DocketNumber: Case No. 17–cv–03434–JSW
Citation Numbers: 293 F. Supp. 3d 1062
Judges: White
Filed Date: 3/21/2018
Status: Precedential
Modified Date: 7/25/2022
Now before the Court is the motion for summary judgment filed by Plaintiffs. The Court has considered the parties' papers, relevant legal authority, and the record in this case, and the Court finds the motion suitable for disposition without oral argument. See N.D. Civ. L.R. 7-1(b). For the reasons stated below, the Court HEREBY GRANTS Plaintiffs' motion for summary judgment.
A. Background.
Because the parties are familiar with the factual and procedural background contained in the administrative record, the Court provides only a brief summary.
In January 2017, the Environmental Protection Agency ("EPA") promulgated a rule which strengthened the regulations surrounding the certification and use of "restricted use pesticides" ("RUP"). ("Pesticide Rule") The Pesticide Rule had an effective date of March 6, 2017, and established a three-year implementation schedule which required States to submit certification plans consistent with the Pesticide Rule by March 4, 2020. See
B. Plaintiffs' Have Standing to Challenge EPA's Delay.
The Court finds that Plaintiffs have standing to bring this declaratory judgment action. See Thomas v. Mundell ,
Plaintiffs have suffered an injury in fact because EPA's delay of the Pesticide Rule's effective date has created a threat that implementation of the Pesticide Rule, and the regulatory protections it provides, will likewise be delayed. In promulgating the Pesticide Rule, EPA made numerous findings about the inadequacy of the current regulations related to RUPs and the threat RUPs posed to agricultural workers and others. (See, e.g. , AR 4-6, 11-14.) The farmworker union Plaintiffs have proffered undisputed evidence showing that their members mix, apply, and are exposed to pesticides, including RUPs. Plaintiffs' evidence also suggests that their members have observed first hand problems with inadequate training and safety measures related to pesticides generally. (See, e.g. , Dkt No. 33-3, Nicholson Decl. ¶¶ 5-6; Dkt. No. 33-4, Ramirez Decl. ¶¶ 5-7; Dkt. No. 33-6, Rios Decl. ¶¶ 7-9; Dkt. No. 33-7, Rojas Decl. ¶¶ 6-10.) If implementation of the Pesticide Rule is delayed, Plaintiffs' members will continue to be exposed to these dangers and will not benefit from the more stringent regulations provided by the Pesticide Rule. Further, those Plaintiffs who engage in worker health and safety advocacy have averred that a delay in the implementation of the Pesticide Rule will require them to commit more time and resources to educating and informing their members and public about the dangers of RUPs-resources which otherwise could be devoted to its other goals. (See, e.g. , Dkt. No. 33-1, Economos Decl. ¶¶ 16-17; Dkt. No. 33-2, Katten Decl. ¶ 24.) Thus, either directly or through their members, Plaintiffs have suffered an injury as a result of the delay of the Pesticide Rule.
EPA responds, however, that the delay of the Pesticide Rule's effective date did not affect the rule's implementation schedule. EPA contends that in the absence of additional rule-making to alter the implementation schedule, States still will be required to submit their revised RUP certification plans by March 2020. Thus, according to EPA, Plaintiffs and their members will not be deprived of the protections of the Pesticide Rule for any *1065period of time as a result of the delay of the rule's effective date.
The Court is unconvinced by EPA's assurances. First, until quite recently, EPA consistently stated that it intended to delay the actual implementation of the Pesticide Rule, not just its effective date. EPA's very purpose in delaying the effective date was to prevent States and other regulated entities from making changes to comply with the Pesticide Rule while the rule was being reviewed for potential revision or repeal. (See, e.g. , AR 106, 112.) Further, prior to the filing of this lawsuit, EPA expressly stated that it "intend[ed] to make corresponding changes to the implementation dates ... in a subsequent rulemaking" contained in the Pesticide Rule. (AR 113.) Finally, Plaintiffs have introduced evidence that in November 2017-mere days after EPA represented to this Court that the Pesticide Rule's implementation schedule was unchanged and that Plaintiff's concerns to the contrary amounted to the "height of conjecture"-an EPA official informed stakeholders that EPA intended to delay the implementation schedule by 14 months to correspond to the delay in the effective date. (See Dkt. No. 35-1 Liebman Decl. ¶ 4 & Ex. B; Dkt. No. 35-2, Jordan Decl. ¶ 4.)
This threat is made more concrete when considered in light of the practical consequences of EPA's delay of the Pesticide Rule's effective date. Under the prior Administration, EPA determined, after extensive notice and comment, that the Pesticide Rule required a flexible, three year implementation schedule because EPA would have to "engage in open and transparent discussions and negotiations" with States to develop revised certification plans consistent with the Pesticide Rule. (AR 73.) Additionally, EPA noted that certifying authorities would have to "devote resources to additional training, manual development, exam development and review, exam administration and other services" in order to bring their certification regime into compliance with the Pesticide Rule. (Id. ) Thus, EPA originally concluded, after extensive notice and comment, that implementation of the Pesticide Rule would involve a long, ongoing collaborative *1066process between multiple governmental entities. EPA's abrupt decision to delay the effective date so as to prevent "confusion" and to keep States from "adopt[ing] new measures to comply with" the Pesticide Rule has effectively prevented this process from even beginning. (AR 106.) Over one-third of the contemplated three year implementation period has now been lost to delay. Each week that passes without EPA and the States beginning the process of implementing the Pesticide Rule makes it that much more likely that the rule cannot be implemented by March 2020 as originally intended.
In summary, EPA's actions have created a substantial risk that the entire implementation of the Pesticide Rule, and the protections it would provide Plaintiffs and their members, will be delayed. See In re Zappos com, Inc. ,
C. EPA's Delay of the Pesticide Rule's Effective Date Violated the APA.
In its opposition brief to Plaintiffs' motion for summary judgment, EPA does not attempt to justify, either substantively or procedurally, its repeated delays of the Pesticide Rule's effective date. The Court has carefully reviewed the Administrative Record and finds that EPA violated the Administrative Procedures Act ("APA") by failing to provide notice and opportunity to comment before delaying the Pesticide Rule's effective date.
By repeatedly delaying the effective date of the Pesticide Rule, EPA engaged in substantive rulemaking and was thus required to comply with the requirements of the APA. See, e.g. , Clean Air Council v. Pruitt ,
It is undisputed that when EPA delayed the Pesticide Rule in January, March, and June 2017, it did so without providing any notice or opportunity to comment. EPA justified this failure by relying on the "good cause" exception to the notice and comment requirements. See, e.g. , California v. Health & Human Servs. ,
D. Conclusion.
For the reasons stated above, Plaintiffs' motion for summary judgment is GRANTED.
The final rules located in the following locations are VACATED to the extent they purport to delay the effective date of the Pesticide Rule:
(1)82 Fed. Reg. 8499 -501 (Jan. 26, 2017)
(2)82 Fed. Reg. 14324 -25 (Mar. 20, 2017)
(3)82 Fed. Reg. 22294 -96 (May 15, 2017)
(4)82 Fed. Reg. 23148 -50 (May 22, 2017)
(5)82 Fed. Reg. 25529 -32 (June 2, 2017)
The Court further DECLARES that the Pesticide Rule went into effect on March 6, 2017. See
A separate judgment shall issue.
IT IS SO ORDERED.
On May 15, 2017 EPA proposed delaying the Pesticide Rule until May 22, 2018 and provided only four days for interested parties to provide comments. This is the only notice and comment period that was offered by EPA.
The Court may consider this evidence, even though it is outside the Administrative Record, because it is offered in support of Plaintiffs' standing. See, e.g. , N.W. Envmtl. Defense Ctr. v. Bonneville Power Admin. ,
After Plaintiffs filed their reply brief and highlighted EPA's stated intention to delay the implementation schedule, EPA abruptly performed an about face and promulgated a notice declaring, in relevant part:
EPA is also announcing that the implementation dates in [the Pesticide Rule] for certifying authorities to submit revised certification plans, and for EPA to act on those plans remain in effect; EPA has no plans to change those implementation dates. Therefore, if a certifying authority submits its modified certification plan by March 4, 2020, the existing approved certification plan remains in effect until EPA has approved or rejected the modified plan or March 4, 2022, whichever is earlier.
(Dkt. No. 37-1.) The Court finds this non-binding, made-during-litigation policy change does not vitiate Plaintiffs' standing. Cf. In re Mattel, Inc. ,
In the alternative, for the reasons stated in Plaintiffs' motion for summary judgment and reply brief, the Court finds that Plaintiffs have standing insofar as they have alleged a procedural injury resulting from EPA's failure to provide them with notice and an opportunity to be heard prior to delaying the Pesticide Rule's effective date. See Citizens for Better Forestry v. U.S. Dep't of Agriculture ,
For the reasons stated in Plaintiffs' motion for summary judgment, the Court similarly finds that the four day notice and comment period offered prior to the May 22, 2017 delay was inadequate.