DocketNumber: Case No. 17–cv–05976–EMC
Citation Numbers: 304 F. Supp. 3d 877
Judges: Chen
Filed Date: 3/23/2018
Status: Precedential
Modified Date: 7/25/2022
Defendants Fay Servicing, LLC ("Fay") and MTC Financial Inc. dba Trustee Corps ("Trustee Corps") move to dismiss Plaintiffs' First Amended Complaint ("FAC"), which seeks an order restraining Defendants from pursuing foreclosure proceedings with respect to Plaintiffs' property and a declaratory judgment regarding the Defendants' legal rights to Plaintiffs' property. The matter came on for hearing on February 1, 2018. For the reasons stated at the hearing and below, Defendants' request is GRANTED .
I. FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND
A. Complaint and Temporary Restraining Order
Plaintiffs bring causes of action under the federal Fair Debt Collection Practices Act ("FDCPA"), see
B. Mortgage History
Plaintiffs Farid Ghalehtak and Shirin Tabatabai executed a Note and Deed of *882Trust in favor of First National Bank of Arizona ("FNBA") as security for the loan on their residence on June 21, 2007. See FAC at 10; Ex. A (Deed of Trust). FNBA later merged with another bank.
On October 2, 2015, Mortgage Electronic Registration Systems, Inc. ("MERS"), as FNBA's nominee, assigned the Deed of Trust to FNBN I, LLC ("FNBN I").
On October 23, 2015, PLS executed and recorded a Notice of Default against the property.
On August 14, 2017, Plaintiffs learned that Fay replaced PLS as the debt servicer. FAC at 11, Ex. B. On August 22, 2017, Plaintiffs received a Notice of Trustee's Sale stating that Trustee Corps (the new trustee) planned a non-judicial foreclosure sale on Sept. 22, 2017 and estimating the loan balance as $1,172,869.96.
On August 30, 2017, Plaintiffs learned that the debt was sold to MFRA trust 2014-2 (Wilmington Trust, National Association acting as trustee for said trust).
The changes in identity of the beneficiary, servicer, and trustee of the mortgage loan are summarized below.
Date Beneficiary Trustee Servicer June 21, 2007 FNBA Alliance Title Unknown October 2, 2015 FNBN I Alliance Title PLS October 22, 2015 FNBN I Trustee Corps PLS August 14, 2017 FNBN I Trustee Corps Fay August 30, 2017 MFRA trust 2014-2 Trustee Corps Fay
C. Plaintiffs' Prior Litigation Against FNBN I
Plaintiffs previously filed an action seeking a rescission of their mortgage and alleging defective securitization of their loan under the Truth In Lending Act (TILA) and the FDCPA.
*883Ghalehtak v. FNBN I, LLC , No. 3:15-CV-05821-LB,
Defendants here argue that Judge Beeler's prior holding has res judicata effect on most of Plaintiffs' claims in the instant case, an issue analyzed below.
II. LEGAL STANDARD
A. Rule 12(b)(6)
On a Rule 12(b)(6) motion to dismiss, a court must take all allegations of material fact as true and construe them in the light most favorable to the nonmoving party, although "conclusory allegations of law and unwarranted inferences are insufficient to avoid a Rule 12(b)(6) dismissal." Cousins v. Lockyer,
B. Res Judicata
The preclusive effect of a federal-court judgment is determined by federal common law. Taylor v. Sturgell ,
Res judicata applies when there is: (1) an identity of claims; (2) a final judgment on the merits; and (3) identity or privity between parties. Ruiz v. Snohomish Co. Pub. Util. Dist. No. 1 ,
C. Issue Preclusion
Unlike claim preclusion/res judicata, the doctrine of issue preclusion, or collateral estoppel, prevents relitigation of *884all "issues of fact or law that were actually litigated and necessarily decided" in a prior proceeding, regardless of the claim to which they relate. Segal v. Am. Tel. & Tel. Co. ,
(1) the issue at stake is identical to an issue raised in the prior litigation; (2) the issue was actually litigated in the prior litigation; and (3) the determination of the issue in the prior litigation must have been a critical and necessary part of the judgment in the earlier action.
Clark v. Bear Stearns & Co. ,
III. DISCUSSION
Plaintiffs bring only one federal cause of action under the FDCPA. The Court first analyzes the extent to which the FDCPA claim here is precluded by Judge Beeler's dismissal of Plaintiffs' prior FDCPA claim. The Court then considers Plaintiffs' state law causes of action.
A. Plaintiffs' FDCPA Claim
Plaintiffs bring a claim under the FDCPA, Section 1692f(6). It prohibits:
[t]aking or threatening to take any nonjudicial action to effect dispossession or disablement of property if-(A) there is no present right to possession of the property claimed as collateral through an enforceable security interest; (B) there is no present intention to take possession of the property; or (C) the property is exempt by law from such dispossession or disablement.
15 U.S.C. § 1692f(6). Plaintiffs allege that Fay and Trustee Corps "have no present right to possession of [their] [p]roperty" due to an improper October 2015 Assignment of Deed of Trust from MERS to FNBN I that broke the chain of title to the loan, and a procedurally invalid Substitution of Trustee for Trustee Corps. FAC at 16-17:25-20. Defendants argue that this claim is precluded by res judicata because, in Ghalehtak v. FNBN I , Plaintiffs litigated a similar claim against the loan's creditor, FNBN I.
As discussed below, res judicata is applicable here because there is: (1) an identity of claims; (2) a final judgment on the merits from the previous lawsuit; and (3) privity between the previous defendant and the Defendants in this case. Ruiz ,
1. Identity of Claims
To determine whether there is an identity of claims, courts examine four factors:
(1) whether the two suits arose out of the same transactional nucleus of facts; (2) whether rights or interests established in the prior judgment would be destroyed or impaired by prosecution of the second action; (3) whether the two suits involve infringement of the same right; and (4) whether substantially the same evidence is presented in the two actions.
ProShipLine Inc. v. Aspen Infrastructures Ltd. ,
*885ProShipLine Inc. ,
The factual allegations underlying Plaintiffs' earlier FDCPA claims against FNBN I appear to be identical to the factual allegations underlying their FDCPA claims against Fay and Trustee Corps here. Namely, in both cases, Plaintiffs' theory of the defendants' invalid title was premised on the invalidity of the October 2015 Assignment of Deed of Title to FNBN I and Substitution of Trustee from Alliance Title to Trustee Corps. Thus, the FDCPA claims are identical in both cases because both arise out of the "same transactional nucleus of facts." ProShipLine ,
2. Final Judgment on the Merits
The prior case resulted in a final judgment on the merits on Plaintiffs' FDCPA claim, which Judge Beeler dismissed on the ground that Plaintiffs lacked standing to challenge the securitization of their loan and that FNBN I was exempt from liability as the loan's "creditor" rather than a "debt collector." Ghalehtak ,
However, Judge Beeler declined to exercise supplemental jurisdiction over Plaintiffs' state-law claims; thus, she cannot be said to have decided those claims on the merits, so they are not barred by res judicata. See Audette v. Int'l Longshoremen's and Warehousemen's Union ,
3. Privity
Finally, there is privity between FNBN I (the defendant in the prior suit and the prior beneficiary of the loan) and Defendants Fay (the current loan servicer) and Trustee Corps (the current loan trustee) because they all share a substantial commonality of interests related to enforcement of the security interest in question. See Janeece Fields v. Bank of New York Mellon , No. 17-CV-00272-JST,
For the reasons stated above, Plaintiffs' Section 1692f(6) claim is barred by res judicata. Therefore, the Section 1692f(6) claim is DISMISSED with prejudice. However, res judicata does not extend to the state-law claims that were dismissed on jurisdictional grounds. See Audette ,
B. State-Law Claims
Plaintiffs bring seven state-law causes of action under Cal. Civ. Code sections 2924.17, 2923.5,
1.
Section 2924.17 requires both that a notice of default "be accurate and complete and supported by competent and reliable evidence;" and also that, before recording or filing, the mortgage servicer must "ensure that it has reviewed competent and reliable evidence to substantiate the borrower's default and the right to foreclose."
Under Lucioni , the sole inquiry pre-foreclosure is whether the declaration required by Section 2923.55 or Section 2923.5 was filed; the veracity of the declaration cannot be challenged pre-foreclosure. It is undisputed that PLS filed a declaration under Section 2923.55 in conjunction with the Notice of Default stating that it had contacted Plaintiffs "to assess [their] financial situation and explore options for [them] to avoid foreclosure" and that "30 days had passed since the initial contact." See FAC, Ex. F. Moreover, Defendants have identified "the deed and its assignments that [they] rely upon to substantiate [their] right to foreclose." Lucioni ,
2.
" Civil Code section 2923.5 requires, before a notice of default may be filed, that a lender contact the borrower in person or by phone to 'assess' the borrower's financial situation and 'explore' options to prevent foreclosure." Lueras v. BAC Home Loan Servicing, LP ,
Plaintiffs bring their claim under Section 2923.5, however, the declaration in question was filed under Section 2923.55. The Court therefore construes the claim under Section 2923.55. In either case, it is undisputed that PLS filed the requisite declaration. FAC, Ex. F. As explained above, under Lucioni , the declaration filed under Section 2923.55 is dispositive for purposes of a pre-foreclosure claim for injunctive relief. Plaintiffs' argument that Fay, the new loan servicer, has not itself assessed or explored alternatives to foreclosure is unavailing. Plaintiffs present no authority for the proposition that Fay was obligated to repeat the process undertaken by PLS when it filed the Notice of Default. Accordingly, this claim is DISMISSED with prejudice.
3.
A notice of default may only be recorded by "the holder of the beneficial interest under the mortgage or deed of trust, the original trustee or the substituted trustee under the deed of trust, or the designated agent of the holder of the beneficial interest."
Even if Plaintiffs' allegations were true, however, "[t]he Legislature [ ] did not provide for injunctive relief for a violation of section 2924(a)(6)." Lucioni ,
Moreover, even if they could do so, their claim would be barred by issue preclusion. Their challenge to Fay's authority is based on the same factual theory litigated in their prior lawsuit, that assignment of their loan from MERS to FNBN I was invalid. As discussed below, relitigation is barred by the doctrine of issue preclusion. Clark ,
a. Identical Issues
To determine whether an issue is identical for purposes of issue preclusion, the Court considers the following factors:
(1) [I]s there a substantial overlap between the evidence or argument to be advanced in the second proceeding and that advanced in the first? (2) [D]oes the new evidence or argument involve the application of the same rule of law as that involved in the prior proceeding? (3) [C]ould pretrial preparation and discovery related to the matter presented in the first action reasonably be expected to have embraced the matter sought to be presented in the second? (4) [H]ow closely related are the claims involved in the two proceedings?
Resolution Trust Corp. v. Keating ,
In their previous suit, Plaintiffs alleged that the transfer of title to FNBN I was defective, and therefore FNBN I had no right to pursue non-judicial foreclosure. Plaintiffs' attack on Defendants Fay and Trustee Corps's right to foreclose is premised on the same factual theory. The issue here is therefore identical.
*888b. Actually Litigated
Judge Beeler's determination that FNBN I possessed valid title followed actual litigation of the issue; Plaintiffs had an opportunity-which they exercised-to submit briefing, argument, and evidence on the motion resulting in the judgment. See Janjua v. Neufeld , No. 15-CV-05475-EMC,
c. Determination Was Necessary and Critical to the Judgment
Judge Beeler held that Plaintiffs, as third parties, did not have standing to pursue judicial challenges to securitization of their loan. Because Plaintiffs could not cure this defect, Judge Beeler determined as a matter of law that FNBN I was the creditor on the mortgage. FNBN I's status as a creditor was central to Judge Beeler's holding. Hence, any challenge related to the assignment of the loan to FNBN I is barred by issue preclusion.
Thus, Plaintiffs' Section 2924(a)(6) claim is barred by issue preclusion and DISMISSED with prejudice.
4. Cal. Civ. Code § 2934a(a)(1)(A)(C)
Under Cal. Civ. Code § 2934a(a)(1)(A)(C), a substitution of trustee may be filed only by the true beneficiary who "hold[s] more than 50 percent of the record beneficial interest...." Cal. Civ. Code § 2934a(a)(1)(A)(C). Plaintiffs allege that the Substitution of Trustee is "null and void because it was not executed by a party that held more than [fifty] percent interest in the note." FAC at 26. However, this claim is premised on the same theory that FNBN I did not have valid title to the loan, an issue adjudicated by Judge Beeler, so the issue is similarly barred by issue preclusion. Therefore, this claim is DISMISSED with prejudice.
5. Negligent Misrepresentation
Plaintiffs also bring a claim for negligent misrepresentation. To state a claim, a plaintiff must allege:
(1) misrepresentation of a past or existing material fact, (2) without reasonable ground for believing it to be true, (3) with intent to induce another's reliance on the misrepresentation, (4) ignorance of the truth and justifiable reliance on the misrepresentation by the party to whom it was directed, and (5) resulting damage.
Fox v. Pollack ,
Plaintiffs' claim fails on two grounds: (1) Plaintiffs fail to meet the heightened pleading requirement under Fed. R. Civ. P. 9(b) ; and (2) Plaintiffs' claim is precluded to the extent it is premised on the notion that FNBN I lacked valid title to the loan.
Under Rule 9(b), a party alleging fraud or mistake is required to plead with particularity the circumstances constituting fraud or mistake. Fed. R. Civ P. 9(b). This requires pleading "the who, what, when, where, and how" of the misconduct charged. Cooper v. Pickett ,
However, even if Plaintiffs could overcome their Rule 9(b) burden, their claim would be barred by issue preclusion and leave to amend would therefore be futile. The sole basis for their allegations appears to arise from FNBN I's purportedly invalid title to the loan. That theory is foreclosed by issue preclusion for the same reasons above. To the extent Plaintiffs' claim is based on this theory, it is also DISMISSED with prejudice.
6. Cancellation of Instrument
California Civil Code section 3412 allows for cancellation of a written instrument when there is "reasonable apprehension that if left outstanding [ ] may cause serious injury to a person against whom it is void or voidable."
Plaintiffs allege that Fay and Trustee Corps created, published and recorded "wrongful, illegal and false instruments" and therefore, request the cancellation of the original Deed of Trust. FAC at 28: 17-18. Because these allegations involve fraud, under Rule 9(b), Plaintiffs need to plead with particularity the circumstances constituting fraud. Fed. R. Civ. P. 9(b). Notwithstanding the fact that Plaintiffs fail to meet this heightened pleading requirement, this claim is barred by the statute of limitations. Plaintiffs executed the Deed of Trust on June 21, 2007, ten years ago, and Defendants were not a party to that transaction. FAC, Ex. A. Because a claim to cancel a written instrument has a statute of limitations of three to four years depending on whether fraudulent conduct or mistake is alleged, Plaintiffs *890are barred from pursuing this claim and it is DISMISSED with prejudice. See Westfall v. Mortg. Elec. Registration Sys., Inc. , No. 3:15-CV-01403-L-NLS,
7. Unfair Competition Law (UCL)
The UCL prohibits acts that give rise to unfair competition. It includes "any unlawful, unfair or fraudulent business act or practice and unfair, deceptive, untrue or misleading advertising."
Plaintiffs allege that Fay and Trustee Corps, among other things, "fail[ed] to disclose the principal for which documents were being executed and recorded" and "[a]ct[ed] as beneficiaries and trustees without the legal authority to do so." FAC at 31: 19-21. In their opposition, Plaintiffs further allege that both Fay and Trustee Corps "falsely [represent] to Plaintiffs the true creditor," have no right to enforce the filed documents or conduct the non-judicial foreclosure, or to "[demand] and [accept] payments that are nonexistent ... as beneficiaries and mortgage servicers without legal authority." See Docket No. 36 at 21-23; No. 39 at 17-19.
However, as with most of Plaintiffs' state-law claims, this claim is also premised on FNBN I's lack of valid title to the loan, and therefore barred by issue preclusion. This claim is also DISMISSED with prejudice.
IV. CONCLUSION
For the reasons herein stated, Plaintiffs' FDCPA claim is dismissed with prejudice as barred by res judicata. Plaintiffs' claims under Section 2924.17 and Section 2923.5 are dismissed because pre-foreclosure injunctive relief is unavailable; this does not affect Plaintiffs' ability to bring a claim for post-foreclosure damages. Plaintiffs' claims under Sections 2924(a)(6), 2934a(a)(1)(A)(C), negligent misrepresentation, and California's Unfair Competition Law are dismissed with prejudice under the doctrine of issue preclusion. Plaintiffs' claim for cancellation of a written instrument is dismissed with prejudice because the statute of limitations has lapsed and issue preclusion insofar as Plaintiffs' claim is based on defective chain of title.
This order disposes of Docket Nos. 27 and 28.
The Clerk is instructed to enter judgment and close the file.
IT IS SO ORDERED .
Other claims in the previous litigation included: violation of
Judge Beeler dismissed Plaintiffs' TILA claim for rescission based on the statute of limitations. Their TILA claim for failure to provide notice was dismissed for failure to plead detrimental reliance.
Sections 2923.5 and 2923.55 of the HBOR were subject to automatic sunset provisions that took effect on January 1, 2018. Because the transactions at issue took place before the sunset date, the earlier version of the statutes is the operative one for Plaintiffs' claims. Thus, all references made herein to Sections 2923.5 or 2923.55 relate to the 2017 versions, not the post-January 1, 2018 versions.
Section 2923.55 automatically sunset as of January 1, 2018, but was in effect at the time of the relevant acts here. When Section 2923.55 was it effect, it applied to entities with more than 175 foreclosures in a reporting period, while Section 2923.5 covered those entities that had fewer than 175. See Major v. Wells Fargo Bank, N.A. , No. 14-CV-998-LAB-RBB,
As the court explained in Lucioni , compliance with the declaration procedure "do[es] not immunize [the foreclosing actors] from a postforeclosure lawsuit [for damages]."
Although dismissal for lack of standing does not operate as an adjudication on the merits, it may, however, establish issue preclusion on the standing issue in a future action in federal court. Brereton v. Bountiful City Corp. ,