DocketNumber: No. C 16-06040 WHA
Citation Numbers: 342 F. Supp. 3d 968
Judges: Alsup
Filed Date: 9/21/2018
Status: Precedential
Modified Date: 7/25/2022
INTRODUCTION
In this action for declaratory and injunctive relief under the Endangered Species Act, plaintiffs seek protection for the Pacific fisher. All parties have moved for summary judgment. For the reasons stated below, plaintiffs' motion is GRANTED IN PART and defendants' motions are DENIED .
STATEMENT
The fisher is a medium-sized brown mammal in the weasel family found only in North America. It has a long body with short legs and a long bushy tail. Fishers naturally populate in low densities over large, non-overlapping ranges.
Beginning in the 1900's, the Pacific fisher population - a "distinct population segment" found in Washington, Oregon, and California - experienced significant decline due to extensive logging and trapping. As such, the Pacific fisher has largely disappeared from its historic range. Altogether, the Pacific fisher now exists in five populations - two small, isolated native populations, the Northern California-Southwestern Oregon and Southern Sierra Nevada populations, and three reintroduced populations, the Northern Sierra Nevada, Southern Oregon Cascade, and Olympic Peninsula populations. Estimates for the Northern California-Southwestern Oregon population size range from 258 to 4,018. Estimates for the Southern Sierra Nevada population size range from 100 to 500 (AR 000684, 022630, 022641, 022647).
The Endangered Species Act aims to identify and to protect endangered and threatened species and to "reverse the trend toward species extinction, whatever the cost." Tenn. Valley Auth. v. Hill ,
An "endangered" species is "any species which is in danger of extinction throughout all or a significant portion of its range."
The Act permits interested persons to petition to add or remove species to the endangered species lists.
The twelve-month finding must make one of the following findings: the listing is (1) not warranted; (2) warranted; or (3) warranted but precluded due to higher priorities.
Since 1990, petitions to protect the Pacific fisher have been filed three times. In 1991, the Service concluded that listing the Pacific fisher as "endangered" was "not warranted." In 1996, the Service again rejected a petition to list two fisher populations (including the Pacific fisher population) as "threatened" due to lack of substantial information. In 2000, the Center for Biological Diversity and other groups petitioned to list the Pacific fisher as endangered (AR 000680).
In 2004, following the 2000 petition, the Service published a twelve-month finding that the Pacific fisher listing was "warranted but precluded." In 2010, plaintiffs sued the Service for lack of expeditious progress on the Pacific fisher's listing. In 2011, the parties dismissed the action via stipulation as part of a larger multi-district litigation settlement agreement requiring the Service to issue a proposed rule or "not warranted" finding by September 30, 2014 (ibid. ).
On October 7, 2014, the Service publicly proposed to list the Pacific fisher as threatened. In its public statement, the Service concluded that the main threats or stressors to the Pacific fisher were "habitat loss from wildfire and vegetation management; toxicants (including anticoagulant rodenticides); and the cumulative and synergistic effects of these and other stressors acting on small populations." The Service further recognized "the isolation of small populations and the higher risk of extinction due to stochastic events" as the "greatest long-term risk." The proposed rule acknowledged that the mere identification of stressors that could impact a species negatively was insufficient to compel a listing. Rather, there must be "evidence that these stressors are operative threats that act on the species." The Service then called for public comment on the proposed rule and on its draft species report (AR 000677, 000684, 000691, 022360).
On April 18, 2016, after the receipt of public comments, the Service reversed course and withdrew the Pacific fisher's proposed listing. The Service published its final species report, which is a compilation of all of the best available science, in tandem with its final rule.
In the reversal, the Service stated that reconsideration of the information available *972prior to the proposed listing, as well as all new information received thereafter, led it "to conclude that the native populations will persist into the future ... and that as a whole the [Pacific] fisher does not meet the definition of an endangered or threatened species under the Act" (AR 000719).
The Service qualitatively reassessed the various stressors. For example, in discounting wildfires as a threat, the reversal noted that new information suggested that wildfires have beneficial consequences, such as creating new habitats for fishers and increasing prey abundance. For small population size, the reversal noted that the separation of the two native populations is longstanding and that despite their few numbers and isolation, the populations have persisted over a long period of time. The reversal further observed that interchange between the native Northern California-Southwestern Oregon population and two other reintroduced populations "may be" beginning to occur. As for toxicant exposure, the reversal emphasized what the Service characterized as a small number of confirmed deaths due to toxicosis (AR 000720-21, 000726-29).
Additionally, the Service quantitatively reassessed the stressors. The reversal stated that a "key point" in the Service's determination was that the best available information, in its view, did not show that the stressors were "functioning as operative threats on the fisher's habitat, populations, or the proposed [distinct population segment] as a whole to the degree [the Service] considered to be the case at the time of the proposed listing." A 2015 conference call memorandum noted that the decision to withdraw the proposed listing "hinged on the fact that [the Service had] not yet seen threats acting to the point where there are declining population trends since the time of the 'warranted but precluded' finding. Threats are evident but [the Service hadn't] seen the effects on population yet" (AR 000715, 126177).
Plaintiffs - members of the coalition that submitted the original petition to list the Pacific fisher - now challenge the reversal. Plaintiffs argue that the reversal was arbitrary and capricious as to these threats: (1) toxicants; (2) small population size; and (3) wildfires. Plaintiffs seek to set aside the Service's reversal, to reinstate the Service's proposed listing rule, and an order requiring the Service to publish within ninety days a new rule based solely on "the best scientific and commercial data available" (Dkt. No. 55 at 1).
Defendants respond that this is a matter of difference in interpretation of the scientific evidence, and thus the Service's interpretation and its ultimate reversal are entitled to deference. According to defendants, the reversal was anchored in new information elicited during the comment period, which prompted the Service to reevaluate the identified stressors, individually and cumulatively, that could impact the Pacific fisher population (Dkt. No. 57 at 8). In reversing, defendants contend the Service both (1) "qualitatively analyz[ed] the scope and severity of each identified stressor"; and (2) "analyzed whether or not identified stressors were operating as threats at the population or range-wide level," relying on "population trend data as circumstantial evidence of stressors having a manifested impact" (id. at 12).
*973This order follows a first round of full briefing and oral argument (Dkt. No. 71) followed by a second round of supplemental briefing and further oral argument (Dkt. No. 79). The Court thanks counsel for both sides for their excellent advocacy.
ANALYSIS
The Administrative Procedure Act governs the standard and scope of judicial review for administrative decisions. Under the APA, the standard of review is whether the agency's decision was "arbitrary, capricious, an abuse of discretion or otherwise not in accordance with the law." Pac. Coast Fed. of Fishermen's Ass'n v. Nat'l Marine Fisheries Serv. ,
The APA requires "a substantial inquiry, a thorough, probing, in-depth review." Native Ecosystems Council v. U.S. Forest Serv. ,
This order now applies these standards against the administrative record.
1. ANTICOAGULANT RODENTICIDES AND OTHER TOXICANTS .
In the 2014 proposed listing, the Service viewed anticoagulant rodenticides and other toxicants as "a newly identified threat because of the reported mortalities of fishers from toxicants and a variety of sublethal effects" (AR 000690) - "mortalities" meaning direct poisoning and "sublethal effects" meaning lethargy and other debilitations that render fishers vulnerable to other direct causes of death (like predation). The main sources of anticoagulant rodenticide exposure in California are illegal marijuana grows, where anticoagulant rodenticides are used to discourage herbivory and poison rats that might chew on young marijuana plants (AR 022747).
The proposed listing stated that the Service based its severity estimates regarding toxicant exposure "on mortality rates alone, but [it] acknowledge[d] that th[ose] values likely underrepresent the population-level effects when considering research conclusions regarding sublethal levels of rodenticides and other toxicants in a wide variety of animal species" (AR 000690) (emphasis added).
After the proposed listing, a new, subsequent study showed that the impact of toxicant exposure had worsened. Plaintiffs thus argue that the Service's 2016 reversal on toxicant exposure was arbitrary and capricious. This order agrees, as now explained.
*974A. Studies on Toxicant Exposure.
After the proposed listing, a 2015 study by Gabriel and others showed a significant increase in Pacific fisher mortality due to rodenticide poisoning, meaning the threat was actually worse than previously thought. The authors explicitly warned of "an increase of this emerging threat" for Pacific fishers (AR 010949) (emphasis added).
The Gabriel study ranked as the most comprehensive study of fisher mortality in California as of the time of the reversal. The authors collected data from a total of 167 dead Pacific fishers found in both native California populations (AR 010938, 010940). The study observed a notable increase in toxicosis, meaning direct death by poisoning of Pacific fishers. Earlier, from 2007-2011, the average annual death rate from toxicosis had been 5.6 percent. Later, however, from 2012-2014, the death rate from toxicosis increased to 18.7 percent per year. This indicated a tripling of Pacific fisher deaths due to poisoning. Moreover, for the same time periods, toxicant exposure also increased - from 79 percent to 85 percent (AR 010949), meaning of the 167 dead Pacific fishers, 85 percent had anticoagulant rodenticides or other toxicants in their bodies. The authors thus concluded that the threat of toxicant exposure was "of increasing concern" (ibid. ). Significantly, the Service failed to address the study's key findings and conclusions in its reversal. As such, this order finds that the Service's assessment of the toxicant exposure stressor "r[an] counter to the evidence before [it]" and was accordingly arbitrary and capricious. Motor Vehicle Mfrs. ,
First , while the reversal acknowledged the 2015 Gabriel study in passing, it failed to come to grips with the Gabriel study's express finding that "mortality from and exposure to toxicants appears to be on the rise" (AR 010951). The reversal further failed to grapple with the Gabriel study's finding that toxicant exposure had increased from 79 percent to 85 percent and that toxicosis had more than tripled within a decade, despite acknowledging this fact in response to Comment No. 263 (AR 000799). Instead, the reversal simply concluded - ipse dixit style - that "the best available information at this time d[id] not support concluding that the impacts described ... r[ose] to the level of a threat, based on the insufficient evidence that [anticoagulant rodenticides] or other toxicants [were] resulting in significant impacts at either the population or rangewide scales" and that the Service was "not aware of any information that indicate[d] use of [anticoagulant rodenticides] will increase within the range of the proposed [distinct population segment] in the future" (AR 000727, 000799).
Second , to the limited extent the reversal addressed the Gabriel study, the reversal cherry picked the Gabriel study. It zeroed in on the study's finding of 15 confirmed deaths directly caused by toxicant exposure. The reversal characterized 15 as a negligible number of deaths. This number, however, is not necessarily representative of the total number of cases of toxicosis, as the reversal itself explained that "for any contaminant, collection of dead or moribund individuals is likely to represent only a subset of the actual exposure or mortality attributable to that contaminant" (AR 000799) (emphasis added). Moreover, the 15 confirmed cases of direct poisoning must be viewed against the Pacific fisher's small population size - which the reversal failed to do (AR 000718).
*975Third , the Service further erred in addressing the effects of sublethal exposure to toxicants on the Pacific fisher population. The proposed listing found sublethal exposure likely widespread with detrimental effects (AR 000690). For example, the proposed listing found that the effects of sublethal exposure likely included sickness and a decreased ability to heal from injuries, which may increase the probability of mortality from other stressors, and that a sublethal dose of anticoagulant rodenticide could cause significant clotting abnormalities and hemorrhaging (ibid. ). No new information since the proposed listing rebutted these original findings.
In addressing these effects, the reversal simply retreated into "uncertainty," stating that it was "uncertain" at what level of toxicant exposure fishers may be experiencing adverse impacts. Specifically, the reversal noted that "the individual fishers within three populations ... ha[d] been found dead from other causes and also were found to be exposed to [anticoagulant rodenticides] at sublethal levels with an unknown degree of impact to those individuals" and that the Service lacked information on the population-level effects (AR 000727). Defendants now further argue in their briefing that the 2015 Gabriel study found predation as the highest contributing source of mortality for Pacific fishers, with anticoagulant rodenticide exposure trailing behind as a source of Pacific fisher mortality. This shows, according to defendants, that the Service reasonably concluded that toxicant exposure did not have a population-wide impact.
With respect to predation, however, the 2015 Gabriel study pointed out that
it would be difficult, if not impossible, to determine whether some of the predation mortalities were ultimately going to result in toxicosis. Many of the predation cases exhibited ante-mortem hemorrhaging that could have been due directly to predation or alternatively, [anticoagulant rodenticide] exposure. Anticoagulant rodenticides have previously been shown to cause lethargy and weakness in exposed animals ... but teasing these two causes of death apart was not possible
(AR 010951). The Service itself even acknowledged this in the reversal, stating in response to Comment No. 276 that it "agree[d] that exposure to [anticoagulant rodenticides] may predispose fishers to predation due to the known physically debilitating effects" of anticoagulant rodenticides on fishers (AR 000802).
Moreover, with respect to uncertainty, the reversal cited a 2004 study by Erickson and Urban, which evaluated, inter alia , the toxicity of widely-used anticoagulant rodenticide brodifacoum on minks (the Pacific fisher's cousin), to conclude that "no consistent trends associate residue concentrations with levels at which adverse effects occur" (AR 000727). In the final species report (a companion to the reversal document), however, the Service used the very same study to conclude that "a fisher foraging in an area illegally baited with over-the-counter brodifacoum products could easily consume enough exposed rodents over several days to succumb to the poison, if fishers have approximately the same susceptibility to brodifacoum that mink do" (AR 022750-54). The reversal failed to address this alarming conclusion.
At bottom, that these Pacific fisher deaths could not be pinned on toxicant exposure directly or that it may be uncertain as to what level of toxicant exposure fishers may be experiencing adverse impacts do not provide the Service a rational connection to its conclusion that toxicant exposure does not rise to the level of a threat.
*976Our court of appeals has addressed how scientific "uncertainty" should be evaluated in listing decisions. In Greater Yellowstone Coalition, Inc. v. Servheen ,
Although Greater Yellowstone involved a delisting, our court of appeals has extended the same line of reasoning to where the Service reversed from finding a listing as "warranted but precluded" to a final rule finding the listing as "not warranted." See Ctr. for Biological Diversity ,
"[I]t is not enough for [the Service] to simply invoke 'scientific uncertainty' to justify its action." Ctr. for Biological Diversity ,
B. Population Trend Studies.
Defendants further argue that the Service treated the purportedly low confirmed mortality in tandem with the Service's assessment that the native Pacific fisher populations were stable. This combined evaluation, according to defendants, supported the Service's conclusion that toxicant exposure does not rise to the level of a threat. In other words, the Service used alleged population stability as circumstantial evidence supporting its position that toxicant exposure, as well as other identified stressors, were not "operative threats." Plaintiffs, however, contend that the Service's erroneous conclusion that the Pacific fisher populations are persistent, i.e. stable, was based on limited and inconclusive *977trend data. This order agrees with this criticism.
In its reversal, the Service relied on three population trend studies in concluding that the Pacific fisher population trend was either stable or not in decline. These studies refer to "lambda," which is a measure of the rate of a population's growth or shrinkage - with a lambda of one indicating no growth and no shrinkage, a lambda below one indicating shrinkage, and vice versa.
As to the native Southern Sierra Nevada population, a 2015 study by Sweitzer and others reported a lambda range of 0.79 to 1.16 using a 95 percent confidence interval and an estimated lambda of 0.966 (AR 000728). As to the native Northern California-Southwestern Oregon population, two long-term studies - 2014 studies by Higley and others ("the Hoopa study") and Powell and others ("the Eastern Klamath study") - reported an estimated lambda of 0.992 (95 percent confidence interval of 0.883-1.100) and 1.06 (95 percent confidence interval of 0.97-1.15), respectively (ibid. ).
Because all three studies "showed a population trend confidence interval which straddled 1.0," the Service concluded that the studies indicated a "statistically stable trend" (Dkt. No. 57 at 12; AR 000728). This was the very same logical error the Service committed in Natural Resources Defense Council, Inc. v. Rauch ,
So too here.
Simply because the confidence intervals included 1.0, indicating that population stability was possible, hardly proved it actually was 1.0 or greater. The confidence intervals also included values below one. The confidence interval means nothing more than it is 95 percent likely that the actual lambda is somewhere in the interval, somewhere between the low end of the interval and its high end.
This error in logic was exacerbated by the Service's own observations made elsewhere in the record. The Service's own scientists understood (correctly) that a confidence interval spanning 1.0 in connection with the Northern California-Southwestern Oregon population studies was "an indication of uncertainty about the population trend" (AR 067328-29). Moreover, the reversal recognized that "the areas monitored for population trend are limited" (AR 000728). Regarding two of these studies - the Hoopa and Eastern Klamath studies - the final species report explicitly noted that "[g]iven the small portion of the [Northern California-Southwestern Oregon] population sampled by the two study areas ... it is difficult to determine whether *978[that] population as a whole is increasing, decreasing, or stable" (AR 022641).
As for the Sweitzer study, defendants now argue that the authors concluded that the data "suggest[ed] stability or growth in some years" and "did not indicate a persistent decline in four years from 2008-2009 to 2011-2012" (Dkt. No. 62 at 11; AR 024651). The reversal further noted that "[a]lthough the authors express[ed] concern for the population and the need for continued monitoring, their research suggests a basically stable trend when considered together with information on population size and density" (AR 000718 (citing AR 024635) ).
In Tucson Herpetological Society v. Salazar ,
Similarly here, the Service could not have reasonably used the mere fact that the confidence intervals straddled 1.0 as proof of population stability. Moreover, the reversal ignored the conclusion in the Sweitzer study itself that a female survival rate below 0.90 "impl[ied] a greater challenge for maintaining self-sustaining fisher populations in the southern Sierra Nevada region" and that "[c]onsidering that there are likely fewer than 500 individual fishers within California's southern Sierra Nevada region and that these animals are exposed to multiple known stressors, the population cannot be considered secure" (AR 024626, 024652). Accordingly, the Service arbitrarily and capriciously relied on these population trend studies to conclude Pacific fisher population stability.
Defendants reply that although "the population studies on which the Service relied may be imperfect, Tucson does not create a blanket prohibition on considering imperfect data" (Dkt. No. 62 at 12). Defendants argue that these population studies were "the best available data about fisher population trends" and thus were "not *979'limited and inconclusive' " (Dkt. No. 57 at 13). Defendants further contend that "[e]ven if the available scientific and commercial data are 'quite inconclusive, [the Service] may - indeed must - still rely on it at that stage' " (Dkt. No. 57 at 13). Tucson , however, instructs that the Service may not affirmatively rely on limited and inconclusive studies (which the Service itself recognizes as "imperfect") as evidence of persistence, and in turn use this "evidence" of persistence as proof that the stressors pose no threat to the Pacific fisher population. See Tucson Herpetological Soc'y ,
Defendants further emphasize that "[t]he absence of conclusive evidence of persistence, standing alone, without persuasive evidence of widespread decline, may not be enough to establish that the Secretary must list the [species] as threatened or endangered." Tucson Herpetological Soc'y ,
Defendants also point to Center for Biological Diversity v. U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service ,
Here, the absence of conclusive evidence of Pacific fisher persistence does not stand alone. The Service does not dispute that the Pacific fisher population has declined dramatically and that it remains notably small. As the Service itself noted, "[f]isher populations today in the west coast States are smaller and their range has been reduced compared to historical conditions" (AR 000730). And, the fisher has experienced well-documented population decline "after the early 1900s by the combination of commercial trapping and loss of forest habitat from logging and development" (AR 024639).
* * *
Because this order finds remand appropriate based on the Service's treatment of the toxicant exposure threat and the Service's flawed logic regarding population stability, it does not and need not reach plaintiffs' other criticisms regarding the Service's treatment of other stressors. This order, however, acknowledges that plaintiffs have raised plausible criticisms on both those points. The Court suggests that on remand, the Service consider and address those further points made by plaintiffs as well.
*9802. COUNT II WAIVER .
Plaintiffs alleged in their complaint that the Service's conclusion that the Pacific fisher was not threatened throughout any significant portion of its range is contrary to the best scientific information available (Dkt. No. 1 ¶ 64). Defendants argue that plaintiffs waived this second claim for relief by failing to advance an argument in support of it in their opening brief for summary judgment (Dkt. No. 57 at 22). Because this order finds for plaintiffs as to their first claim for relief, defendants' motion for summary judgment on waiver is DENIED AS MOOT .
3. REMEDY .
Plaintiffs request that the Service be ordered to prepare a new rule within ninety days that is based "solely" on the "best scientific and commercial data available" (Dkt. No. 55 at 25).
Defendants argue that if the Service's withdrawal of the proposed rule is found arbitrary and capricious, then plaintiffs' request for a new rule within ninety days should be rejected (Dkt. No. 57 at 23-24). Defendants note that plaintiffs' requested remedy deviates from their requested relief in the complaint, as plaintiffs originally requested an order requiring the Service to publish a final rule within six months (see Dkt. No. 1 ¶ 17). Defendants request that if the Court is inclined to set a date for completing a revised rule, then it be granted leave to brief the timeline in order to evaluate staffing and budget constraints (Dkt. No. 57 at 24).
Plaintiffs' request for an order directing the Service to prepare a new rule within ninety days of remand is DENIED . The Service shall prepare a new rule by MARCH 22, 2019 . Defendants' request for leave to brief the timeline for remand is DENIED AS MOOT .
CONCLUSION
For the foregoing reasons, plaintiffs' motion for summary judgment is GRANTED IN PART . Defendants' motions for summary judgment are DENIED . The Listing Withdrawal is hereby VACATED and this action is REMANDED to prepare a revised rule that comports with this order.
IT IS SO ORDERED.
The American Forest Resource Council, California Forestry Association, National Alliance of Forest Owners, Oregon Forest Industries Council, and Washington Forest Protection Association's unopposed motion to intervene as a defendant was granted on January 24, 2017 (Dkt. No. 41). Because both defendants' briefings largely overlap, the federal-defendant and intervenor-defendant's motions are considered together for purposes of this order.
The Gabriel study found 13 confirmed deaths but two additional mortalities were reported to the Service in a 2016 email by Dr. Greta Wengert (AR 038208), so the reversal correctly used 15 as the number of confirmed toxicosis cases.
The Service found the fourth study by Zielinski, et al. to be inconclusive and thus purports to not have relied on it (Dkt. No. 57 at 13; AR 000718).
This order notes that the Service seemed to have erroneously cited in the reversal Sweitzer et al. 2015b, p. 10, rather than Sweitzer et al. 2015, p. 10, which actually contains the proposition cited for.