DocketNumber: Case No. 17-cv-07277-JCS
Citation Numbers: 358 F. Supp. 3d 912
Judges: Spero
Filed Date: 12/18/2018
Status: Precedential
Modified Date: 7/25/2022
I. INTRODUCTION
Plaintiff Luis Castillo brings a putative class action against Defendants CleanNet USA, Inc. ("CleanNet") and D&G Enterprises, Inc. dba CleanNet of the Bay Area and CleanNet of San Jose ("D&G"), asserting claims under the federal Trafficking Victims Protection Reauthorization Act ("TVPRA"),
II. BACKGROUND
A. Factual Background
Luis Castillo entered into a franchise agreement ("Franchise Agreement") with D&G on September 26, 2011. Declaration of David P. Crum in Support of Defendants CleanNet USA, Inc. and D&G Enterprises, Inc.'s (d/b/a CleanNet of the Bay Area and CleanNet of San Jose) Motion to Compel Arbitration and Stay Proceedings ("Crum Decl.") ¶ 4 & Ex. A. D&G is "an area operator licensed by CleanNet USA to sell franchises and to operate a franchising business using the CleanNet USA® registered marks and proprietary system in the San Francisco Bay area."
*919
The Franchise Agreement contains a section entitled "Dispute Resolution" that provides, in relevant part, as follows:
XXII. DISPUTE RESOLUTION
The parties to this Agreement recognize that compliance with the terms of this Agreement and the nature of the Franchisor/Franchisee relationship may give rise to the need to resolve disputes between the parties. Both Franchisee and Franchisor wish to avoid the time, expense and disruption that can result from lawsuits, but they desire to have a method of resolving disputes that is mutually acceptable. For this purpose, the parties expressly agree first to resolve disputes by direct negotiation with each other. If such negotiations fail to reach an agreement, the party dissatisfied with the outcome of negotiations must submit the dispute, within 180 days, to mediation and/or arbitration under this Section XXII, as follows:
A. Mediation : Before, and as a necessary condition precedent to, filing a demand for arbitration in accordance with this Agreement, Franchisee and Franchisor shall attempt to settle the dispute through mediation administered by the American Arbitration Association ("AAA") at its office closest in proximity to Franchisor's office in accordance with the Commercial Mediation Rules of the AAA. The filing fee for the proceeding shall be borne by the initiating party. The mediator's compensation and any administrative costs shall be borne equally by both parties. If Franchisee and Franchisor arrive at an agreement through mediation, then that agreement shall be set forth in writing and be binding upon both parties.
B. Arbitration: All disputes, controversies, and claims of any kind arising between the parties, including but not limited to claims arising out of or relating to this Agreement, the rights and obligations of the parties, the sale of the franchise, or other claims or causes of action relating to the performance of either party that are unable to be settled through mediation shall be settled by arbitration administered by the AAA at its office closest in proximity to the Franchisor's office, in accordance with the Federal Arbitration Act and the Commercial Rules of the AAA unless the parties otherwise agree in accordance with Section XXII.C of this Agreement.
1. This Section XXII.B shall survive expiration, non-renewal or termination of this Agreement for any reason.
2. The filing fee for the proceeding shall be borne by the initiating party. The arbitrator's compensation and any administrative costs shall be borne equally by both parties.
3. Either party shall have the right to seek a court order granting injunctive relief where such relief is necessary in order to provide protection on a temporary or preliminary basis while the arbitration process is pursued.
4. The parties expressly agree that an arbitrator shall have the power to enter an award, including injunctive relief, protecting its rights to the same extent a court could do so, and such relief shall be enforceable by a court having jurisdiction under Section XXII.E of this Agreement.
*9205. No arbitration or action under this Agreement shall include, by consolidation, joinder, or any other manner, any claims by any person or entity in privity with or claiming through or on behalf of Franchisee. Franchisee shall not seek to arbitrate or litigate as a representative of, or on behalf of, any other person or entity, any dispute, controversy of any kind arising out of or relating to this Agreement, the rights and obligations of the parties, the sale of the franchise, or other claims or causes of action relating to the performance of either party to this Agreement.
6. To the fullest extent permitted by law, direct negotiation, followed by mediation and/or binding arbitration, shall be the exclusive means of resolving any and all claims relating to this Agreement, including, but not limited to, claims of breach of contract, breach of the covenant of good faith and fair dealing, fraud, violation of any and all franchise registration, disclosure and/or franchisee protection statutes, regulations, or ordinances, whether federal, state or local, or any other common laws claims.
C. Alternative Procedures: The parties understand that specific disputes may make some flexibility in the foregoing dispute resolution procedures desirable. The parties may modify any of the negotiation, mediation or arbitration procedures as described below, or in any other manner that is mutually agreed:
1. Dispute Resolution Procedural Rules. Either party may propose to use a dispute resolution organization other than the AAA, if the proposed organization has rules governing proceedings that are comparable in scope and formality to the AAA Commercial Rules. Under no circumstances shall either of the parties seek to proceed under the AAA Employment Arbitration Rules. The parties may also agree to use a private mediator or arbitrator who would then operate in accordance with the AAA Commercial Rules or a comparable set of rules.
...
Crum Decl., Ex. A at ECF pp. 41-42. Section XXII also provides for waiver of punitive damages, stating:
FRANCHISEE HEREBY IRREVOCABLY WAVES, TO THE FULLEST EXTENT PERMITTED BY LAW, ANY RIGHT OR CLAIM FOR ANY PUNITIVE, EXEMPLARY, CONSEQUENTIAL, OR SPECULATIVE DAMAGES INCLUDING, WITHOUT LIMITATION, LOSS OF PROFITS, AND AGREES THAT, IN THE EVENT OF A DISPUTE, FRANCHISEE SHALL BE LIMITED TO THE ACTUAL DAMAGES SUSTAINED EXCEPT AS OTHERWISE PROVIDED HEREIN.
Finally, Section XXII contains a savings clause stating that "[i]f any provision of this Section XXII would violate applicable state or federal law, then the parties agree that such provision shall be excluded from the terms of this Agreement, or shall be modified to the minimum extent necessary to make the terms hereof lawful."
Except as expressly provided to the contrary herein, each section, part, term and/or provision of this Agreement shall be considered severable, and any section, part, term and/or provision herein is determined to be invalid and contrary to, or in conflict with, any existing or future law or regulation by a court or agency having valid jurisdiction, such *921shall not impair the operation of, or have any other effect on, such other portions, sections, parts, terms and/or provisions of this Agreement as may remain otherwise intelligible, and the latter shall continue to be given full force and effect and bind the parties hereto, and said invalid sections, parts, terms and/or provisions shall be deemed not to be a part of this Agreement; provided, however, that if Franchisor determines that such finding of invalidity or illegality adversely affects the basic consideration of this Agreement, Franchisor, at its option, may terminate this Agreement.
The Franchise Agreement also contains a provision addressing the use of English language, which states as follows:
English Language: Franchisee acknowledges that Franchisor's disclosure document and this Agreement are written in the English language. If English is not Franchisee's native language, Franchisee warrants and represents that Franchisee has had the opportunity for translation of the disclosure document and this Agreement; that all aspects of this Agreement have been explained to Franchisee's satisfaction; and that Franchisee understands and accepts this Agreement as written. Franchisee warrants and represents that Franchisee can in fact conduct business in the English language and that conducting business in the English language does not constitute an undue burden on Franchisee.
As discussed below, the Franchise Agreement was provided to Castillo as part of a package of documents called "Franchise Disclosure Documents," which included, among other things, a summary of the provisions of the Franchise Agreement. See Castillo Decl., Ex. A at ECF pp. 30-32. Item 17(u) on this summary lists "Dispute resolution by arbitration or mediation," which is summarized on the chart as follows: "Provides for binding arbitration after mediation and negotiation by the parties."
Item 17(u) of this disclosure document is modified to include the following paragraph:
The franchise agreement requires binding arbitration. The arbitration will occur at the offices of the American Arbitration Association nearest our home office, with costs being paid by the party which does not substantially prevail. You are encouraged to consult private legal counsel to determine the applicability of California and federal laws (such as Business and Professions Code Section 20040.5, Code of Civil Procedure 1281, and the Federal Arbitration Act) to any provisions of the franchise agreement restricting venue to a forum outside of the state of California.
Castillo Decl., Ex. A (Franchise Disclosure Documents) at ECF p. 40 ("Addendum").
Castillo does not dispute that he signed the Franchise Agreement and also initialed each page of it, including the pages containing the dispute resolution provision.
3. Spanish is my primary language. I have a high school diploma but do not hold a college degree. I never owned a business, nor had I been trained in owning a business, prior to purchasing the CleanNet franchise.
4. Prior to purchasing a CleanNet franchise, I worked as a janitor for over ten years. My yearly salary was approximately $35,000.
5. I learned about purchasing a CleanNet franchise from a Spanish magazine ad in approximately 2011. At the time, I had been laid off for approximately six months and desperately needed work to support my wife and our four children.
6. I called CleanNet and spoke with an employee of CleanNet named Vilma Vega. A few days later, I met her in person in Oakland, California. Vilma was eager to sell me a CleanNet franchise. Vilma promised I could earn $3,000 every month, and I would have the support of the company. I grew excited about the franchise opportunity.
7. All of my communications with Vilma over the phone had been in Spanish, and in our person meeting was also all in Spanish.
8. Soon after our first meeting, I returned to Oakland and Vilma gave me a large stack of documents. Attached to this declaration as Exhibit A is a true and correct copy of the documents I received from Vilma in approximately September 2011.
9. None of the documents I received were in Spanish, and I was not able to read and comprehend the documents presented to me in English. Though I knew a few simple phrases, I was not capable of understanding the English, particularly the legal terminology, contained in documents. I had to rely upon Vilma to explain the documents to me. Vilma gave me some brief explanations and purported translations of what I was signing: this page says this, that page says that. Vilma told me I needed to sign everything in order to get the franchise, and she showed me where to write my initials and where to sign with post-it arrow flags. I felt pressured to sign right there and then. I was not given the option of taking it home to review with someone else.
10. I was not aware of any dispute resolution or arbitration provisions that were included within the contract that I signed; Vilma did not explain any of this prior to having me sign. I did not understand that I was giving up my right to present any legal claims in a court. I would have not agreed to this had I known.
11. I was also not aware that there was a part of the agreement that I signed that I said I was capable of conducting business in English. I would not have agreed to such a statement.
12. I was presented with a franchise agreement on take it or leave it terms. I did not believe I could negotiate or alter any of the terms of the agreement, and I was not given an opportunity to do so.
13. My second meeting with Vilma, including signing and initialing all documents, lasted about 1 hour. I was promised that everything was legitimate, and that I did not have anything to worry about. I trusted the promises made to me by Vilma. I thought I was dealing with a large and reputable company. I was convinced my life was going to change for the better.
14. I paid the $8,500 down payment towards the franchise on the same day that I signed the contract and a promissory note for the difference of $5,000.
*923This amount for the down payment was most of my life savings.
15. Currently, I earn approximately between $35,000 and $40,000 a year. My income goes almost entirely to cover our family's life necessities, like rent, food, etc., and does not permit me to save very much money. If I had to pay for arbitration of my claim, it would be a financial hardship to do so.
Castillo Decl., ¶¶ 3-15.
Defendants have not offered any evidence that contradicts Castillo's account of his interactions with Vilma Vega. In particular, they do not challenge the truth of Castillo's statements that all of his conversations with Vega were in Spanish and or that when he signed the Franchise Agreement Vega "gave [him] some brief explanations and purported translations of what [he] was signing: this page says this, that page says that." They also conceded at oral argument that there is no evidence in the record that contradicts Castillo's statement that Vega did not tell him that the Franchise Agreement contained an arbitration provision.
With respect to Castillo's ability to speak English, Defendants have offered a declaration by Andrew Kaska, who was employed by D&G and accompanied Castillo to meetings with customers who did not speak Spanish to discuss the work he was performing. Declaration of Andrew Kaska in Support of Defendants CleanNet USA, Inc. and D&G Enterprises, Inc.'s (d/b/a CleanNet of the Bay Area and CleanNet of San Jose) Reply Memorandum re Motion to Compel Arbitration and Stay the Proceedings ("Kaska Decl.") ¶ 2. According to Kaska, he observed Castillo "conversing with customers in English."
Defendants also imply that Castillo is more sophisticated - and perhaps more financially well-off - than his declaration suggests. In particular, Defendants offer a business card for "J & V Maintenance" which shows that Castillo is the "owner," and a business registration certificate for J & V Maintenance. Crum Reply Decl., Exs. D & E. According to Crum, who states that he is president of D&G, Castillo "gave out" the business card "[a]t or about the time he franchised with defendants" and produced the business registration certificate as part of his initial disclosures. Crum Reply Decl. ¶¶ 9-10. Defendants also introduce evidence showing that Castillo was able to pay $8,500 of the franchise cost when he signed the Franchise Agreement, introducing a copy of a personal check from Castillo for that amount. Crum Reply Decl., Ex. G.
Finally, Defendants introduce evidence, in the form of a signed receipt and a subsequent acknowledgment of receipt, they contend shows that Castillo received a packet of Franchise Disclosure Documents on June 14, 2011. Crum Reply Decl., Exs. A (Receipt) & B (Acknowledgement of Receipt). Both the Receipt and the Acknowledgment of Receipt are signed by Castillo and show a date of receipt of the Franchise Disclosure Documents - which is also handwritten on the forms - of June 14, 2011.
In support of his sur-reply, Castillo provides a supplemental declaration addressing the evidence described above. In his supplemental declaration, Castillo states, in relevant part, as follows:
3. At my first meeting with a CleanNet representative, Vilma Vega, I was given very few pieces of paper. I recall a double-sided, two-page color flyer with images of janitors cleaning, advertising the CleanNet franchise, which I took home. I also remember being provided with a copy of a chart that included the different packages CleanNet offered; it listed monthly billings guarantees, total price, down payment and monthly installments. These were the only documents that I was provided and took home with me.
4. During our first meeting, Vilma asked me to fill out an application form. Since the form was in English, she helped me complete it by translating for me. Some of the sections, like name and address, I completed without her assistance, as I was familiar with those words. Some of the portions I completed in Spanish on her direction.
5. After our first meeting, Vilma called me several times to ask when I was ready to come in to review and sign the agreement with her. During our last phone call before our second meeting, she reminded me to bring a check for the down payment and to make it out to CleanNet USA. I do not recall having any written communications with Vilma.
6. At our second meeting, on or around September 26, 2011, Vilma provided me a thick packet of documents. The documents were all in English, and I asked if she had the documents translated into Spanish. She told me that the documents *925included the Franchise Agreement I would have to sign. She said the documents were not in Spanish, but that she would be able to provide me with oral translations. I relied on her oral translation, as I could not read the Franchise Agreement and other documents myself.
7. Vilma reviewed the Franchise Agreement and other documents with me in about an hour. She told me this section is about this, and that section says that, and so on. She pointed out where I needed to initial or sign, which was also marked with post-it arrow flags. She made the process very easy, reassuring me that it was all very straightforward. She seemed trustworthy - as did CleanNet - and so I believed her.
8. As she provided brief explanations and purported oral translations of what we were reviewing, I recall asking her some questions based on the content she shared, including how long before I would see the guaranteed monthly gross billings, and whether accounts are replaced if lost.
9. In reviewing the Agreement with me, Vilma did not mention anything regarding what would happen if l had a dispute with CleanNet, or if CleanNet had a dispute with me. She did not talk about court, or explain arbitration or anything of the type.
10. Vilma also did not mention anything about having to conduct business only in English. While I understand some janitorial words in English from working in the industry for so many years - words like clean, mop, vacuum, floor, window, toilet, garbage, recycle, compost - I otherwise have limited English proficiency.
11. Vilma did not at any time advise me to consult with an attorney or any other person about the documents she wanted me to sign. She seemed eager for me sign all the documents that very day, and so I did, with her encouragement.
12. Before the second meeting with Vilma, I had not received a copy of the Franchise Agreement. Had I been provided the document in advance, I would have brought it home and asked my oldest child, who was around 16 at the time, to translate it - or at least try to translate it - for me, as I would typically do with documents provided to me in English.
13. During my time working at CleanNet, I got by using my Spanish and some janitorial-related words in English. The CleanNet representatives I spoke with, including Vilma, Andres, and Jorge, were bilingual in English and Spanish, and I communicated with them in Spanish. I was told to not talk with CleanNet clients directly, and certainly not outside the presence of CleanNet representatives. During meetings with CleanNet clients, it was the CleanNet representative, who primarily interfaced with the client. On November 27, 2018, I met with my one of my attorneys to review the documents that were filed with the Court by CleanNet on November 20, 2018.
15. I did not recognize Exhibit A [ECF 71-3], although I can confirm that it is my signature and printed name on the page. However, I do not believe that the date is my handwriting. I understand the document suggests that I was given six kinds of documents on or about June 14, 2011, but that is not what happened. I do not recall signing any documents at my initial meeting with Vilma - except for the application form, which is Exhibit C [ECF 71-5].
16. As with Exhibit B [ECF 71-4], I can confirm that my signature is the *926only thing that is my handwriting on this page. I did not write the additional words on this page, and the dates also do not appear to be mine. I understand the document states that I signed the Agreement and provided a check on September 26, 2011, and that is correct. The document also states that I received a Disclosure Statement and a copy of the Franchise agreement on the same day as my first face-to-face meeting with a CleanNet representative, and that is not correct.
17. I recognize Exhibit C [ECF 71-5] as the application form I completed with the assistance of Vilma during our initial meeting. All the writing in the document is mine except for the writing in the top left corner. I wrote Spanish words like "afios" and "Casado" to complete the form because Vilma said it was fine to respond in Spanish.
18. I recognize Exhibits D [ECF 71-6] and E [ECF 71-7] as documents related to J & V Maintenance, which was a business name I created in 2008 because I needed a company name to keep getting janitorial jobs from my then-employer. I did not have any employees, but I had to invoice my employer and received 1099 tax form for the wages I received. In 2008, I had printed a few dozen business cards for J & V Maintenance, and I brought one to Vilma, upon her request, to our second meeting. I provided the Business Registration Certificate for J & V Maintenance to CleanNet in 2012 also in response to their request to provide such a document.
19. I recognize Exhibit F [ECF 71-8] as a test I had to take after buying the CleanNet franchise. I recall watching several training videos that covered the responsibilities of a janitor like myself. All the videos were in English. I asked for the Spanish version, but was told there were none. I watched the videos alone, without any translation. When the time came for my test, I asked for a copy of the test in Spanish, but again there was none. Vilma offered to help and basically told me the answers: put A there, put B there and circle true, circle false. I was able to complete the test with Vilma's assistance without needing to read any of the test. On the first page of Exhibit F [ECF 71-8], page 150, I recognize my printed name and date to be in my handwriting; on the last page of Exhibit F [ECF 71-8], page 162, I recognize the signature of my name to be in my handwriting, but not my name written above. I believe the signature below mine is of the man who was responsible for starting the training videos, but I do not recall his name. He did not speak Spanish, and so we did not say much to each other.
20. I recognize Exhibit G [Exh 71-9] as a copy of the check I wrote to CleanNet USA. The check was written at home, prior to my second meeting with Vilma. I remember copying "Eight Thousand and Five Hundred" from a reference chart for writing numbers in English in my checkbook. At the bottom of the check I wrote in Spanish, "Pago Inicial Franquiesa de Limpieza Commercial" as I did not know how to write that in English but I wanted it to be clear what the payment was for. The payment was basically my entire li[f]e savings and a considerable sum of money for me.
21. I do not recall meeting David Crum in person or having any communication with him directly before our mediation on May 1, 2018.
22. I do not recognize the name Andrew Kaska. I had a supervisor at CleanNet whose name was Andres, and maybe it is the same individual. Andres was bilingual in English and Spanish, and we spoke almost entirely in Spanish.
*927On a handful of occasions, Andres and I met with CleanNet clients together. Andres did the majority, if not all of the talking, with the CleanNet clients in English. After the communications, Andres pulled me aside and summarized into Spanish what had been said in the conversations with the CleanNet clients and the takeaways for me.
Castillo Supp. Decl. ¶¶ 3-22.
B. Contentions of the Parties
In the Motion, Defendants ask the Court to order arbitration of Castillo's claims under the Federal Arbitration Act ("FAA"),
Castillo argues further that the arbitration agreement is unenforceable because it contains numerous provisions that are unconscionable and/or violate public policy under Armendariz v. Foundation Health Psychcare Servs., Inc.
III. ANALYSIS
A. General Legal Standard
Under the FAA, "[a] written provision in ... a contract evidencing a transaction involving commerce to settle by arbitration a controversy thereafter arising out of such contract or transaction ... shall be valid, irrevocable, and enforceable, save upon such grounds as exist at law or in equity for the revocation of any contract."
*928Mortensen v. Bresnan Communications , LLC,
It is the burden of the party moving to compel arbitration to prove, by a preponderance of the evidence, that a valid arbitration agreement exists. Bruni v. Didion ,
B. Factual Findings
As a preliminary matter, the Court makes the following factual findings relevant to the circumstances under which Castillo entered into the Franchise Agreement. All of these findings are based on the preponderance of the evidence.
*9291. Castillo's ability to speak and understand English is extremely limited. He conducted all of his conversations with D&G employees - both before and after entering into the Franchise Agreement - almost entirely in Spanish. In signing the Franchise Agreement he relied on the translation of that agreement provided by D&G employee Vilma Vega. Vega had previously assisted him in completing his franchise application, which was in English, and told Castillo he could respond in Spanish. She also helped him to complete the English language multiple choice test he was required to take after he entered into the Franchise Agreement. For the most part, Castillo did not communicate directly with clients and on the occasions when he met with clients, he was accompanied by a bilingual D&G employee who did most of the talking and translated for Castillo when needed. Given his very limited understanding of English, Castillo could not have understood the terms of the arbitration agreement in the Franchise Agreement and other Franchise Disclosure Documents, or that he was waiving any rights, without assistance. Although he asked for a Spanish-language version of the Franchise Disclosure Documents, he was told that none existed.
2. Castillo did not receive the Franchise Disclosure Documents in advance of September 26, 2011 meeting with Vega, when he signed them. The Receipt and Acknowledgment of Receipt upon which Defendants rely to show that Castillo received these documents before the September 26, 2011 meeting were signed by Castillo but the June 14, 2011 date reflected on those documents was not in his handwriting and he did not write those dates, which are not accurate.
3. Vega encouraged Castillo to come to the September 26, 2011 meeting with a check to cover the down-payment for the franchise, which he did. She also encouraged him to sign the documents at that meeting and did not advise him to take them home to review them or to obtain assistance in understanding them or the advice of an attorney.
3. Castillo's financial means are limited; he earns approximately $35,000 to *930$40,000 a year and this income is devoted almost entirely to supporting his wife and four children. J & V Maintenance is simply a d/b/a that Castillo was required by a former employer to adopt to receive payment for his work. It does not have any employees other than Castillo, who, at the time he purchased his franchise, had worked as a janitor for ten years and earned approximately $35,000 a year. At the time he signed the Franchise Agreement, Castillo was under financial pressure because he had been laid off more than six months before and desperately needed work to support his family.
C. Whether the Franchise Agreement is Void Due to Fraud in the Inception
Castillo contends that the Motion should be denied because there was fraud in the inception and therefore, under California law, the arbitration agreement is void. Defendants do not dispute that California contract law applies to the question of whether there is a valid agreement to arbitrate. See Wolsey, Ltd. v. Foodmaker, Inc. ,
California law provides that if there is fraud in the inception of an agreement such that "the promisor is deceived as to the nature of his act," then "mutual assent is lacking" and the contract is void. Rosenthal v. Great W. Fin. Sec. Corp. ,
In addressing the question of reasonable reliance, the Court looks for guidance to the handful of cases that have addressed this question under similar circumstances, starting with the California Supreme Court's decision in Rosenthal . In that case, the court explained that "[w]here ... a party's apparent assent to a written contracted is negated by fraud in the inception, there is simply no arbitration agreement to be enforced."
On the other hand, the Rosenthal court found that there was not fraud in the inception as to other investors who had no difficulty speaking or understanding English and claimed that they signed the client agreement that contained the arbitration clause without reading it based on assurances by representatives of GWB (who they also believed were employed by their bank, GWFSC) that they didn't need to read the contract. Id. at 424,
In Ramos v. Westlake Services LLC , the California Court of Appeal relied on Rosenthal to find that an arbitration clause was void due to fraud in the inception. There, the plaintiff, Alfredo Ramos, whose primary language is Spanish, purchased a used car at a car dealership, signing a contract, entitled "Conditional Sale Contract and Security Agreement" ("Sale Contract") that was in English.
The Ramos Translation was not just inaccurate. Rather, it completely omitted the arbitration agreement that [Defendant] now seeks to enforce. By providing Ramos a translation that did not even *932reference arbitration, let alone translate the terms of the arbitration agreement, [Defendant] "deprived [Ramos] of a reasonable opportunity to learn the character and essential terms of the [arbitration agreement] he signed.
Finally, in Vasquez , Judge Wilken reached a similar conclusion based on Rosenthal and Ramos , finding fraud in the inception with respect to an arbitration provision signed by individuals who only speak and read Spanish. In Vasquez , the plaintiffs were individuals from Honduras who had come to the United States to seek asylum and had been detained by United States Immigration and Customs Enforcement ("ICE"). Vasquez Order at 1. The defendant, Libre by Nexus ("LBN"), is an organization that works with families to seek release of their family members from immigration detention.
Here, Plaintiffs have sufficiently shown that LBN fraudulently concealed the arbitration clause. The parties agree that LBN did not provide Plaintiffs with a written Spanish version of the arbitration clause. The "key facts" sheet does not mention the arbitration clause.... Instead, LBN contends that it translated the entire contract (including the arbitration clause) into Spanish orally. But Plaintiffs each testified that LBN representatives did not translate or explain the arbitration clause.... And LBN's own evidence shows that it is unlikely that LBN translated the arbitration clause into Spanish for Plaintiffs ... Plaintiffs only speak and read Spanish and are not proficient in English ... LBN representatives purported to translate the English-language contract into Spanish orally. Thus, Plaintiffs reasonably relied on LBN's oral representations and "key facts" sheet as accurate translations of the English-language agreements.
Id. at 8-9.
The cases above instruct that the threshold for demonstrating fraud in the inception is high. The fact that an individual who signs an arbitration agreement is not proficient in English is not, by itself, enough to demonstrate fraud in the inception, even if the agreement was provided only in English. As the court in Ramos noted, "[n]o law requires that parties dealing at arm's length have a duty to explain to each other the terms of a written contract."
In Rosenthal , Ramos and Vasquez , however, there were additional facts that rendered the agreements these plaintiffs signed void, namely, representations on which these plaintiffs relied and circumstances that made it reasonable for them to rely on these representations. In each case, somewhat different facts supported the courts' conclusion that the plaintiff's reliance was reasonable but the Court finds that there is significant overlap between the facts in those cases and the facts here. Like the plaintiffs in Rosenthal , Ramos and Vasquez , Castillo is not proficient in English and could not have understood the arbitration agreement (or the Franchise Disclosure Documents as a whole) without assistance. Having asked for a Spanish language translation of the agreement and been told there was none, he relied on Vega's assurance that she would assist him and he relied on her translation of the documents. Castillo Supp. Decl., ¶ 6 ("She said the documents were not in Spanish, but that she would be able to provide me with oral translations. I relied on her oral translation, as I could not read the Franchise Agreement and other documents myself."). In fact, she had assisted him before, when he completed the application at his first meeting with her. See id. ¶ 4 ("During our first meeting, Vilma asked me to fill out an application form. Since the form was in English, she helped me complete it by translating for me. Some of the sections, like name and address, I completed without her assistance, as I was familiar with those words. Some of the portions I completed in Spanish on her direction."). Based on this past assistance and his numerous conversations with Vega prior to signing the Franchise Agreement Castillo, like the plaintiffs in Rosenthal , believed he could trust Vega's translation. It is undisputed that Vega did not tell Castillo about the existence of the arbitration provision in the Franchise Agreement, much less explain what it meant. Nor is there any evidence in the record that she told Castillo about the Addendum that shifts the costs of arbitration to the losing party.
In addition, unlike the plaintiffs in Sim , Castillo did not have an opportunity to review the Franchise Agreement or other Franchise Disclosure Documents at home before signing the Franchise Agreement. Instead, he was presented with these documents for the first time at the meeting that he and Vega had set up to finalize the agreement and make a down-payment, on September 26, 2011. Vega did not encourage Castillo to consult an attorney or obtain English language assistance so that he could fully understand the terms of the documents he was signing; instead, she encouraged him to rely on her translation of the documents. Under these circumstances, the Court concludes that Castillo has demonstrated that he reasonably relied on Vega's translation and was unaware that he was entering into an arbitration agreement, giving rise to fraud in the inception and rendering the arbitration agreement void.
D. Whether the Arbitration Agreement is Enforceable under Armendariz
Castillo argues that even if the Court does not find fraud in the inception, it *934should not enforce the arbitration agreement because it contains numerous provisions that are unconscionable or violate public policy under Armendariz and the agreement cannot be fixed by severing them. The Court concludes that Plaintiff is correct.
1. Overview of Armendariz
In Armendariz , the California Supreme Court addressed whether employees who had signed an arbitration agreement as a condition of their employment could be compelled to arbitrate wrongful termination claims asserted under California's Fair Employment and Housing Act ("FEHA") and related contract and tort claims.
The court in Armendariz went on to apply these principles to the arbitration agreement in that case, which incorporated all of the rules of the California Arbitration Act ("CAA").
With respect to whether the arbitration agreement permitted adequate discovery to protect the employees' substantive statutory rights, the court found that it did because it incorporated the rules set forth in the California Arbitration Act ("CAA"), which permit some discovery.
Finally, the court in Armendariz addressed whether a provision of the CAA requiring parties to pay a pro rata share of arbitration costs, Cal. Civ. Code section 1284.2, rendered the arbitration agreement invalid. The court held that "the imposition of substantial forum fees is contrary to public policy, and is therefore grounds for invalidating or revoking an arbitration agreement." Id. at 110,
The court in Armendariz went on to conduct a separate analysis addressing whether the arbitration agreement was unenforceable based on the state law contract defense of unconscionability, which applies not only to unwaivable statutory rights but to all claims. Id. at 113-121,
*936Id. at 114,
The court also found that the arbitration agreement was substantively unconscionable because it was one-sided. Id. at 117-121,
Finally, the Armendariz court addressed whether the provisions that were unconscionable or violated public policy in the arbitration agreement rendered the entire agreement unenforceable or rather, whether the arbitration agreement could be enforced so long as the unlawful provisions were severed. Id. at 121-127,
2. Concepcion and Preemption of State Law Defenses
Subsequent to Armendariz , the U.S. Supreme Court addressed the savings clause in Section 2 of the FAA in AT&T Mobility LLC v. Concepcion ,
In the wake of Concepcion , California courts, including the California Supreme Court, have found that Armendariz is still good law, relying on the Supreme Court's affirmation of the principle that the savings clause of the FAA permits application of state law contract defenses such as unconscionability in the context of arbitration agreements. See Ramos v. Superior Court of San Francisco Cty. ,
3. Cole, Gilmer and agreements to arbitrate claims asserted under federal statutes
While the Armendariz requirements discussed above apply to agreements to arbitrate claims asserted under state statutes, those requirements are drawn from federal common law, which establishes similar requirements for agreements to arbitrate federal statutory claims.
In Gilmer , the plaintiff asserted a claim under the Age Discrimination in Employment Act against his employer, who sought to compel arbitration under an arbitration provision the plaintiff was required to sign as a condition of employment.
*938
In Cole , the court concluded that under Gilmer 's "effective vindication" doctrine, an arbitration agreement is enforceable with respect to federal statutory claims so long as it: "(1) provides for neutral arbitrators, (2) provides for more than minimal discovery, (3) requires a written award, (4) provides for all of the types of relief that would otherwise be available in court, and (5) does not require employees to pay either unreasonable costs or any arbitrators' fees or expenses as a condition of access to the arbitration forum."
[I]n Gilmer , the Supreme Court endorsed a system of arbitration in which employees are not required to pay for the arbitrator assigned to hear their statutory claims. There is no reason to think that the Court would have approved arbitration in the absence of this arrangement. Indeed, we are unaware of any situation in American jurisprudence in which a beneficiary of a federal statute has been required to pay for the services of the judge assigned to hear her or his case. Under Gilmer , arbitration is supposed to be a reasonable substitute for a judicial forum. Therefore, it would undermine Congress's intent to prevent employees who are seeking to vindicate statutory rights from gaining access to a judicial forum and then require them to pay for the services of an arbitrator when they would never be required to pay for a judge in court.
Courts continue to apply the Cole requirements to determine whether an arbitration agreement effectively vindicates the substantive rights afforded by a federal statute. See, e.g., CarMax Auto Superstores California LLC v. Hernandez ,
In Green Tree , the Supreme Court recognized that "the existence of large arbitration costs could preclude a litigant ... from effectively vindicating her federal statutory rights in the arbitral forum."
*9404. Whether the Arbitration Agreement Meets the Requirements of Armendariz Gilmer and Cole
As a preliminary matter, the Court finds that the CTVPA, under which Castillo asserts his state law trafficking claim, was enacted for a public purpose and therefore, that the rights afforded under that statute are unwaivable. See 2005 Cal. Legis. Serv. Ch. 240 (A.B. 22) (adding human trafficking to the list of matters to be prioritized by the Attorney General, alongside "organized crime, gang activities, drug trafficking, and cases involving a high degree of risk to the witness" under CTVPA). The Court further finds that the Armendariz requirements are not limited to the arbitration of FEHA claims but rather, apply to the arbitration of any claim asserted under a California statute that affords unwaivable rights. See Mercuro v. Superior Court ,
The 180-day requirement: As discussed above, the Franchise Agreement requires that the parties must engage in direct negotiations before pursuing mediation or arbitration and states that "[i]f such negotiations fail to reach an agreement, the party dissatisfied with the outcome of negotiations must submit the dispute, within 180 days, to mediation and/or arbitration under this Section." Crum Decl., Ex. A at ECF pp. 41. Although Defendants agree to waive this provision, they contend it is not problematic because it does not limit the time allowed for initiating direct negotiations in the first instance. Reply at 10. They further assert that because the Franchise Agreement does not expressly state that claims are barred if the 180-day requirement is not met, failure to satisfy that requirement will not result in any claim being barred.
Courts have found that arbitration agreements that impose a shorter limitations period than is permitted by statute may be unconscionable and deprive a plaintiff of the full range of statutory remedies - and thus, their substantive rights under the statute - in violation of Armendariz and Gilmer . See Circuit City Stores, Inc. v. Adams ,
*941Wherry v. Award, Inc. ,
Turning to the 180-day requirement here, the Court finds that the provision is ambiguous but that under any reasonable interpretation, it deprives Castillo of his substantive rights and remedies under the trafficking statutes at issue in this case. Because the language quoted above does not clearly state what the 180-day requirement relates to, it could be interpreted in a number of ways. One reasonable interpretation is that this language requires that claims be brought to arbitration within 180 days of the relevant conduct. (The Court disagrees with Defendants that this provision does not place limitations on the time allowed to initiate direct negotiations as the language is not clear on that point.) In contrast, the federal trafficking claim has a 10-year statute of limitations and the California trafficking law has a seven-year statute of limitations.
Other reasonable interpretations of the 180-day requirement are that it requires arbitration to be initiated within 180 days of the date when the parties began direct negotiations or alternatively, within 180 days of the date when direct negotiations broke down. Under these interpretations, the arbitration agreement does not reduce the time to begin direct negotiations but nonetheless imposes a significant procedural burden on parties seeking to arbitrate claims, especially as the arbitration agreement contains no provision tolling the 180-day period while a party pursues the required direct negotiations and mediation that are prerequisites to initiating arbitration. (Nor does the arbitration provision provide for tolling of the 180-day period on any of the grounds that give rise to tolling under the California trafficking law.) The Court need not decide which interpretation of this provision is correct because it is apparent that under any of them, the 180-day requirement deprives Castillo of his statutorily mandated rights by shortening the limitation period or imposing a significant procedural barrier that may deprive him of his ability to assert his claims.
Minimal Discovery: Castillo argues that the arbitration agreement does not protect his substantive rights because it allows for only minimal discovery, pointing to the requirement that arbitration must be conducted under the AAA's Commercial Arbitration Rules and the section prohibiting the parties from using the AAA's Employment Arbitration Rules. See Franchise Agreement Section XXII(B) & (C)(1). He further asserts that the AAA Commercial Arbitration Rules regarding "exchange of information between parties" are "extremely limited, relate only to document exchange, and contain no provision for interrogatories or depositions."
The discovery permitted under the Commercial Arbitration Rules is, admittedly, more limited than what would be allowed under the Employment Arbitration Rules. Nonetheless, the Commercial Arbitration Rules give the arbitrator the authority to "manage any necessary exchange of information among the parties with a view to achieving an efficient and economical resolution of the dispute, while at the same time promoting equality of treatment and safeguarding each party's opportunity to fairly present its claims and defenses." Olivier Decl., Ex. A (Commercial Arbitration Rules) at ECF p. 20. Further, the arbitrator may order depositions in "exceptional cases" for "good cause shown."
Unreasonable Costs and Fees: Castillo argues that the arbitration provision violates Armendariz because it unlawfully forces him to pay unreasonable costs and fees as a condition of going to arbitration, pointing to five separate requirements. First, the party initiating arbitration must pay the filing fee for the mediation, which is a mandatory prerequisite to arbitration; according to Castillo, that fee is $250. Second, the Franchise Agreement provides that the parties must split the costs of mediation; according to Castillo, these costs can be several thousands of dollars. Third, the party initiating arbitration must pay the filing fee, which is approximately $7,700.00.
As discussed above, although an arbitration agreement that imposes unreasonable costs may be invalid under Armendariz and Cole , under Green Tree an arbitration agreement may be invalidated on that basis only where the plaintiff has demonstrated that there is a likelihood of incurring prohibitive costs under the challenged provisions. Green Tree Fin. Corp.-Alabama v. Randolph ,
First, Castillo has introduced evidence reflecting his financial means are very limited. See Findings of Fact, above. In particular, Castillo has earned approximately $35,000 a year for the past ten years and continues to earn between $35,000 and $40,000 a year. Castillo Decl. ¶¶ 4, 15. This income is devoted almost entirely to supporting his wife and four children, and the $8,500 Castillo paid as a down-payment on the franchise was most of his life savings. Id. ¶¶ 14-15. While Defendants imply that the mere fact that Castillo was able to make the down-payment shows that his financial resources cannot be as limited as he suggests, they do not offer any evidence to support this assertion (or explain why they think it is true). On the flip side, Plaintiff has offered evidence relating to the costs of arbitration that persuades the Court that at least as to the three provisions related to those costs (payment of the arbitration fee, splitting of arbitration costs and cost shifting to the losing party) Castillo has met his burden.
*944The Court's conclusion is based on two uncontroverted facts. First, Defendants concede that the filing fee to initiate arbitration is approximate $7,700. This is almost the same amount as Castillo paid for his franchise down-payment, which was almost his entire life savings. It is not in any way speculative to find on the basis of this evidence that the imposition of the cost of the arbitration filing fee on the party who initiates arbitration imposes a prohibitively high cost on Castillo and therefore will deprive him of his substantive rights as to both his state and federal claim. Second, the arbitration costs in the Estrada case, which involved the same defendants and the same arbitration agreement, were set by the arbitrator at almost $60,000 (which included over $38,000 in arbitrator fees). See Request for Judicial Notice, Ex. B (December 19, 2017 arbitration award in Estrada ).
Finally, the Court rejects Defendants' argument that the cost provisions of the arbitration agreement are lawful because the AAA rules give the arbitrator the discretion to apportion fees and expenses as "appropriate." See Reply at 13 (citing AAA Commercial Rules, Rule 47). First, to the extent that the cost of initiating arbitration, by itself, is prohibitively high for Castillo, the possibility that an arbitrator might later award him costs does not address that problem. Similarly, with respect the cost splitting and cost shifting provisions, an award at the end of the arbitration does not sufficiently mitigate the deterrent effect of these provisions. As the court in Armendariz explained, "it is not only the costs imposed on the claimant but the risk that the claimant may have to bear substantial costs that deters the exercise of the constitutional right of due process."
Limitation on Remedies: Next, the Court must determine whether the waiver as to punitive damages in the Franchise Agreement, found in Section XXII(G) (quoted above and referred to hereinafter as "the punitive damages waiver"), violates Armendariz and Gilmer . As a preliminary matter, the Court notes that while the California trafficking law expressly provides for the award of punitive damages, see Cal. Civ. Code section 52.5(a), the federal trafficking law is less clear, providing only that a victim of human trafficking may recover "damages and reasonable attorneys fees."
The only remaining question is whether the words in the punitive damages waiver "to the fullest extent permitted by law" qualify the waiver such that it does not apply to Castillo's trafficking claims, as Defendants contend in their reply brief. See Reply at 14. Defendants argue that this interpretation finds further support in Section XXI(B)(4), which provides that "[t]he parties expressly agree that an arbitrator shall have the power to enter an award, including injunctive relief, protecting its rights to the same extent a court could do so, and such relief shall be enforceable by a court having jurisdiction under Section XXI.E. of this Agreement."
In determining the meaning of the punitive damages waiver in the Franchise Agreement, the Court looks to principles of contract construction under California *946law. "As a rule, the language of an instrument must govern its interpretation if the language is clear and explicit." Ticor Title Ins. Co. v. Rancho Santa Fe Assn. ,
"When an instrument is susceptible to two interpretations, the court should give the construction that will make the instrument lawful, operative, definite, reasonable and capable of being carried into effect and avoid an interpretation which will make the instrument extraordinary, harsh, unjust, inequitable or which would result in absurdity." Ticor Title Ins. Co. v. Rancho Santa Fe Assn. ,
Applying these principles to the provisions of the Franchise Agreement cited above, the Court looks first to the plain language of the agreement, which it finds to be ambiguous. Section XXII(G) requires the franchisee to waive its rights to punitive damages "to the fullest extent permitted by law." As Defendants have not pointed to any case in which a court has specifically held that the right to punitive damages under the state and federal trafficking laws may not be waived (or any statutory authority to that effect), it would not be unreasonable to interpret Section XXII(G) as a waiver of Castillo's rights to obtain punitive damages under these statutes. On the other hand, under Armendariz and Gilmer , it is fairly well-established that an arbitration agreement may not deprive a party of statutory remedies that would be available in a judicial proceeding. Based on that authority, another possible interpretation of the waiver provision is that it does not result in a waiver of punitive damages on Castillo's claims because such a waiver is not permitted by law. In determining which of these interpretations is correct, the Court must apply the rule that ambiguous terms are construed against the drafter. Under the circumstances here, the Court concludes that rule means that the latter interpretation of the waiver provision is correct and therefore, that the arbitration agreement does not deprive Castillo of his statutory remedies.
*9475. Whether the arbitration provision is unconscionable
Next, the Court addresses whether the arbitration provision is unconscionable, which "begins with an inquiry into whether the contract was a contract of adhesion-i.e., a standardized contract, imposed upon the subscribing party without an opportunity to negotiate the terms." Flores v. Transamerica HomeFirst, Inc. ,
As discussed above, evidence in the record establishes that Castillo's ability to understand English was very limited and his financial circumstances were also difficult. In addition to supporting his family on a yearly salary of approximately $35,000, he had been out of work for six months at the time he learned of the CleanNet franchise opportunity and he "desperately needed work to support [his] wife and four children." Castillo Decl.¶ 5. Further, he was not given a copy of the Franchise Agreement until the day he was expected to sign it and Defendants' representative falsified the date on documents later produced in this action to suggest that Castillo had a reasonable opportunity to discover the contents of the documents. There is no dispute that Castillo was presented with the Franchise Agreement on a take-it-or-or leave it basis. And to make matters even worse, an important provision of the arbitration provision shifting costs to the losing party was not even contained in the Franchise Agreement but instead, was buried in the Addendum to the Franchise Disclosure Documents.
6. Substantive Unconscionability
Castillo challenges the same provisions based on substantive unconscionability that he contends violate Armendariz .
*948The Court's conclusions as to substantive unconscionability largely mirror its analysis under Armendariz and Gilmer . In particular, the Court concludes that the 180-day requirement and the three provisions relating to arbitration costs are substantively unconscionable. As discussed above, numerous courts have found that procedural barriers in arbitration agreements related to limitations periods are unconscionable and the Court concludes that the 180-day requirement in the arbitration agreement here is unconscionable as well. See, e.g., Pokorny ,
7. Severability
The final question the Court must decide is whether the sections of the arbitration agreement that are unenforceable can be severed such that the remainder of the agreement can be enforced. Under California law, courts have discretion to sever an unconscionable provision or refuse to enforce the contract in its entirety. Circuit City Stores, Inc. v. Adams ,
*949Samaniego v. Empire Today LLC ,
IV. CONCLUSION
For the reasons stated above, the Motion is DENIED.
IT IS SO ORDERED.
The parties engaged in mediation and were able to resolve their disputes regarding other claims asserted by Castillo in this action, leaving only the two trafficking claims in the case. See Docket No. 68 (Stipulation of Dismissal of Claims 1-8).
The parties have consented to the jurisdiction of the undersigned magistrate judge pursuant to
The parties have offered declarations and other evidence to support their versions of the facts, some of which are in dispute. Because the Court is required to weigh evidence and make factual findings in connection with Defendants' Motion, the Court DENIES Plaintiff's request that the evidence offered in support of Defendants' reply brief be stricken. See Docket No. 72. Instead, the Court has permitted Castillo to file a sur-reply and offer his own evidence to rebut Defendants' new evidence.
He did not, however, sign or initial the Addendum.
Castillo's declaration was accompanied by a declaration by Aldo Esparza, a legal assistant at Legal Aid who is fluent in English and Spanish, stating that Esparza translated Castillo's declaration into Spanish for Castillo and that Castillo verified that all of the facts contained therein are true and accurate. See Esparza Decl., Docket No. 70-3.
Nor were Defendants able to represent to the Court at oral argument that they were aware of such evidence. Indeed, Defendants conceded that they had not communicated with Vega to obtain information about her interactions with Castillo in connection with the instant motion, even though Vega (who is no longer employed by Defendants) is available by telephone, according to Defendants.
Castillo's supplemental declaration, like his first declaration, was accompanied by a declaration by Aldo Esparza, a legal assistant at Legal Aid who is fluent in English and Spanish, stating that Esparza translated Castillo's declaration into Spanish for Castillo and that Castillo verified that all of the facts contained therein are true and accurate. See Esparza Supp. Decl., Docket No. 73-3.
At oral argument, the Court discussed the possibility of allowing the parties to engage in limited discovery to address factual questions related to the circumstances under which Castillo signed the Franchise Agreement. Upon further reflection, the Court concludes that such discovery is not appropriate. Both parties introduced evidence on this question in support of their briefs. Although the question of whether the parties entered into an agreement to arbitrate was squarely raised in Plaintiff's Opposition brief, Defendants chose not to introduce any testimony from Vega in support of their Reply brief, even though they introduced other evidence on this question. Further, although Castillo stated in his declarations that he did not receive the Franchise Disclosure Documents in advance of the meeting in September when he signed them, and Defendants clearly understood the importance of this factual question (having introduced their own evidence purportedly showing that Castillo received these documents in June), Defendants' counsel could only speculate at oral argument about what Vega's testimony might be if she were deposed because they had not contacted her to discuss her interactions with Castillo or to ask her if she had any specific memory as to when she provided the Financial Disclosure Documents to him. (Nor did Defendants represent to the Court that they had any reason to believe that Vega's testimony would contradict Castillo's sworn statement that Vega translated sections of the Franchise Agreement for him but did not tell him about the dispute resolution provisions.) As Defendants were unable to make a good-faith proffer at the motion hearing as to what testimony Vega might offer, or even that it would contradict Castillo's testimony, the Court declines to permit further discovery and concludes that the record is sufficient developed to make factual findings relevant to the Motion.
The Court notes that at oral argument, Defendants conceded that although these documents were attached to the Crum Reply Declaration, Crum had no personal knowledge with regard to who filled in the dates on the forms, or when they were actually completed. Rather, Defendants relied on these documents (including the dates stated in them) on the basis that they were "business records." The business record exception against hearsay under Rule 803(6) of the Federal Rules of Evidence applies only if the custodian of the records, or some other "qualified witness" offers a declaration attesting that "the record was made at or near the time by--or from information transmitted by--someone with knowledge; ... the record was kept in the course of a regularly conducted activity of a business, organization, occupation, or calling, whether or not for profit; [and] making the record was a regular practice of that activity."Fed.R. Evid. 803(6)(A)-(C). The Crum Reply Declaration does not satisfy these requirements, which are not addressed at all. Furthermore, the business records exception does not apply if the opponent "show[s] that the source of information or the method or circumstances of preparation indicate a lack of trustworthiness," as is the case here.
In Rosenthal , and in California case law generally, "fraud in the inception" and "fraud in the execution" are used interchangeably. See
As discussed below, the Court concludes that the Armendariz requirements that apply to agreements to arbitrate claims asserted under state statutes are largely mirrored by requirements under federal common law that apply to agreements to arbitrate claims asserted under federal statutes. While the Court may refer as a short-hand to the Armendariz factors, to the extent it addresses the enforcement of the arbitration agreements as to claims under federal statutes, the Court also relies on the standards of federal common law.
The Armendariz court did not address the neutral arbitrator requirement because it was not at issue in the case. Id. at 103,
At oral argument, counsel for Plaintiff conceded that the Armendariz requirements apply to claims asserted under state statutes but that the public policy analysis in that case does not necessarily apply where a claim is asserted under a federal statute. Because Castillo asserts his trafficking claims under both state and federal statutes, the Court looks beyond Armendariz to the standards articulated under federal common law on the question of when arbitration agreements are enforceable as to claims asserted under federal statutes.
It is not clear whether the Supreme Court's holding in Green Tree imposes the same burden on parties challenging cost provisions in arbitration agreements under Armendariz . The California Supreme Court has held that it does not. See Little v. Auto Stiegler, Inc. ,
The Court rejects Defendants' suggestion that failure to adhere to the 180-day requirement - whatever it means - does not result in any claim being barred. Defendants cite no authority for this bizarre reading of the provision, which would render this language entirely superfluous. See Tri-Union Seafoods, LLC v. Starr Surplus Lines Ins. Co. ,
At oral argument, Defendants stipulated that Plaintiff's estimate of the arbitration filing fee is accurate.
Although Plaintiff challenged the cost-shifting provision in his Opposition brief, and identified it as "one of the key unconscionable provisions," see Opposition at 5, 13, 20, Defendants did not address that provision at all in their Reply brief. At oral argument, in response to the Court's query, Defendants suggested for the first time that this provision was not part of the arbitration agreement at all. A close reading of the Franchise Agreement, however, supports the opposite conclusion. In particular, Section XXV states that "[t]his Agreement, the documents referred to herein and the Attachments hereto, if any, constitute the entire full and complete Agreement between the parties...." Franchise Agreement, Section XXV (emphasis added). Further, the Franchise Disclosure Documents are expressly referenced in Section XXI(C), which states that the "Franchisee represents that it has read this Agreement and Franchisor's disclosure documents in their entirety and that it has been given the opportunity to clarify any provisions that it did not understand and to consult with an attorney or other professional advisor. Franchisee further represents that it understands the terms, conditions and obligations of this Agreement and agrees to be bound thereby." Finally, the plain language of the Addendum (which is contained in the Franchise Disclosure Documents referenced in the Franchise Agreement), purports to modify the arbitration agreement to shift costs to the losing party. Therefore, the Court concludes that the modification in the Addendum is, in fact, part of the arbitration agreement.
The Court notes that in Estrada , Judge White addressed only the cost splitting provision of the Franchise Agreement. Apparently the plaintiffs in that case did not challenge the cost-shifting provision in the Addendum.
With respect to the mediation filing fee of $250, the Court is not persuaded that this fee is prohibitive in light of Castillo's ability to pay, or that it is so unreasonable as to render this requirement suspect given that it is somewhat less than the filing fee for initiating an action in federal court. As to the cost of mediation, the Court concludes that Plaintiff's general statement that these costs "can be several thousands of dollars," see Opposition at 13, is not sufficiently specific or definite to satisfy Castillo's burden under Green Tree or to show that these costs are unreasonable under Armendariz .
Defendants' request for judicial notice of this document, which is unopposed, is granted.
The Court acknowledges that Defendants have agreed to waive all of the cost provisions and indeed, any provision the Court finds does not pass muster. The relevant inquiry, however, is whether the contract the parties actually agreed to contains invalid provisions, not whether Defendants are now prepared to offer a different contract. In Ramos v. Superior Court , the court rejected a similar argument, finding that the defendant's "willingness to have the court sever the invalid clauses [was] insufficient to save the agreement."
The Court is not, however, persuaded by Defendants' reliance on Section XXI(B)(4), which appears to give the arbitrator the power to award punitive damages. Because the arbitration agreement does not require the franchisor to waive its right to seek punitive damages, a provision giving the arbitrator the power to award such damages is not necessarily inconsistent with a waiver of punitive damages on the part of the franchisee.
It is particularly telling that at oral argument, Defendants' counsel themselves were unable to find the Addendum without assistance from the Court, even though it was part of their own Financial Disclosure Documents, which consist of 166 pages, including the 41-page Franchise Agreement. The Addendum is found at ECF page 32 of the document, in the section described in the table of contents for the Financial Disclosure Documents as Exhibit D, "Franchisees - Bay Area." See Docket No. 70-2, at ECF pp. 8, 32. There is nothing in the table of contents to suggest that this exhibit contains any modifications or additional terms to the Franchise Agreement.
The Court notes that Judge White found only minimal procedural unconscionability in Estrada , but that finding was based on a different factual record. Among other things, the plaintiffs in Estrada apparently did not rely on the loser pays provision in the Financial Disclosure Documents. Nor did the Court in that case find that there was fraud in the inception.
With respect to the punitive damages waiver discussed above, the Court leaves open the question of whether it also is substantively unconscionable. Although the Court found that the punitive damages waiver does not result in a waiver of punitive damages as to the claims Castillo asserts in this case, the provision appears to be one-side as it does not preclude a franchisor from seeking punitive damages against the franchisee whereas there are many claims that may be asserted by a franchisee where the waiver would apply. The parties have not briefed the question of whether a party challenging an arbitration agreement has standing to challenge a provision on the basis that it deprives one party (but not the other) of certain types of remedies where, as here, those remedies are available to the challenging party under the arbitration agreement on the specific claims it asserts. Nor has the court found any case law that addresses that question.