employment and, during sentencing, Wilson
himself emphasized that he has “always been working since [he] [last] got out
of prison.” Further, the fines and fees he challenges are relatively minimal,
amounting to a mere $111 in total.
“While it may take [Wilson] considerable time to pay the amounts
imposed against [him], it is clear [he] can make payments from either prison
wages or monetary gifts from family and friends during [his] lengthy prison
sentence[].” (People v. Lowery (2020) 43 Cal.App.5th 1046, 1060–1061;
Johnson, supra, 35 Cal.App.5th at pp. 139–140.) Because Wilson will be able
to pay the $111 in challenged fines and fees during his prison term, the trial
court’s purported failure to assess his ability to pay was harmless beyond a
reasonable doubt.
IV
DISPOSITION
The judgment is affirmed.
McCONNELL, P. J.
WE CONCUR:
O’ROURKE, J.
DO, J.
3 The court calculated the 11-year prison sentence as follows: the middle
term of three years for the robbery conviction, doubled due to a prior strike
conviction, plus five years for a prior serious felony.
11