People v. Ubiarco CA2/3

Filed 6/22/23 P. v. Ubiarco CA2/3
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IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA
SECOND APPELLATE DISTRICT
DIVISION THREE
THE PEOPLE, B319052
Plaintiff and Respondent, Los Angeles County
Super. Ct. No. TA151057
v.
EDUARDO UBIARCO, JR.,
Defendant and Appellant.
APPEAL from a judgment of the Superior Court of
Los Angeles County, Connie R. Quinones, Judge. Affirmed in
part, sentence vacated in part, and remanded with instructions.
Alex Coolman, under appointment by the Court of Appeal,
for Defendant and Appellant.
Rob Bonta, Attorney General, Lance E. Winters, Chief
Assistant Attorney General, Susan Sullivan Pithey, Assistant
Attorney General, Kenneth C. Byrne and Allison H. Chung,
Deputy Attorneys General, for Plaintiff and Respondent.
_________________________
A jury convicted Eduardo Ubiarco, Jr. of (1) the first degree
murder of the mother of two of his four children, and (2) the
attempted murder of her father. We vacate the indeterminate
life sentence on the attempted murder conviction and remand
the case for resentencing on that count. We affirm Ubiarco’s
convictions in all other respects.
FACTS AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND
1. The shootings on January 1, 2020
Ubiarco and Claudia—also known as Janet—had been
in a relationship for a number of years.1 On New Year’s Eve
2019 Claudia and her children Kayla and Edward2 were at
the Compton home of her parents and sister. Shortly before
midnight, Ubiarco called Kayla (who was 10) on her cell phone.
He told her “to take care of [herself] and [her] little brother and
that he loved [her].” Kayla told Ubiarco not to do anything stupid
because she didn’t want him to go to jail.
Ubiarco arrived at the residence around 12:30 or 1:00 a.m.
(By then it was January 1.) He went into the bedroom and
“grabbed [Kayla] to take her away.” Claudia tried to stop him.
They argued. Claudia “ ‘swatted’ ” Ubiarco and scratched his
face. Ubiarco slapped her back. Kayla started to cry. Claudia
got between Ubiarco and Kayla. Claudia’s father, Jesus Lopez
Sanchez,3 was able to get Kayla away from Ubiarco.
1 Ubiarco and Claudia were not married. Ubiarco testified
at trial that the two considered themselves husband and wife.
2 Ubiarco also had two daughters from a previous
relationship, Valeria and Karina.
3 To avoid confusion, we refer to Mr. Lopez Sanchez as Jesus.
2
Jesus’s sister-in-law told Ubiarco to leave. Ubiarco left
the house and went out to the street. Jesus and Claudia went
out to the front yard. Ubiarco went to the car and came back
with a gun. He was holding the gun in front of his chest.
Claudia threw a paving stone at Ubiarco and it hit him in
the forehead. Blood was dripping from Ubiarco’s forehead and he
looked pale; “[he] didn’t look right.” From less than a foot away,
Ubiarco shot Jesus in the chest twice. Ubiarco then shot Claudia.
Sometime very early on the morning of January 1, Ubiarco
spoke by phone with his friend Matthew Ruiz. Ubiarco told Ruiz
“that he did it”; he “told [Ruiz] to take care of his kids.”
Claudia and Jesus were transported to the hospital in
the same ambulance. Jesus was in the hospital for three weeks.
“They had to remove a kidney, and part of [his] liver and colon
were damaged.” Claudia had surgery but did not survive. An
autopsy revealed three gunshot wounds. One of those was fatal.
The bullet entered through the victim’s left armpit, traveled
through the body, and exited the right flank. The bullet traveled
“through some major organs: the lung, the liver, the stomach.” It
also passed through “two of the largest blood vessels in the body:
the aorta and the vena cava.”
2. The charges, trial, verdicts, and sentences
The People charged Ubiarco with the murder of Claudia
(count 1) and the attempted murder of Jesus (count 2).
The People alleged Ubiarco personally used a firearm in the
commission of the crimes,4 and personally inflicted great bodily
injury on Jesus.
4 The People’s original information, filed October 21, 2020,
alleged Ubiarco personally used and personally and intentionally
discharged a firearm causing death and great bodily injury to
3
The case went to trial in October 2021. The People
presented evidence of previous incidents under Evidence Code
sections 1109 and 1101, subdivision (b):
Toni Guajardo met Claudia at a pet clinic where they both
worked as receptionists. They had worked together for four or
five years. Guajardo saw Ubiarco at the clinic “[a]lmost every
day.” When he came into the clinic, “[h]e would sit down and
watch [Claudia].” Ubiarco also called the clinic “nonstop.”
He sat outside the clinic “[a] lot” in his work van or his car.
Guajardo saw him out there “[p]robably like 50 to a hundred
times,” “[m]aybe more over the years.” Eventually the clinic
owner asked Ubiarco not to come there anymore.
After Thanksgiving in 2019, Guajardo saw Claudia with
“bruises on her face”—“bruises everywhere”—and a black eye.
Around the second week of December, Claudia started staying
at Guajardo’s home. On a Saturday in mid-December, Guajardo
and Claudia met at the White Harte Pub in Woodland Hills.
Claudia was crying. Guajardo went to the restroom; when she
returned Ubiarco was sitting in her seat at the bar. Claudia
“looked scared.” Ubiarco grabbed Claudia’s purse and car keys
and walked out of the pub.
Ubiarco paced back and forth outside, then “went and sat
in his car waiting for [the two women] to come out.” He “came
back a couple of times threatening.” The women called the police
but the police never came. Ubiarco was still parked outside the
pub when it closed at 2:00 a.m. Guarjardo called a friend to come
the victims. On October 8, 2021, the People filed an amended
information alleging only the use of a firearm.
4
pick them up; they “ended up having to sneak out” “a side
entrance.”
Soledad Bermudez had known Claudia (whom she called
Janet) for more than 19 years. Soledad and her husband Gilberto
Bermudez hung out with Ubiarco and Claudia every week or two.
Gilberto described Ubiarco as “very jealous, a bit possessive.”
Ubiarco asked Gilberto “why do I let my wife go out”—“who
knows what they are doing and stuff like that.” That was “pretty
much a theme” over the 10 years Gilberto knew Ubiarco.
Ubiarco told Gilberto he believed Claudia was cheating
on him. Ubiarco said “he would never allow her to move on,”
“to have anybody so that her kids would never call anybody else
dad.” After Thanksgiving 2019, Ubiarco told Gilberto he’d hit
Claudia. The reason was “[j]ust jealousy.” Gilberto told Ubiarco
to “let it be, let her go.” “There’s no need to be physical.”
Andrew Rey met Claudia at the pet clinic. In about
October of 2019 their relationship became romantic. On the
night of Thanksgiving 2019, Rey and Claudia met up. Claudia
was crying. “She had a big ol’ bump on the back of her head.”
When Rey touched the bump, Claudia said, “ ‘Ow.’ ”
On the day after Christmas, Rey and Claudia went to a
mall. Ubiarco pulled up, got out of his vehicle, and told Claudia
to go home. Rey told Ubiarco to leave Claudia alone. Ubiarco
started coming toward Rey. Rey saw Ubiarco had a knife. Rey
ran toward a store. When Rey and Claudia came out of the store
about 30 minutes later, the tires of Claudia’s car had been “stuck”
—“there were holes in them.”
Ubiarco testified on his own behalf at trial. On New Year’s
Eve, Ubiarco said, Claudia went to her aunt’s house with her
children. Ubiarco and his daughter Karina went to the home of
5
his friend Matthew Ruiz. Ubiarco felt sad because he “was losing
[his] family.” Around 8:00 p.m. that evening, he posted a “story”
on Snapchat of himself listening to a song in which a man kills
his unfaithful partner.
Around 11:30 p.m. Karina received a message from Kayla
that screen shots she’d seen on Claudia’s phone “made her sad”
and she wanted Ubiarco to come and pick her up. Ubiarco and
Karina left Northridge around 11:45 p.m. Ubiarco took his gun
with him because he carried it “[e]very time” he went to Compton
or “anywhere in the city” of Los Angeles. Ubiarco called Claudia
22 times while driving from Northridge to Compton.
When Ubiarco arrived at the Compton residence he was not
able to get Kayla. “She was taken from me.” Ubiarco testified
Claudia hit him with a broom handle on his head, back, and face.
He was “kind of being like shoved towards the front door.” Then
Claudia picked up “a paver, a brick,” and threw it at his face.
He was “stunned,” “like dazed.” He was bleeding a lot.
Ubiarco testified, “I was bleeding and my only thing was to
try to get out of there, you know.” So “I just fired off some rounds
with my gun.” Ubiarco denied having gone to the car to get the
gun. He said he was not trying to kill Claudia or Jesus. Karina
“guided” Ubiarco toward his car across the street and he was able
to drive home. He changed his shirt “because it was all bloody”
and “tossed [his gun] in the neighbor’s trash can.”
On cross-examination Ubiarco admitted he’d slapped
Claudia on Thanksgiving and that he was responsible for the
bruising to her eye that resulted.
Ubiarco called his mother, Blanca Parks, as a witness.
On cross-examination, Parks admitted she’d once heard Ubiarco
tell Claudia “he was going to have Karina fuck her ass up.”
6
The jury convicted Ubiarco on both counts and found the
firearm use and infliction of great bodily injury allegations true.
The jury found Ubiarco’s murder of Claudia to be first degree
murder. As discussed below, as to the attempted murder of
Jesus, the jury wrote “First” on a line on the verdict form that
read, “We further find the murder [sic] to be of the ___________
FIRST or SECOND (Indicate One) degree.”
The trial court sentenced Ubiarco to 49 years to life in
the state prison, calculated as 25 years to life on count 1 plus
three years for the firearm use, and 15 years to life on count 2,
plus three years for the firearm use and three years for the great
bodily injury enhancement. The court ordered the sentences
on counts 1 and 2 to be served consecutively.
DISCUSSION
1. The trial court prejudicially erred by failing to give
the jury CALCRIM No. 601
Ubiarco contends he must be resentenced to a determinate
term on count 2 for attempted murder because the court failed
to instruct the jury on any allegation that the crime was done
willfully and with deliberation and premeditation. We agree.
Penal Code section 664, subdivision (a)5 provides attempted
murder shall be punished by imprisonment in the state prison
for five, seven, or nine years “unless the fact that the attempted
murder was willful, deliberate, and premeditated is charged in
the accusatory pleading and admitted or found to be true by the
trier of fact.” Here, count 2 of both the original information and
the amended information charged Ubiarco with the attempted
5 References to statutes are to the Penal Code unless
otherwise noted.
7
murder of Jesus. There was no allegation in the information that
the attempted murder was willful, deliberate, and premeditated.
Nor did the prosecution ever seek to amend its information to add
that allegation.
CALCRIM No. 600 is entitled “Attempted Murder.”
CALCRIM No. 601 is entitled “Attempted Murder: Deliberation
and Premeditation.” The Bench Notes for that instruction state:
“Instructional Duty[.] [¶] The court has a sua sponte duty
to give this instruction defining the elements of the sentencing
enhancement. (Apprendi v. New Jersey (2000) 530 U.S. 466,
475-476, 490; Pen. Code, § 664(a).) Give this instruction when
an enhancement for deliberation and premeditation is charged.
[¶] This instruction must be given with CALCRIM No. 600,
Attempted Murder.”
When the court discussed proposed jury instructions with
counsel, it stated it intended to give both CALCRIM No. 600 and
CALCRIM No. 601. However, the court never read CALCRIM
No. 601 to the jury, nor was that instruction included in the
packet of written jury instructions. Neither the prosecutor nor
defense counsel brought this omission to the court’s attention.
Moreover, the court did not give the jury “not guilty” and
“guilty” verdict forms for count 2, with a place on the “guilty”
verdict form for the jury to find true or not true the allegation
that the attempted murder was willful, deliberate, and
premeditated. Instead, the court gave the jury “not guilty”
and “guilty” verdict forms for that count with a line that read,
“We further find the murder [sic] to be of the ______________
FIRST or SECOND (Indicate One) degree.” The jury wrote
“First” on the line.
8
People v. Arias (2010) 182 Cal.App.4th 1009 (Arias) governs
this case. There, the charging document alleged the defendant,
with malice aforethought, attempted to murder two victims. But
it did not allege the attempted murders were willful, deliberate,
and premeditated. “Nevertheless, the trial court instructed that
if the jury found defendant guilty of attempted murder, it must
make a separate determination of whether the prosecution
proved the attempted murder was done willfully and with
premeditation and deliberation. The jury’s attempted murder
verdicts did not include special findings as to premeditation and
deliberation, but found ‘first degree attempted murder’ as to
both victims.” (Id. at p. 1017, fn. omitted.)
As our colleagues in Division 5 pointed out in Arias,
“California law does not define attempted murder in terms
of degrees.” (Arias, supra, 182 Cal.App.4th at p. 1011, fn. 2.
See People v. Lee (2003) 31 Cal.4th 613, 616 [section 664,
subdivision (a) “does not create a greater degree of attempted
murder, but rather constitutes a penalty provision increasing
the punishment for attempted murder beyond the maximum
otherwise prescribed”].) Accordingly, the Arias court concluded,
the defendant’s section 664, subdivision (a) sentence
enhancements had to be stricken as to his attempted murder
convictions and the matter remanded for resentencing on
those counts. (Arias, at p. 1021.)
The Attorney General contends Ubiarco forfeited his claim
that the failure to instruct and the erroneous verdict forms
violated his rights. The Arias court rejected a similar forfeiture
argument, noting, “the imposition of a sentencing enhancement
based on an unpled enhancement allegation in violation of
statutory pleading requirements amounted to an unauthorized
9
sentence.” (Arias, supra, 182 Cal.App.4th at p. 1017. See also
People v. Perez (2017) 18 Cal.App.5th 598, 614-618.)
Nor does the Attorney General’s reliance on People v.
Houston (2012) 54 Cal.4th 1186 (Houston) have merit. In that
case, the defendant was charged with (among other crimes)
10 counts of attempted murder. The indictment did not allege
the crimes were deliberate and premeditated. At the end of the
first day of the defense case, the court gave counsel drafts of the
verdict forms and pointed out the issue. The court then properly
instructed the jury that, if it found the defendant guilty on those
counts, it must determine whether the attempted murders were
willful, deliberate, and premeditated. (Id. at pp. 1225-1226.)
In Houston and Arias, the trial courts at least properly
instructed the jury. (Houston, supra, 54 Cal.4th at p. 1226;
Arias, supra, 182 Cal.App.4th at p. 1017.) Here, by contrast,
the court did not give CALCRIM No. 601, an instruction it had
a sua sponte obligation to give, defining the terms “willfully,”
“deliberated,” and “premeditation.” Nor did the verdict form
contain any place for the jury to find true or not true any
allegation (which the prosecution never pleaded) that the
attempted murder was willful, deliberate, and premeditated,
as section 664, subdivision (a) explicitly requires. This is not
simply an issue of notice. As the bench note to CALCRIM
No. 601 states, a finding by the trier of fact—here, the jury—
that the crime was willful, deliberate, and premeditated
is required by Apprendi v. New Jersey, supra, 530 U.S. 466and its progeny.
Accordingly, we vacate Ubiarco’s sentence on count 2
and remand the matter for resentencing on that count to
a determinate term. (See Arias, supra, 182 Cal.App.4th at
10
pp. 1012, 1021 [section 664, subdivision (a) enhancement
stricken; life sentences “set aside”; matter remanded for
defendant to “be resentenced to a determinate term as prescribed
by law”].)
2. The court was not required to instruct on accident
Ubiarco contends the trial court erred by denying his
counsel’s request to give the jury CALCRIM No. 3404, “Accident
(Pen. Code, § 195).” While somewhat unclear, it appears Ubiarco
contends he was entitled to an “accident” instruction only on
count 2, the attempted murder of Jesus. That contention is
without merit.
CALCRIM No. 3404 was among the instructions the
defense requested in a list it filed with the court. After both
sides had rested, the court apparently discussed jury instructions
informally with counsel off the record. Back on the record,
the court listed the instructions it intended to give. As for an
instruction on accident, the court stated, “3404 was requested
by the defense. That’s denied. I don’t think there’s any evidence
that this was an accident.”
Section 195 provides, “Homicide is excusable in the
following cases: [¶] 1. When committed by accident and
misfortune, or in doing any other lawful act by lawful means,
with usual and ordinary caution, and without any unlawful
intent.” Section 26 provides, “All persons are capable of
committing crimes except those belonging to the following
classes: . . . Five—Persons who committed the act . . . charged
through misfortune or by accident, when it appears that there
was no evil design, intention, or culpable negligence.” CALCRIM
No. 3404, in the paragraph that applies to specific or general
intent crimes (as opposed to negligence), states, “The defendant
11
is not guilty of __________ if (he/she) acted . . .
without the intent required for that crime, but acted instead
accidentally. You may not find the defendant guilty of __________
unless you are convinced beyond a reasonable
doubt that (he/she) acted with the required intent.”
Trial courts have a duty to instruct juries in criminal
cases on those principles of law necessary to assist them in
understanding the case. (People v. Moye (2009) 47 Cal.4th 537,
548; People v. Breverman (1998) 19 Cal.4th 142, 154.) A trial
court should give an instruction when the record contains
substantial evidence from which a jury reasonably could
conclude—as relevant here—that the defendant has a defense
to the charge. (People v. Barton (1995) 12 Cal.4th 186, 201.)
Substantial evidence is evidence sufficient to deserve
consideration by the jury—that is, evidence that a reasonable
jury could find persuasive. (Id. at p. 201, fn. 8; People v. Johnson
(2019) 32 Cal.App.5th 26, 41.)
Courts must determine whether sufficient evidence
supports an instruction without reference to the credibility
of that evidence. (People v. Salas (2006) 37 Cal.4th 967, 982.)
Doubt as to the sufficiency of the evidence to warrant a particular
instruction should be resolved in the defendant’s favor. (People v.
Tufunga (1999) 21 Cal.4th 935, 944.) However, the court need
not give instructions based solely on conjecture and speculation.
(People v. Day (1981) 117 Cal.App.3d 932, 936. Cf. People v.
Cooksey (2002) 95 Cal.App.4th 1407, 1410 [no duty to instruct
when evidence is “minimal and insubstantial”].)
“We conduct independent review of issues pertaining
to instructions.” (People v. Cooksey, supra, 95 Cal.App.4th at
p. 1411.)
12
Here, Jesus testified at trial that Ubiarco came to his house
around 12:30 or 1:00 a.m. on the date in question. Ubiarco and
Claudia were “fighting,” “arguing,” and Jesus told them both
to leave. Ubiarco went out to the street and came back with
a gun. Ubiarco came toward Jesus and Claudia with the gun
in his hand. Claudia threw a paving stone at Ubiarco. Ubiarco
then shot Jesus in the chest “[l]ike twice” from “[l]ess than a foot”
away.
Ubiarco argues his own testimony “that he was not
attempting to kill [Jesus] when he fired” was “by itself” “adequate
to support the instruction.” On direct examination, Ubiarco
testified that, after Claudia threw the paver at him, he “was
bleeding and my only thing was to try to get out of there, you
know.” Ubiarco’s counsel asked him, “What did you do?” Ubiarco
replied, “I just fired off some rounds with my gun.” Ubiarco
said he was not trying to kill Claudia. When his lawyer asked
him, “Were you trying to kill her father?”, Ubiarco responded,
“Of course not.”
Ubiarco never testified that his gun discharged accidently,
or that he pulled the trigger—five times6—without meaning to.
To the extent Ubiarco’s testimony that he “fired off some rounds”
“to try to get out of there” is understandable, Ubiarco was not
asserting a defense of accident. He was asserting a defense
of self-defense, including imperfect self-defense. The court
instructed the jury on self-defense (CALCRIM Nos. 505, 3470)
and imperfect self-defense (CALCRIM Nos. 571, 604).
6 As noted, the autopsy of Claudia revealed she’d been shot
three times.
13
Testimony that a defendant shot a victim (Jesus) twice
in the chest at very close range—two volitional acts—is not
substantial evidence giving rise to a duty to instruct the jury
on accident. The court did not err in refusing Ubiarco’s request
for CALCRIM No. 3404.
3. The court did not err in its jury instructions on
provocation; in any event, any error was harmless
Ubiarco contends several instructions given to the jury on
the role of provocation were incorrect or inadequate. We find no
prejudicial error.
As we noted, the defense filed with the court a list of
instructions it was requesting. That list included CALCRIM Nos.
520 (“First or Second Degree Murder with Malice Aforethought”),
521 (“First Degree Murder”), 522 (“Provocation: Effect on Degree
of Murder”), 570 (“Voluntary Manslaughter: Heat of Passion—
Lesser Included Offense”), and 571 (“Voluntary Manslaughter:
Imperfect Self-Defense or Imperfect Defense of Another—Lesser
Included Offense”). The list did not include CALCRIM No. 603
(“Attempted Voluntary Manslaughter: Heat of Passion—Lesser
Included Offense”).
CALCRIM No. 522 states,
“Provocation may reduce a murder from first
degree to second degree [and may reduce a
murder to manslaughter]. The weight and
significance of the provocation, if any, are
for you to decide. [¶] If you conclude that
the defendant committed murder but was
provoked, consider the provocation in deciding
whether the crime was first or second degree
murder. [Also, consider the provocation in
14
deciding whether the defendant committed
murder or manslaughter.]”
As Ubiarco points out, the bench note for the instruction
states, “If the court will be instructing on voluntary
manslaughter, give both bracketed portions on manslaughter.”
However, the trial court did not include those bracketed portions
in the version of CALCRIM No. 522 it read to the jury and
provided in the packet of instructions. The list of requested
instructions the defense filed did not address—one way or the
other—whether the court should include those portions. Nor was
there any discussion of the bracketed language at the instruction
conference. Neither the prosecutor nor defense counsel brought
to the court’s attention the omission of the bracketed phrases.
While the defense did not include CALCRIM No. 603 in its
filing, it did request that instruction at the conference. Counsel
said, “603 I would be requesting. Voluntary manslaughter heat
of passion, a lesser included offense.” The prosecutor objected:
“I don’t believe that the evidence supports an inference of that.”
The court stated, “The court is going to deny that request. There
is not substantial evidence as to self-defense for [Jesus] Lopez.”
Defense counsel attempted to tell the court the instruction
had to do with heat of passion, not self-defense. The court
repeated, “Not giving it.” Nevertheless, the court did read
CALCRIM No. 603 to the jury and it appears to have been
included in the packet of written jury instructions.
CALCRIM No. 522 “is a pinpoint instruction, to be given
on request.” (Bench Notes to CALCRIM No. 522. See People
v. Rogers (2006) 39 Cal.4th 826, 877-878.) Because the court
instructed on voluntary manslaughter, it should have included
the bracketed portions referring to manslaughter. But the court
15
did instruct the jury in CALCRIM No. 570 that provocation could
reduce “[a] killing that would otherwise be murder” to voluntary
manslaughter. Thus, in giving both CALCRIM No. 522 and
CALCRIM No. 570, the court told the jurors provocation
could reduce first degree murder to second, and murder to
manslaughter. We consider the instructions as a whole and
assume the jurors are intelligent people capable of understanding
and correlating all the instructions. (People v. Ramos (2008) 163
Cal.App.4th 1082, 1088; People v. Yoder (1979) 100 Cal.App.3d
333, 338.)
In short, the record does not support Ubiarco’s contention
that “[t]he instructions on murder and attempted murder . . .
permitted the jury to convict without any consideration of the
role of provocation.” Defense counsel devoted a considerable
portion of her closing argument to provocation. CALCRIM
No. 570 instructed the jury, “The People have the burden of
proving beyond a reasonable doubt that the defendant did not kill
as the result of a sudden quarrel or in the heat of passion.” Read
together, the instructions told the jury it was the prosecution’s
burden to prove, beyond a reasonable doubt, that Ubiarco acted
with the requisite intent, rather than in the heat of passion.
In any event, on this record, the court’s omission of the
bracketed phrases in CALCRIM No. 522 was harmless. It is not
probable Ubiarco would have received a more favorable result
had the court included those portions of the instruction. Mere
misdirection of the jury is subject to the uniform standard of
reversible prejudice and a miscarriage of justice applicable under
our Constitution. (People v. Breverman, supra, 19 Cal.4th at
pp. 156, fn. 6, 175, citing Cal. Const., art. VI, § 13.)
16
Nor is there merit to Ubiarco’s contention that CALCRIM
Nos. 570 and 603 “contain obvious errors.” Ubiarco notes those
instructions say, in order for heat of passion to reduce a
murder or attempted murder to manslaughter or attempted
manslaughter, “the defendant must have acted under the direct
and immediate influence of provocation as I have defined it.”
But, Ubiarco complains, the instructions “never provide a
definition of that term.”
In seeking a specific definition of the word “provocation,”
Ubiarco reads the instructions too narrowly. The instructions
explain the crime may be reduced to a lesser if the defendant
acted “because of a sudden quarrel or in the heat of passion.”
The instructions further explain the defendant so acted if he
was provoked and acted “rashly and under the influence of
intense emotion,” provided that same provocation would have
caused “a person of average disposition” so to act as well. The
instructions then explain, “Heat of passion does not require
anger, rage, or any specific emotion. It can be any violent
or intense emotion that causes a person to act without due
deliberation and reflection.” (CALCRIM Nos. 570, 603.)
The bench notes use the terms “provocation” and “heat
of passion” almost interchangeably. The concepts are two sides
of the same coin. In other words, “provocation” is anything that
caused the defendant (and would cause a “person of average
disposition”) to react with a “violent or intense emotion that
causes a person to act without due deliberation and reflection.”
We see no error in these instructions, which have been in use
since 2006.
17
4. New Evidence Code section 352.2 does not assist
Ubiarco
a. The Snapchat post
At the outset of trial, Ubiarco’s counsel filed a motion
in limine to exclude Ubiarco’s post on Snapchat of the song
“El Asesino” (The Assassin) by the band Los Cadetes de Linares.
The post on “king_edward213’s Story” shows the right foot
of a person and a mobile phone on a countertop with a screen
shot. A group singing in Spanish can be heard. The clip lasts
36 seconds. Counsel argued the recording lacked foundation
and it was “unduly prejudicial in comparison to its very
marginally probative value.”
At the hearing on motions in limine, the prosecutor told
the court she was “planning on using” the song with one of her
witnesses. The court “read through the transcript of the lyrics
of the song” over the lunch hour. The prosecutor told the court
she’d be able to establish a foundation. The court stated its
tentative decision was to admit the exhibit, as “[i]ts probative
value exceeds the prejudicial effect.”
At trial, Soledad Bermudez testified Claudia and Ubiarco
had a joint Snapchat account under the name “King Eduardo.”
On January 1, 2020, Soledad saw a story on that account and
opened it. The prosecutor distributed transcripts of the post, in
Spanish and English, to the jurors.7 Soledad testified the story
7 The transcript contained the following lyrics in Spanish
and an English translation:
“Me dicen el Asesino por alli, y dicen me anda buscando la ley
porque mate de manera legal la que burio mi querer. En un
momento de celos mate, segado de sentiment y dolor, la que
burlara mi honra y mi ser, mi vida y mi corazon. Ya esta en
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had been posted sometime between 7:00 and 8:00 p.m. the night
before, December 31.
On direct examination in the defense case, Ubiarco testified
he’d posted the video on Snapchat. He said, “It’s just one of my
el cielo juzgada de Dios. Si alla de lo alto si acaso me ve, sabra
la ingrata que tuve razon, sabra cuanto la adore.
“Veinte anos que de sentencia me den, con gusto voy mi delito
a pagar, pero antes quiero vengarme tambien del que me hizo
criminal. Va la justicia buscandome a mi, mas no me entrego
hasta ver la occasion de ver al otro que me hizo infeliz y abririe
su corazon. Veinte anos que de sentencia me den, con gusto voy
mi delito a pagar, pero antes quiero vengarme tambien del que
me hizo criminal. Va la justicia buscandome a mi, mas no me
entrego hasta ver la occasion de ver al otro que me hizo infeliz
y abrirle su corazon.”
Translation:
“They call me the Assassin around there, and they say the law
is looking for me because I killed in a legal manner the one who
betrayed my love. In one moment of jealousy I killed, blinded
by emotion and pain, the one who betrayed my honor and my
being, my life, and my heart. She’s in heaven now judged by God.
If from the heavens perhaps she sees me, the ingrate will know
I was right, she’ll know how much I adored her.
“If they sentence me to 20 years, I will gladly pay for my crime,
but before, I want to take revenge also on the one who made me
a criminal. The law is looking for me, but I will not turn myself
in until I see the occasion of seeing the other one who made me
unhappy and open his heart. If they sentence me to 20 years,
I will gladly pay for my crime, but before, I want to take revenge
also on the one who made me a criminal. The law is looking
for me, but I will not turn myself in until I see the occasion of
seeing the other one who made me unhappy and open his heart.”
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songs by my favorite groups. It came on and I just posted it.”
He continued, “I think it was on Pandora or something like that.
[¶] . . . The phone was just there on the counter. It was playing
music. They were allowing me to change the music because
they knew I was sad so they were just trying to comfort me,
you know.” When asked whether he’d “look[ed] for the song,”
Ubiarco replied, “[I]t just came on.”
On cross-examination, the prosecutor asked Ubiarco why
the song was one of his favorites. Ubiarco replied, “I just like the
beat . . . to it and that’s one of my favorite groups.” When asked
if he understood the song “was about a man killing his romantic
partner,” Ubiarco said, “Right, yes.”
b. Evidence Code section 352.2
Last year, the Legislature passed and the governor signed
Assembly Bill No. 2799 (2021-2022 Reg. Sess.) (Stats. 2022,
ch. 973, § 2) (Assembly Bill 2799). The new law took effect
January 1, 2023. The bill added section 352.2 to the Evidence
Code. (People v. Venable (2023) 88 Cal.App.5th 445, 448, 454
(Venable), review granted May 17, 2023, S279081.)
Subdivision (a) provides,
“In any criminal proceeding where a party
seeks to admit as evidence a form of creative
expression, the court, while balancing the
probative value of that evidence against the
substantial danger of undue prejudice under
[Evidence Code] Section 352, shall consider,
in addition to the factors listed in Section 352,
that: (1) the probative value of such expression
for its literal truth or as a truthful narrative is
minimal unless that expression is created near
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in time to the charged crime or crimes, bears
a sufficient level of similarity to the charged
crime or crimes, or includes factual detail not
otherwise publicly available; and (2) undue
prejudice includes, but is not limited to, the
possibility that the trier of fact will, in violation
of [Evidence Code] Section 1101, treat the
expression as evidence of the defendant’s
propensity for violence or general criminal
disposition as well as the possibility that the
evidence will explicitly or implicitly inject
racial bias into the proceedings.” (Evid. Code,
§ 352.2, subd. (a).)
“The Legislature made this change to address the
problem of introducing racial stereotypes and bias into criminal
proceedings by allowing rap lyrics into evidence.” (Venable,
supra, 88 Cal.App.5th at p. 454.) The Legislature stated,
“Existing precedent allows artists’ creative expression to
be admitted as evidence in criminal proceedings without a
sufficiently robust inquiry into whether such evidence introduces
bias or prejudice into the proceedings.” (Stats. 2022, ch. 973,
§ 1(a).) The Legislature expressed its “intent . . . to provide
a framework by which courts can ensure that the use of an
accused person’s creative expression will not be used to introduce
stereotypes or activate bias . . . .” (Id. at § 1(b).)
The Venable case involved a shooting by Venable, the
driver, and his fellow gang member, the shooter, of a rival gang
member. The prosecution introduced into evidence “a rap video”
the police found on YouTube “featuring Venable’s younger
brother.” Venable and fellow gang members could be seen
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flashing gang signs and displaying guns, drugs, and money
in the video. The rap lyrics referred to a shooting and used racial
slurs. (Venable, supra, 88 Cal.App.5th at pp. 447, 452-453.)
The appellate court held Assembly Bill 2799 was
retroactive to cases not yet final. The court noted the evidence—
apart from the video—of Venable’s involvement in the crime was
“not strong.” The court concluded “the admission of the rap video
without the new safeguards was prejudicial,” reversed Venable’s
conviction, and remanded for a new trial. (Venable, supra, 88
Cal.App.5th at pp. 456, 458.)
On May 17, 2023, our Supreme Court granted the Attorney
General’s petition for review in Venable. (S279081.) The high
court stated it was holding Venable for the lead cases of People
v. Bankston, S044739, and People v. Hin, S141519.8 The court
noted those cases “include an issue involving the retroactivity
of the provision in Assembly Bill No. 2799 (Stats. 2022, ch. 973)
limiting the admissibility of creative expressions.”
c. Application of the new statute to this case
Ubiarco contends the passage of Assembly Bill 2799
requires the reversal of his convictions on both counts. He
asserts the term “ ‘creative expression’ ” includes “creative
expression merely shared or reposted by the defendant.” He
argues “[t]he theme of this evidence could be taken to imply that
Latinos as a group are prone to some sort of violent overreaction
to romantic discord.”
8 People v. Bankston is a death penalty case dating back
to 1995. It seems to be before our high court on habeas. People
v. Hin is also a death penalty case, dating back to 2006 and now
on direct appeal.
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We are not persuaded. Even if we assume for argument’s
sake (without deciding) that newly-effective Evidence Code
section 352.2 applies retroactively to cases not yet final, we are
doubtful that the statute extends to a defendant’s posting on
social media of the creative expression of an artist completely
unrelated to the defendant. As we noted, our Legislature spoke
of “an accused person’s creative expression” as the focus of
the legislation. Here, Ubiarco merely posted video of himself
listening to a song by a popular group; he neither created nor
participated in that creative expression.
In any event, even if the new statute could be read so
broadly, exclusion of the video would not have been required
here. Ubiarco posted the video between 7:00 and 8:00 p.m.;
he shot and killed Claudia five to six hours later. Accordingly,
Ubiarco’s posting was “near in time to the charged crime.”
(Evid. Code, § 352.2, subd. (a).) Its subject matter—the killing
of the woman “who betrayed my love”—bore “a sufficient level
of similarity to the charged crime.” (Ibid.) The Snapchat “story”
Ubiarco posted contained neither rap lyrics nor “ ‘ “other creative
expressions [that] get used as ‘racialized character evidence
. . . in insidious ways’ ” ’ ” by prosecutors. (Venable, supra,
88 Cal.App.5th at p. 454.) Other evidence tying Ubiarco to
the crime was not weak—it was overwhelming: he admitted he
shot Claudia and Jesus.
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DISPOSITION
We vacate Eduardo Ubiarco, Jr.’s sentence on count 2
and remand the matter for resentencing to a determinate term.
We affirm Ubiarco’s conviction in all other respects.
NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN THE OFFICIAL REPORTS
EGERTON, J.
We concur:
EDMON, P. J.
LAVIN, J.
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