DocketNumber: Case No. 5:16–cv–04256–EJD
Citation Numbers: 316 F. Supp. 3d 1103
Judges: Davila
Filed Date: 6/11/2018
Status: Precedential
Modified Date: 7/25/2022
Plaintiff Raad Zuhair Rabieh ("Plaintiff") brings this action against Defendant Paragon Systems Inc. and its employees Joseph Vegas, Jose Leuterio, Mario Ayala, Kenneth Inman, and DOES 1-20 (collectively, "Defendants"), alleging Constitutional violations and various state law claims. Presently before the Court is a motion to dismiss all of the claims in Plaintiff's Second Amended Complaint ("SAC"). Dkt. No. 74. The Court finds this matter suitable for decision without oral argument and VACATES the hearing set for June 14, 2018. Civ. L.R. 7-1(b). For the reasons set forth below, Defendants' motion is GRANTED.
I. BACKGROUND
Paragon Systems Inc. ("Paragon") is a private corporation which contracts with the federal government, the State of California, and local government to provide security for state and federal offices, including at the Robert F. Peckham Federal Building at 280 South 1st Street in San Jose, California. SAC, Dkt. No. 72, at ¶ 6.
*1106Defendants Joseph Vegas, Jose Leuterio, Mario Ayala, Kenneth Inman, and DOES 1-20 are Paragon employees (collectively, "Employee Defendants"). Id. ¶¶ 7-11.
Plaintiff alleges that, on April 12, 2012 at approximately 11:30 a.m., he concluded his business at the Social Security Administration offices at the Robert F. Peckham Federal Building and proceeded to exit the building. Id. ¶ 17. Believing he was following directions, Plaintiff attempted to leave through the emergency exit instead of through the customary exit. Id. Plaintiff was then stopped by Ayala, who asked Plaintiff to accompany him inside so that an incident report could be prepared. Id. Plaintiff complied. Id.
Back inside the building, Plaintiff was handed off to Leuterio, who took Plaintiff's driver's license and directed him to sit down. Id. ¶ 18. After waiting for about 30 minutes, Plaintiff got up and asked Ayala "what is the delay." Id. ¶ 19. Ayala replied that Leuterio was gathering information from Plaintiff's driver license and instructed Plaintiff to sit back down until Leuterio was finished. Id. Plaintiff asked to speak to Leuterio's supervisor, and, when Ayala identified himself as the supervisor, Plaintiff asked to speak to Ayala's supervisor. Id. Ayala told Plaintiff that his supervisor was in San Francisco, but provided Plaintiff with his supervisor's telephone number and welcomed Plaintiff to call him. Id.
Plaintiff alleges that, as he was typing the supervisor's number into his phone, Vegas-who was in the vicinity but previously uninvolved-grabbed Plaintiff's phone out of his hand and yelled "you can't use your phone in here!!!" Id. Vegas then yelled "do you want me to arrest you?!?" Id. Then, Plaintiff claims that without further warning, Vegas twisted Plaintiff's arm behind his back, Vegas and Leuterio slammed Plaintiff's face into a wall, and Vegas, Leuterio, and Inman tackled Plaintiff to the ground. Id.
After another 15-20 minutes, Vegas and Leuterio had Plaintiff stand up and placed him in handcuffs. Id. ¶ 20. Plaintiff requested someone call the San Jose Police Department ("SJPD"). Id. Ten minutes later, two officers responded. Id.
Plaintiff alleges that he overheard one of the police officers asking Ayala if it was a crime to accidentally walk out of the emergency exit, and Ayala said no. Id. ¶ 21. One of the officers then walked over to Plaintiff and asked "have you ever been arrested?" Id. Plaintiff said no. Id.
Then, with Plaintiff still in handcuffs, one of the police officers walked Plaintiff to his patrol vehicle. Id. ¶ 22. Once at the vehicle, the officer removed the handcuffs. Id. The officer then told Plaintiff, "what I'm about to tell you is really important; we ( [the two officers] ) have nothing to do with this." Id. Plaintiff was then handed a citation for misdemeanor battery. Id. No formal charges were ever filed against Plaintiff. Id. ¶ 23.
II. LEGAL STANDARD
A motion to dismiss under Rule 12(b)(6) tests the legal sufficiency of claims alleged in the complaint. Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(b)(6) ; Parks School of Business, Inc. v. Symington ,
*1107III. DISCUSSION
Defendants move to dismiss Plaintiff's first three causes of action (SAC ¶¶ 25-39), which claim constitutional violations under Bivens v. Six Unknown Named Agents of Fed. Bureau of Narcotics ,
A. Counts I-III: Bivens Claims
In Bivens , the Supreme Court "recognized for the first time an implied right of action for damages against federal officers alleged to have violated a citizen's constitutional rights." Corr. Servs. Corp. v. Malesko ,
Private corporations cannot be sued under Bivens . See Malesko ,
What remains, then, are Plaintiff's Bivens claims against the Employee Defendants. The Court cannot summarily dismiss these claims because they are directed to private individuals. As the Ninth Circuit has recognized, the Supreme Court has yet to "completely foreclose applying Bivens to private actors." Vega v. United States ,
*1108In determining whether to imply a Bivens remedy, "the first question a court must ask...is whether the claim arises in a new Bivens context, i.e., whether the case is different in a meaningful way from previous Bivens cases decided by this Court." Abbasi ,
Here, this case is meaningfully different from cases where a Bivens remedy has been implied. Although Bivens itself implied a damages remedy under the Fourth Amendment, Bivens , 403 at 395-96,
Thus, where as here a case presents a new Bivens context, a court must undertake a "special factors analysis" to determine whether a Bivens remedy is appropriate. Abbasi ,
The Supreme Court in Wilkie [v. Robbins ] provided a two-step analysis when courts decide whether to recognize a Bivens remedy. See 551 U.S. [537 ]at 550,127 S.Ct. 2588 [,168 L.Ed.2d 389 (2007) ]. "In the first place, there is the question whether any alternative, existing process for protecting the interest amounts to a convincing reason for the Judicial Branch to refrain from providing a new and freestanding remedy in damages."Id. (quoting Bush [v. Lucas ], 462 U.S. [367] at 378,103 S.Ct. 2404 [,76 L.Ed.2d 648 (1983) ] ). Second, Supreme Court precedent "make[s] clear that a Bivens remedy will not be available if there are 'special factors counselling hesitation in the absence of affirmative action by Congress.' " Abbasi ,137 S.Ct. at 1857 (quoting Carlson ,446 U.S. at 18 ,100 S.Ct. 1468 ).
Vega ,
Applying these principles here, the Court does not find that it would be appropriate to infer a Bivens remedy. First, alternative remedies exist. In his SAC, Plaintiff alleges six state law claims for alleged assault, battery, negligence, negligent infliction of emotional distress and various discriminatory violations. SAC ¶¶ 40-65. Even if Plaintiff has no right to relief under Bivens , he can still pursue these claims. These claims "provide roughly similar incentives for potential defendants to comply with the [First, Fourth, and Fourteenth] Amendment[s] while also providing roughly similar compensation to victims of violations." Minneci ,
*1109Second, special factors counsel against implying a Bivens action here. The Employee Defendants are private individuals. In both the § 1983 and the Bivens context, courts have been hesitant to permit private individuals to sue each other for constitutional violations. See Holly v. Scott ,
Accordingly, in light of the above-discussed considerations, the Court declines to imply a Bivens remedy against the Employee Defendants. Plaintiff's Bivens claims against the Employee Defendants will be DISMISSED. In addition, because these claims are foreclosed as a matter of law and further amendment would be futile, the Court dismisses them WITHOUT LEAVE TO AMEND.
B. Counts I-III: Claims Under
To state a claim under
It is generally presumed that private individuals and entities do not act "under color of state law" within the meaning of § 1983. See Florer v. Congregation Pidyon Shevuyim, N.A. ,
Here, Plaintiff asserts that Defendants were "acting under the color of state law" under two of these tests: First, Plaintiff argues that the Employee Defendants engaged in "joint action" with the SJPD
*1110officers when they huddled together and spoke in hushed tones. Opposition to Motion to Dismiss ("Opp."), Dkt. No. 76, at 4-5. Second, Plaintiff argues that the Employee Defendants were performing a "public function" when they detained Plaintiff and took actions characteristic of police officers. Opp. 6-7. The Court addresses each of these arguments in turn.
The Court begins with joint action. "The joint action test asks whether state officials and private parties have acted in concert in effecting a particular deprivation of constitutional rights." Tsao ,
Here, Plaintiff has failed to allege any joint action between the Employee Defendants and the state. Plaintiff posits that the Employee Defendants acted jointly with the SJPD when they huddled together and spoke in hushed tones. Opp. 4-5. In fact, Plaintiff's own allegations admit the opposite. The SJPD became involved when Plaintiff-not the Employee Defendants-requested that the SJPD be called. SAC ¶ 20. By the time the SJPD arrived on the scene, the bulk (if not all) of the alleged constitutional violations had already taken place. See SAC ¶¶ 12-20. Plaintiff had already been allegedly silenced, detained, and assaulted, and the SJPD played no part in these events.
The Court turns next to public function. "Under the public function test, when private individuals or groups are endowed by the State with powers or functions governmental in nature, they become agencies or instrumentalities of the State and subject to its constitutional limitations." Kirtley v. Rainey ,
The Supreme Court has explicitly left open the question of whether and under what circumstances "police protection"
*1111constitutes a public function under § 1983. Flagg Bros. v. Brooks ,
The line divides cases in which a private actor exercises a power traditionally reserved to the state, but not exclusively reserved to it, e.g., the common law shopkeeper's privilege, from cases in which a private actor exercises a power exclusively reserved to the state, e.g., the police power. Where private security guards are endowed by law with plenary police powers such that they are de facto police officers, they may qualify as state actors under the public function test.
Romanski v. Detroit Entm't, L.L.C. ,
Here, Plaintiff has not adequately alleged that the Employee Defendants were performing a "public function" under § 1983. The SAC does not allege that Employee Defendants were endowed with the type of plenary police power that is "traditionally and exclusively governmental." Kirtley ,
Accordingly, because Plaintiff has failed to plausibly allege state action under either of the theories he asserts, his claims against the Employee Defendants under § 1983 will be DISMISSED. However, because further amendment may cure these deficiencies, these claims are dismissed WITH LEAVE TO AMEND.
The only question that remains, then, is whether Paragon itself can be held liable under § 1983. Plaintiff does not claim that Paragon committed constitutional violations of its own, but nevertheless argues that Paragon can be held liable because it supervises and manages the Employee Defendants. Opp. 7-8; SAC ¶¶ 25-39. As such, Plaintiff's theory of liability fails at the outset: because, as discussed above, Plaintiff has failed to plausibly allege that the Employee Defendants are liable under § 1983, he cannot plausibly allege that Paragon is liable under § 1983. Further, even if Plaintiff's allegations against the Employee Defendants had been sufficient, his theory of liability against Paragon is problematic for at least two other reasons:
First, "[t]here is no respondeat superior liability under section 1983." Taylor v. List ,
Second, in Tsao ,
Here, Plaintiff makes no allegations that his injuries resulted from Paragon's policies or customs. Thus, even if Plaintiff had adequately alleged state action under a theory of joint action with the SJPD, his claims against Paragon would fail for this reason. Similarly, even if Plaintiff had adequately alleged state action under a police power public function theory, his claims against Paragon would at least be disfavored in light of Tsao . Thus, Plaintiff's claims against Paragon falter for this reason as well.
Accordingly, in light of the above considerations, Plaintiff's claims against Paragon will be DISMISSED. However, because further amendment may cure these deficiencies, these claims are dismissed WITH LEAVE TO AMEND.
C. Counts IV-IX: State Law Claims
Because the Court will permit amendment at least with respect to Plaintiff's claims under § 1983, the Court need not reach Defendants' arguments regarding supplemental jurisdiction.
IV. ORDER
Based on the foregoing, Defendants' motion is GRANTED. Plaintiff's Bivens claims are DISMISSED WITHOUT LEAVE TO AMEND. Plaintiff's claims under
Any amended complaint must be filed on or before July 2, 2018, and must be consistent with the discussion above. Plaintiff is advised the procedural due process claim will be dismissed with prejudice for failure to prosecute under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 41(b) if an amended complaint is not filed by the deadline.
IT IS SO ORDERED.
The Court also notes that, even if a Bivens remedy was not foreclosed against private corporations, Plaintiff's Bivens claims against Paragon would fail for the additional reason that Plaintiff has only alleged constitutional violations that were committed by individual Employee Defendants. See SAC ¶¶ 17-24. "[R]espondeat superior is inapplicable to Bivens actions." Terrell v. Brewer ,