Krupp Thyssen Nirosta GMBH v. United States

Slip Op. 01-84
UNITED STATES COURT OF INTERNATIONAL TRADE
Before: Judge Judith M. Barzilay
_________________________________________ x
KRUPP THYSSEN NIROSTA GMBH and :
KRUPP HOESCH STEEL PRODUCTS, INC.
Plaintiffs, :
Court No. 99-08-00550
v. : Public Version
UNITED STATES, :
Defendant
:
and
:
ALLEGHENY LUDLUM CORP., ET AL.,
Defendant-Intervenors. :
_________________________________________ x
[Plaintiffs’ Motion for Judgment Upon an Agency Record denied in part, remanded in part.]
Decided: July 9, 2001
Hogan & Hartson, LLP, Lewis E. Leibowitz, (T. Clark Weymouth), Craig A. Lewis, for Plaintiffs.
Stuart E. Schiffer, Acting Assistant Attorney General, United States Department of Justice; David
M. Cohen, Director, Commercial Litigation Branch, Civil Division (Velta A. Melnbrencis);
Mildred E. Steward, Attorney, Office of the Chief Counsel for Import Administration, Department
of Commerce, of counsel, for Defendant.
Collier Shannon Scott, PLLC, David A. Hartquist, (Jeffrey S. Beckington), Adam H. Gordon, for
Defendant-Intervenors.
OPINION
BARZILAY, JUDGE:
I. INTRODUCTION
The court reviews the Department of Commerce’s (“Commerce” or “Department”)
Remand Determination in Stainless Steel Sheet and Strip in Coils from Germany (“Remand
Court No. 99-08-00550 Page 2
Determination”). This case originated pursuant to Plaintiffs’ USCIT R. 56.2 Motion for
Judgment Upon the Agency Record. In Krupp Thyssen Nirosta GmbH and Krupp Hoesch Steel
Products, Inc. v. United States, Slip Op. 00-89, 25 CIT __ (2000), 2000 WL 1118114 (“Krupp I”),
the court examined Plaintiffs’ challenge to certain aspects of the Final Determination of the
Department of Commerce’s International Trade Administration in the antidumping investigation
of stainless steel sheet and strip from Germany. See Final Determination of Sales at Less Than
Fair Value; Stainless Steel Sheet and Strip in Coils From Germany, 64 Fed. Reg. 30710 (June 8,
1999), as amended, 64 Fed. Reg. 40557 (July 27, 1999) (“Final Determination”). The court
remanded the case back to Commerce for reconsideration and redetermination pursuant to the
court’s instructions in Krupp I. The court exercises jurisdiction pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1581(c)
(1994) which provides for judicial review of a final determination by an administering authority or
commission in accordance with the provisions of 19 U.S.C. § 1516a(a)(2)(B)(i) (1994).
II. BACKGROUND
Familiarity with the facts presented in Krupp I is presumed; however, a brief summation is
necessary to properly delineate the pending issues. Krupp Thyssen Nirosta GmbH (“KTN”) is a
German producer of stainless steel and Krupp Hoesch Steel Products, Inc. (“KHSP”) is KTN’s
United States sales affiliate. KTN was a subsidiary of Krupp Thyssen Stainless (“KTS”). KTS, in
turn, was a joint venture holding company owned by two German steel manufacturers, Krupp AG
Hoesch-Krupp (“Krupp”) and Thyssen Stahl Ag (“Thyssen”). Krupp owned sixty percent of KTS
and Thyssen owned forty percent. Thyssen also owned resellers in Germany (“German
Resellers”) and in the United States (“USR”). KTN sold the subject merchandise in Germany
directly from its factory and inventory through a KTN-affiliated service center specializing in
Court No. 99-08-00550 Page 3
resale of second quality stainless products and through the German Resellers. KTN sold the
subject merchandise in the United States through KHSP, USR and two other Thyssen-owned
importers. Commerce requested that KTN answer its standard dumping questionnaire, which
asked, inter alia, that KTN report all sales (“downstream sales”) by affiliated customers to the
first unaffiliated customer in both the United States and Germany. KTN supplied information for
USR but failed to supply downstream sales data for the German Resellers. Commerce found that
KTN failed to act to the best of its ability and applied partial adverse facts available as a surrogate
for the missing sales data so that it could compute the dumping margin. Final Determination at
30726-27. Additionally, in the Final Determination, Commerce rejected the data KTN provided
for USR. Commerce determined that KTN failed to cooperate to the best of its ability because it
failed to ensure the accuracy of USR’s sales data prior to verification. See id. at 30739.
Therefore, Commerce rejected USR’s sales data entirely and applied total adverse facts available
as a surrogate for USR’s sales data.
This court ordered on remand that Commerce (1) explain why the adverse facts used as
surrogate sales data for Plaintiffs’ affiliated German resellers were rationally related to KTN’s
sales and were not unduly harsh or punitive, (2) demonstrate why its rejection of USR’s cost and
sales data and use of adverse facts available was supported by substantial evidence, (3) point to
substantial evidence demonstrating that KTN had the ability to run checks to discover and correct
the errors in its cost and sales data prior to verification, (4) explain why the allocation
methodology for USR’s sales of unknown origin was not unduly harsh or punitive, (5) explain its
decision not to deduct movement and selling expenses from USR’s gross selling price prior to
applying adverse facts, and (6) exclude USR’s sales of non-subject merchandise from the margin
Court No. 99-08-00550 Page 4
calculation as it had agreed to do after publication of the final administrative determination.
III. STANDARD OF REVIEW
The court must evaluate whether the remand findings are supported by substantial
evidence on the record or otherwise in accordance with law. See 19 U.S.C. § 1516a(b)(1)(B).
“Substantial evidence is more than a mere scintilla;” it is “such relevant evidence as a reasonable
mind might accept as adequate to support a conclusion.” Consolidated Edison Co. of New York v.
NLRB, 305 U.S. 197, 229 (1938); Matsushita Elec. Indus. Co., Ltd. v. United States, 750 F.2d
927, 933 (Fed. Cir. 1984). This court noted, “[i]n applying this standard, the court affirms [the
agency's] factual determinations so long as they are reasonable and supported by the record as a
whole, even if there is some evidence that detracts from the agency’s conclusions.” Olympia
Indus., Inc. v. United States, 22 CIT __, __, 7 F. Supp. 2d 997, 1000 (1998) (citing Atlantic Sugar,
Ltd. v. United States, 744 F. 2d 1556, 1563 (Fed. Cir. 1984)). The court may not re-weigh the
evidence or substitute its own judgment for that of the agency. See Granges Metallverken AB v.
United States, 13 CIT 471, 474, 716 F. Supp. 17, 21 (1989).
IV. DISCUSSION
A. GERMAN RESELLERS
As explained in Krupp I, “Commerce [is] required to compare the U.S. prices of the
subject merchandise to the prices (‘normal value’) for the same or similar merchandise in the
home market.” Mannesmannrohren-Werke AG & Mannesmann Pipe & Steel Corp. v. United
States, 23 CIT __, __, 77 F. Supp. 2d 1302, 1304 (1999) (citations omitted) (“Mannesmann”). To
facilitate this process, Commerce requests information from the parties, in particular sales price
data, to make the required comparison. If a party fails to cooperate with the requests, Commerce
Court No. 99-08-00550 Page 5
may use adverse facts otherwise available on the record as a surrogate for the missing information.
See 19 U.S.C. § 1677e(b) (1994).1 In this instance, KNT did not provide price data for the
downstream sales to its affiliated German resellers. Commerce, therefore, used “the ‘highest NV
[normal value] reported by control number’ for ‘KTN’s and NSC’s sales to its affiliates for which
1
The relevant part of 19 U.S.C. § 1677e provides:
(a) In general
If-
(1) necessary information is not available on the record, or
(2) an interested party or any other person--
(A) withholds information that has been requested by the
administering authority or the Commission under this subtitle,
(B) fails to provide such information by the deadlines for
submission of the information or in the form and manner
requested, subject to subsections (c)(1) and (e) of section 1677m
of this title,
(C) significantly impedes a proceeding under this subtitle, or
(D) provides such information but the information cannot be
verified as provided in section 1677m(i) of this title, the
administering authority and the Commission shall, subject to
section 1677m(d) of this title, use the facts otherwise available in
reaching the applicable determination under this subtitle.
(b) Adverse Inferences
If the administering authority or the Commission (as the case may be) finds that
an interested party has failed to cooperate by not acting to the best of its ability to
comply with a request for information from the administering authority or the
Commission, the administering authority or the Commission (as the case may be),
in reaching the applicable determination under this subtitle, may use an inference
that is adverse to the interests of that party in selecting from among the facts
otherwise available. Such adverse inference may include reliance on information
derived from-
(1) the petition,
(2) the final determination in the investigation under this subtitle,
(3) any previous review under section 1675 of this title or determination
under section 1675b of this title, or
(4) any other information placed on the record.
Court No. 99-08-00550 Page 6
KTN did not report home market downstream sales.’” Krupp I at *4 (citing Final Determination,
64 Fed. Reg. at 30728). As determined by this Court in Krupp I, the use of adverse facts for the
missing German reseller sale data was supported by substantial evidence, but Commerce was
asked to show that the adverse facts used were rationally related to sales, indicative of customary
selling practices, and not unduly harsh or punitive.
Plaintiffs contend that Commerce has not offered any new evidence in the Remand
Determination to support its decision to use the highest normal value (“NV”) reported by the
control group. Commerce argues that its choice to use the respondent’s own sales best reflects the
company’s normal sales practices. Additionally, Commerce offers that it applied the adverse facts
based on (1) above-cost sales made at arm’s-length prices, (2) in the ordinary course of trade, (3)
in the home market, and (4) on a model-specific basis. Commerce argues that the adverse facts it
selected best reflect the customary selling practices for each specific product. In evaluating the
parties’ competing claims the court is guided by the language of the Federal Circuit’s holding in
F. LII De Cecco di Filippo Fara S. Martino S.p.A v. United States, 216 F.3d 1027 (Fed. Cir.
2000). In De Cecco, the Court of Appeals interpreted Commerce’s discretion in using adverse
facts against uncooperative parties.
In the case of uncooperative respondents, the discretion granted by the statute
appears to be particularly great, allowing Commerce to select among an
enumeration of secondary sources as a basis for its adverse factual inferences. See
19 U.S.C. § 1666e(b). . . .
Particularly in the case of an uncooperative respondent, Commerce is in the best
position, based on its expert knowledge of the market and the individual
respondent, to select adverse facts that will create the proper deterrent to non-
cooperation with its investigations and assure a reasonable margin. Commerce’s
discretion in these matters, however, is not unbounded.
Court No. 99-08-00550 Page 7
De Cecco, 216 F.3d at 1032.
The court holds that here Commerce has shown the prices it selected as adverse facts were
rationally related to sales and indicative of customary selling practices. Commerce selected
KTN’s own sales data as a surrogate for the missing data of the downstream German resellers.
This information is rationally related to sales because it is derived from KTN’s actual sales
figures. Commerce used the NV figures that KTN provided for its above-cost sales made at
arm’s-length. These sales represented common products sold during the period of investigation
by companies similarly situated to the German resellers and accurately reflect the prices KTN was
able to charge within its home market. Additionally, Commerce applied the adverse facts on a
model-specific basis which ensured the selling price was customary for each specific product.
Commerce used its discretion appropriately in choosing these elements of KTN’s own sales data
to substitute for the missing information from its German resellers.
Commerce used the highest NV per control number (which related to a specific grade and
size of coil) in KTN’s or NSC’s databases. Plaintiffs argue that the use of this adverse sales data
dramatically impacted the dumping margin. The missing information represented only [ ] of
total sales, but increased the overall weighted margin by [ ]. Therefore, Plaintiffs claim that a
relatively small proportion of sales drastically increased the total weighted margin.
Although the adverse facts selected must be rationally related to sales, indicative of
customary selling practices, and not unduly harsh or punitive, the court acknowledges that the
selection of adverse facts against non-cooperative parties must also serve as a deterrent for
withholding data in future proceedings. National Steele Corp. v. United States, 20 CIT 100, 103,
913 F. Supp. 593, 596 (1996) (citing Rhone Poulenc, Inc. v. United States, 899 F.2d 1185, 1191
Court No. 99-08-00550 Page 8
(Fed. Cir. 1990)). In De Cecco, the court stated:
[i]t is clear from Congress’s imposition of the corroboration requirement in 19
U.S.C. § 1677e(c) that it intended for an adverse facts available rate to be a
reasonably accurate estimate of the respondent’s actual rate, albeit with some built-
in increase intended as a deterrent to non-compliance. . . . Obviously a higher
adverse margin creates a stronger deterrent, but Congress tempered deterrent value
with the corroboration requirement. It could have only done so to prevent the
petition rate (or other adverse inference rate), when unreasonable, from prevailing
and to block any temptation by Commerce to overreach reality in seeking to
maximize deterrence.
De Cecco, 216 F.3d at 1032. Commerce explains that it could have used the highest absolute
price or third party data as a surrogate for the missing German Reseller information. However,
Commerce chose Plaintiffs’ own data instead.
[T]he Department did not use a more adverse facts available approach which
would have assigned the absolute highest home market sale price of any product to
all other varying product types. Neither did the Department rely upon third party
data, such as the petition, as a source of facts available. Instead, the Department
has applied to unreported sales only prices which the respondent itself has applied
to its sales under customary selling practices.
Remand Determination at 7. Although Commerce cannot prove that the adverse facts it selected
are not unduly harsh or punitive simply by stating that they could have chosen to use data more
adverse to Plaintiffs, the use of the highest NV figures illustrates Commerce’s attempt to ensure
that the surrogate data was most closely related to the missing information while simultaneously
attempting to deter non-compliance. In striking this balance, Commerce applied adverse facts
based on Plaintiffs’ own reported sales figures and on a model match test basis. Although
Commerce used the highest NV for the control group, the values used were product-specific and
had to meet the match test criteria. Commerce explains the methodology it used and illustrated
the impact that the adverse facts selected had on the dumping margin.
Court No. 99-08-00550 Page 9
Of the total number of reported home market sales ([ ]), a total of [ ] sales
passed the Department’s model match test (this means the remaining [ ] were
therefore not used in our calculations). These [ ] “matching home market sales”
comprise the [ ] matching sales to which facts available were applied and the
remaining [ ] matching sales which did not receive any facts available. The
Department’s application of adverse facts available to the sub-group of [ ] sales
raised the normal value of the collective [ ] matching sales by [ ] percent.
Remand Determination at 9 n.11.
Commerce applied adverse facts only to a small subgroup of the sales used to calculate the
dumping margin. The net effect of Commerce’s application of adverse facts available was to raise
the average sales price by [ ]. However, Commerce’s use of the adverse facts resulted only in
an additional [ ] increase in the dumping margin. This slight increase and the close relationship
between the adverse facts used and Plaintiffs’ customary sales establishes that Commerce
achieved the balance sought by section 19 U.S.C. § 1677e(b). Therefore, the court finds that the
adverse facts selected and used by Commerce were not unduly harsh or punitive.
B. USR
On remand, the court asked Commerce to point to substantial evidence to sustain (1) its
rejection of the USR’s entire database, (2) its finding that KTN had the ability, prior to
verification, to discover the computer errors that caused the mistakes in the further manufacturing
data base, (3) its adverse inference concluding that KTN could have checked the further
manufacturing cost data, and (4) the use of adverse facts available for USR’s cost and sales data.
Additionally, Commerce was asked to explain its allocation methodology for the sales of
unidentified origin and its decision not to deduct movement and selling expenses from gross unit
prices.
Court No. 99-08-00550 Page 10
1. Rejection of USR’s Entire Data Base
During an antidumping investigation, failure of a party to respond completely or comply
with a request for information may result in Commerce’s rejecting the party’s supplied
information.2 Commerce requested that Plaintiffs provide cost and sales data information that was
vital to the antidumping investigation because the information was to be used to compare home
market prices to export prices. In determining the export price or constructed export price
Commerce must make adjustments in accordance with 19 U.S.C. § 1677a(d).3
2
19 U.S.C. § 1677m(d) provides:
[i]f the administering authority or the Commission determines that a response to a
request for information under this subtitle does not comply with the request, the
administering authority or the Commission (as the case may be) shall promptly
inform the person submitting the response of the nature of the deficiency and
shall, to the extent practicable, provide that a person with an opportunity to
remedy or explain the deficiency in light of the time limits established for the
completion of investigations or reviews under this subtitle. If that person submits
further information in response to such deficiency and either –
(1) the administering authority or the Commission (as the case may be)
finds that such response is not satisfactory, or
(2) such response is not submitted within applicable time limits,
then the administering authority or the Commission (as the case may be) may,
subject to subsection (e) of this section, disregard all or part of the original and
subsequent responses.
3
Section 1677a(d) states:
(d) Additional adjustments to constructed export price
For the purposes of this section, the price used to establish constructed
export price shall also be reduced by --
(1) the amount of any of the following expenses generally incurred by or
for the account of the producer or exporter, or the affiliated seller in the
Court No. 99-08-00550 Page 11
Plaintiffs argue that Commerce has not complied with the court’s Remand Order.
Plaintiffs contend “Commerce merely restated the same reasoning it articulated in the Final
Determination.” Pls.’ Comments on the Results of Redetermination Pursuant to Remand and Br.
in Supp. of Mot. for J. Upon the Agency R. at 9 (“Pls.’ Br.”). Plaintiffs further argue that the
errors were minor and that most of the cost data was verified or verifiable. Furthermore, Plaintiffs
believe that Commerce has failed to substantiate that the minor errors in the cost data
contaminated USR’s sales data.
Commerce contends that the cost and sales information that Plaintiffs supplied was not
capable of being verified. Commerce argues that a logic flaw in the computer program Plaintiffs
used to produce its cost and sales data caused the errors found during verification. Commerce
asserts that Plaintiffs’ reliance on its “integrated” computer system produced erroneous cost data
that was then merged directly into the sales data. Additionally, because Plaintiffs did not “provide
the linking variable that would tie each further manufactured product in the U.S. to the product(s)
as imported. . . . Commerce, was obligated to rely upon the integrated cost and sales database”
and could not “correct” the errors in the computer program. Def.’s Mem. in Opp’n to Pls.’ Mot.
for Summ. J. Upon the Agency R. at 9-10. (“Def.’s Br.”). Therefore, because the errors affected
the sales and cost data, Commerce could neither properly match home market sales to U.S. sales
nor accurately construct the export price.
United States, in selling the subject merchandise (or subject merchandise
to which value has been added)--
...
(2) the cost of any further manufacture or assembly (including additional
material and labor), except in circumstances described in subsection (e) of
this section;. . . .
Court No. 99-08-00550 Page 12
a. Cost Data
The only costs reported by USR were the further manufacturing costs. See Section E
Resp., Conf. Doc. 36 (November 16, 1998 ) (“Section E Resp."). The amount delineated as total
further manufacturing cost (“FURMANU”) is the compilation of many cost fields and sub-cost
fields. For instance, it includes further manufacturing costs (“FURCOM”), further manufacturing
general costs (“FURGNA”), and further manufacturing interest (“FURINT”). FURCOM, in turn,
is comprised of three sub-costs, two of which, further manufacturing labor (“FURLAB”) and
further manufacturing overhead (“FURFOH”), could not be verified as -- Plaintiffs concede.
Thus, FURCOM remains unverified and may be inaccurate. The inaccuracy in the FURCOM
field created systemic errors throughout the cost data base because FURCOM is used to derive
both FURGNA and FURINT.
As illustrated, the errors in the FURCOM cost data field and its sub-cost data created
errors that affected the entire cost data base, even though the actual errors appeared in only a few
fields, because several of the conglomerate cost fields were contingent on erroneous information.
Therefore, Commerce’s determination to reject the cost database was supported by substantial
evidence.
b. Sales Data
Section 1677a(d)(2) requires that Commerce deduct the cost of any further manufacture
from the USR’s sales price to its first unaffiliated customer in the United States to calculate the
constructed export price (“CEP”). The CEP is critical in the dumping margin calculation because
CEP must be compared to NV in order to calculate an accurate dumping margin. As described
above, computer errors corrupted the data reflecting total further manufacturing costs. Clearly, if
Court No. 99-08-00550 Page 13
the total further manufacturing costs are erroneous, then the resulting CEP will also be erroneous.
Plaintiffs argue that “the further manufacturing cost data is used as one of several adjustments to
CEP, and its impact on the dumping calculation is relatively minor.” Pls.’ Br. at 13.
Additionally, Plaintiffs argue that Commerce’s reliance on a prior case involving steel wire rod
from Germany is misplaced and “highlights the extreme position that Commerce has taken in this
case.” Id. (citing Notice of Final Determination of Sales at Less Than Fair Market Value: Steel
Wire Rod from Germany, 63 Fed. Reg. 8953 (Feb. 23, 1998) (“Steel Wire Rod from Germany”)).
The court is not persuaded by Plaintiffs’ argument. In Steel Wire Rod from Germany,
Commerce rejected the respondent’s sales data base because errors in the cost of production
database affected the NV calculation. Although in this instance the errors are in the further
manufacturing data and affect the CEP calculation, the rationale for rejecting the data remains
consistent. Plaintiffs’ attempt to illustrate that the errors are isolated inaccuracies minimizes the
widespread effect of the computer logic errors. It is not the number of errors that is the
determining factor, but the impact the errors have on the data. In this instance, the computer
programming errors were so systemic and pervasive that the inaccuracies affected the cost and
sales data and prevented Commerce from calculating an accurate CEP. As Commerce states in
the Remand Determination,
[w]hile the further manufacturing cost may only be a single field in the U.S.
Reseller’s sales data file (TOTFMG), its impact on the calculated CEP and,
therefore, the dumping margin, is significant. This is true because the TOTFMG
field is a direct reduction from the U.S. Reseller’s sales price to the first
unaffiliated customer in the United States in order to arrive at the CEP. As a
result, an error in this field will corrupt the resulting CEP that is compared to NV
to calculate the dumping margin.
Remand Determination at 20. Plaintiffs’ decision not to provide a linking variable compounded
Court No. 99-08-00550 Page 14
the problems caused by the faulty computer program. Plaintiffs stated:
the Company has provided the further processing costs in an integrated computer
file that also incorporates the specific transactions in which the processing costs
were incurred. Since the cost information is already merged with the sales data,
there is no need to provide a linking variable. Therefore, this field has been
omitted.
Section E Resp. at E-18. In essence, the linking variable requested by Commerce would have
allowed for proper matching of KTN’s home sales to identical or similar merchandise sold in the
United States.4 Since KTN provided integrated sales figures without accompanying linking
variables, further processed products were not properly compared to appropriate U.S. sales.
Additionally, the errors in the further manufacturing field dramatically impacted the sales data
because [ ] percent of KTN’s total USR’s sales underwent further manufacturing. Inaccurate
further manufacturing figures would distort the costs and sales data on the majority of USR’s
sales. The programming errors in the cost data also caused product classification problems.
The extent of the errors found in the cost database, particularly classifying a
product as further processed when, in fact, it received no further processing, or
assigning no further processing costs to a further manufactured product,
undermines the credibility of the data in their entirety, both sales and cost.
Consequently, neither the further manufacturing data nor the non-further
manufactured data can be deemed reliable for calculating the margin, since both
groups of sales are tainted by the programming errors.
Remand Determination at 21 (footnotes omitted). Furthermore, Commerce supports its decision
to reject the sales database because Plaintiffs failed to: (1) substantiate a sale trace at verification,
(2) properly classify non-prime merchandise, (3) identify supplier sales and supply model match
characteristics, and (4) account for early payment discounts.
4
Commerce requested that KTN “[r]eport the identifying variable which will link the
further manufacturing cost record to the corresponding sale or sales in the U.S. sales file.”
Section E Resp. at E-18.
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The computer program failures combined with the additional errors outlined above
provide substantial evidence to support Commerce’s rejection of the entire database. As stated in
Consolo v. Federal Maritime Commission, 383 U.S. 607 (1966):
[w]e have defined “substantial evidence” as “such relevant evidence as a
reasonable mind might accept as adequate to support a conclusion.”. . . . This is
something less than the weight of the evidence, and the possibility of drawing two
inconsistent conclusions from the evidence does not prevent an administrative
agency’s finding from being supported by substantial evidence.
Consolo, 383 U.S. at 619-20 (citations omitted). Commerce has proved that the cost and sales
databases contained significant errors and inaccuracies. The source and cause of the errors was
the integrated computer system Plaintiffs relied on to produce their cost and sales information.
Plaintiffs could have chosen to comply with Commerce’s request and supplied the requisite
linking variables which may have alleviated the effects of the errors. Instead, Plaintiffs relied on
the integrated system that it certified could create an integrated sales response for both further
manufactured and non-further manufactured sales. In Krupp I, this court stated:
Commerce may find on remand that it is appropriate to apply partial facts available
to fill any gaps in the sales data it could not successfully verify, but it may not
disregard the sales data absent evidence in the record that the sales data was fatally
tainted by the errors in the computer program.
Krupp I at *6 (citations omitted). The court affirms Commerce’s conclusion that there were
systemic errors that fatally tainted the entire database. The errors in the cost data were magnified
when they were integrated with the sales data and, thus, tainted both the cost and sales data.
Furthermore, because no linking variables were provided, the errors could not be isolated,
adjusted, or corrected in the final sales data. This chain of events, however unfortunate, was
caused by KTN’s reliance on the computer program and its failure to supply Commerce with the
linking variables.
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2. Use of adverse facts available for the USR’s cost and sales data
In Krupp I, the court ordered that Commerce point to substantial evidence demonstrating
that KTN had the ability to run checks to discover and correct the errors prior to verification and
that Commerce point to additional evidence in the record, other than errors in the computer
program, before drawing an adverse inference. In the event Commence could not point to
substantial evidence to demonstrate that KTN could have discovered and corrected the errors in
the computer program prior to verification, Commerce was to refrain from drawing an adverse
inference in its use of facts otherwise available.
These remand instructions were necessary because “‘[u]nder the URAA, Commerce is
now required to make more subtle judgments than under the previous best information available
(‘BIA’) standard.’” Krupp I at *7 (quoting Ferro Union, Inc. v. United States, 23 CIT __, __, 44
F. Supp. 2d 1310, 1329 (1999)). Since the enactment of the URAA, Commerce must first find
“an interested party has failed to cooperate by not acting to the best of its ability to comply with a
request for information” before making an adverse inference. 19 U.S.C. § 1677e(b); See also
Ferro Union, 44 F. Supp. 2d at 1330-31. As explained in Mannesmann:
[s]ection 1677e(a) provides, however, that the use of facts available shall be
subject to the limitations set forth in 19 U.S.C. § 1677m(d) (1994). Section
1677m, which were enacted as part of the Uruguay Round Agreement Act
(“URAA”), Pub. L. 103-465 § 231, is “designed to prevent the unrestrained use of
facts available as to a firm which makes its best effort to cooperate with
[Commerce].”
Mannesmann, 77 F. Supp. 2d at 1312 (citations omitted).
Commerce responds that KTN could have run checks to discover the errors prior to
verification because KTN recognized some errors in the cost data prior to verification. In fact,
KTN submitted a revised Section E response after running checks, correcting errors and
Court No. 99-08-00550 Page 17
resubmitting the response to Commerce. Additionally, Commerce asserts that in preparation for
verification KTN was able to isolate certain errors in the cost allocation program and was able to
fix the errors prior to verification. See Remand Determination at 31.
Plaintiffs argue that the errors in the computer program could not have been discovered
prior to verification. Plaintiffs assert that Commerce “has failed to identify” evidence that proves
that the errors could have been detected through rudimentary checks and simply “repeat[s] (albeit
in different words) the same inadequate grounds cited in the Final Determination.” Pls.’ Br. at 15.
Plaintiffs contend that the programming error was undetectable prior to verification and it was
only after a manual trace, during verification, that the error was discovered. Additionally,
Plaintiffs argue that the programming error was inadvertent. KTN claims that it cooperated to the
best of its ability because the administrative record and Commerce’s own comments reflect that
KTN was conducting checks on the submitted data, submitted several revised versions of its
further manufacturing data, and manually reviewed invoices. Furthermore, Plaintiffs contend that
the factual circumstances in this case are similar to Nippon Steel Corp. v. United States, 24
CIT__, 118 F. Supp. 2d 1366 (2000), where the court held that inadvertence is not sufficient
grounds for the application of an adverse inference. See Pls.’ Br. at 19.
The court is not convinced by the record in this case that there is substantial evidence that
Plaintiffs’ conduct here demonstrates that they did not act to the best of their ability with regard to
discovering programming errors in the cost data prior to verification. Therefore, Commerce may
not, under the new statutory scheme, draw an adverse inference in its use of facts otherwise
available for USR’s cost and sales data.
The court agrees with Plaintiffs that the specific mistakes Commerce identified in the
Court No. 99-08-00550 Page 18
computer program were inadvertent and were not a result of Plaintiffs’ failure to act to the best of
their abilities considering the totality of Plaintiffs’ actions and all the information submitted.
Where Plaintiffs were able to correct identified errors they did so. For instance, Commerce itself
agrees that Plaintiffs attempted to check the accuracy of the data prior to verification. “In
checking the data and in preparing for verification the U.S. Reseller found several items that were
incorrectly calculated and presented these corrections at the beginning of verification.” Remand
Determination at 30 (citations omitted). Additionally, Commerce acknowledged that Plaintiffs:
submitted no fewer than three section E further manufacturing cost databases
during the course of the proceeding. Each cost database was submitted with the
required certification as to the accuracy of the information. Because the U.S.
Reseller submitted various versions of the cost information, it is evident that the
U.S. Reseller was conducting checks on the submitted data and finding areas that
needed to be corrected.
Remand Determination at 28-29. Commerce’s findings support the position that the computer
logic flaws that caused the erroneous data were inadvertent and could not have been discovered
through rudimentary checks. Commerce agrees that Plaintiffs checked their information prior to
verification and submitted amended responses to correct the errors. However, the computer logic
flaws were identified at verification and only after a manual trace of the underlying documents
was performed were the errors discovered. See Pls’ Br. at 17. Therefore, the record shows that
the computer errors corrupting USR’s sales data were inadvertently included in the information
Plaintiffs provided to Commerce.
In Nippon Steel Corp. v. United States, 25 CIT __, __, 2001 WL 406192, *4 (2001), the
court held that Commerce’s conclusion that respondent had failed “to act to the best of its ability”
pursuant to 19 U.S.C. § 1677e(b) (1994), was unsupported by substantial evidence. The court
analyzed the instances where respondents failed to comply with Commerce’s information request
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and differentiated the factual circumstances that allowed Commerce to draw an adverse inference,
and therefore, use adverse facts as surrogate information.
In cases where a respondent claims an inability to comply with the agency’s
requests for information, the Department may permissibly draw an adverse
inference upon a reasonable showing that respondent, in fact, could have complied.
(citations omitted) Here, however, where the respondent acknowledges the ability
to comply, but claims it did not do so because of simple inadvertence, the
Department must show more. As the court observed in its opinion ordering
remand, those cases that do not suggest willfulness on the part of the respondent
pose particular challenges for the Department to draw appropriate lines in order to
determine whether to draw an adverse inference.
Nippon Steel Corp, 2001 WL 406192 at *4 (citation omitted). Here, Commerce has failed to
point to substantial evidence in the record that supports a finding that Plaintiffs willfully failed to
comply with Commerce’s information request. In fact, Plaintiffs specifically instituted the use of
the computer program in an attempt to facilitate compliance with Commerce’s information
demands. See Krupp I at *4. The computer program failure was a byproduct of inadvertent
computer logic errors. In both its Final Determination and Remand Determination, Commerce
has failed to support by substantial evidence that these inadvertent computer logic errors show
that Plaintiffs failed to act to the best of their ability. “While the parties must exercise care in
their submissions, it is unreasonable to require perfection.” NTN Bearing Corp. v. United States,
74 F.3d 1204, 1208 (Fed. Cir. 1995). The statute at issue here has consistently been interpreted by
this court to require more than inadvertent error on the part of a respondent to permit the agency
to use adverse facts in calculating dumping margins. See e.g., Nippon Steel Corp., 118 F. Supp.
2d 1366; Ferro Union, 44 F. Supp. 2d 1310; Mannesmann, 77 F. Supp. 2d 1302. Therefore, the
court remands this case, yet again, and pursuant to 19 U.S.C. § 1677e(a)(2), instructs Commerce
to select neutral facts available for the purpose of calculating USR’s margin rate and any other
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calculation predicated on USR’s cost and sales data.
3. Sales of Unidentified Origin
In Krupp I, the court sustained Commerce’s use of an adverse inference with respect to the
allocation of sales of unidentified merchandise. See Krupp I at *9. The court then ordered on
remand that Commerce explain how the chosen adverse facts were not unduly harsh or punitive.
Id. As cited in Krupp I, “the purpose of section 1677e(b) is to provide respondents with an
incentive to cooperate, not impose punitive, aberrational, or uncorroborated margins.” De Cecco,
216 F.3d at 1032 (citations omitted); See 19 U.S.C. § 1677e(b).
Plaintiffs argue that Commerce’s allocation of sales of unidentified origin at more than
double the amount of KTN’s verified sales to USR is unduly harsh and punitive. Plaintiffs assert
that Commerce’s allocation increased the overall dumping margin from [ ] to [ ]. Pls.’ Br. at
26-27. Commerce argues that it was inappropriate to base the allocation on KTN’s sales to USR
and, instead, Commerce divided the unidentified sales on a “pro rated basis, using the verified
percentages of the U.S. Reseller’s merchandise supplied by each respondent mill.”5 Remand
Determination at 33. Commerce asserts that the overall effect of this allocation was to increase
the dumping margin by [ ]. To apportion the amount of the dumping margin attributable to the
unidentified sales, Commerce determined that USR should be allocated [ ] million. Commerce
then multiplied the sales by the adverse facts available margin rate of [ ]. KTN argues that the
margin rate should be multiplied by [ ] million because that is the amount of KTN’s verified
sales to USR. The court is not persuaded by KTN’s reasoning.
5
The “mills” Commerce refers to are “one of the three respondent firms in the
concurrent investigation (i.e. Germany, Italy and Mexico).” Remand Determination at 33. KTN
was the “mill” in Germany. Id.
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When KTN claims the dumping margin would be [ ] lower, it assumes that Commerce
should use KTN’s verified sales figure of [ ] million. As Commerce states:
[t]he Department cannot reasonably assume that the source of the merchandise of
unidentified origin is the same as for the group of merchandise of identified origin.
Such an inference would have been extremely suspect considering that the U.S.
Reseller had the ability to provide relevant information on the origin of many of
these sales, but chose not to do so. Had the Department apportioned sales of
unidentified origin to KTN in accordance with the percentage of verified KTN
sales to the U.S. Reseller ([ ] percent), the Department would not have been
applying adverse facts available to such sales but, rather, would have been applying
non-adverse, or neutral, facts available to these sales.
Remand Determination at 34-35. Additionally, the [ ] million KTN represents as its verified
sales to USR does not include all resales during the period of investigation. See KTN Exh. 6; Def.
Conf. Exh. 12.6 KTN asserts that “Commerce attributed to KTN USR sales of unidentified origin
valued as. . . more than double the value of the KTN material sold to USR.” Pls.’ Br. at 25.
However, KTN does not account for sales of merchandise by KTN to USR prior to the period of
investigation that were then resold during the period of investigation.
Commerce must strike a balance when applying adverse facts available. In this instance,
KTN reported a large number of U.S. Reseller sales transactions for which the manufacturer was
not identified. During verification it became apparent that through rudimentary searches KTN
could have identified the suppliers. Since KTN failed to provide the supplier information, it was
proper for Commerce to draw an adverse inference with respect to the unidentified supplier sales.
See Krupp I at *8. As evidenced in the Remand Determination, the exact number of unidentified
6
In the exhibit KTN lists its verified sales to USR as [ ]. In a footnote, KTN
explains that “[t]he figure for ‘KTN Sales to [USR]’ is based upon a summation of the revenue. .
. for sales with an invoice date during the POI (period of investigation) and customer code. . . for
the U.S. reseller. KTN Exh. 4; Def.’s Conf. Exh. 11 (emphasis added).
Court No. 99-08-00550 Page 22
sales that originated from KTN is unknown. However, it is clear from the record that USR could
have provided at least some of the supplier information but chose not to look behind the data
captured in its inventory system. Commerce has adequately explained its methodology for
determining the allocation without using the most adverse inferences possible. As Commerce
explained:
[t]he respondent has not afforded the Department any reasonable benchmark for
ascertaining what allocation methodology would be more appropriate. . . . It is
entirely possible that KTN benefitted from withholding information on the U.S.
Reseller’s suppliers that would result in higher margins than those actually
calculated absent respondent data. . . . It is certainly possible that in allocating all
of the sales of unidentified origin to the three respondents in this investigation in
accordance with each of their verified percentages of sales to the U.S. Reseller, we
may have underestimated the actual volume of unidentified origin merchandise that
originated from KTN. . . . Despite this possibility, the Department in applying an
adverse inference did not apply all of the sales of unidentified origin to KTN.
Remand Determination at 35-36. The court finds the application of specific adverse facts chosen
and the resulting increase in the dumping margin served as both a “reasonably accurate estimate”
of KTN’s actual rate and “as a deterrent to non-compliance.” De Cecco, 216 F.3d at 1032.
Therefore, the court upholds Commerce’s allocation method.
4. Movement and Selling Expenses
On remand, the court ordered that Commerce explain how its decision not to deduct
verified moving and selling expenses from USR’s average gross price resales was the proper
methodology. See Krupp I at *9. In calculating Plaintiffs’ overall dumping margin, Commerce
made various margin calculations that were weighted and combined to formulate the overall
dumping margin. As Commerce explained:
[b]oth adverse facts available margin percentage rate applied to the U.S. Resellers
sales and the calculated weighted-average unit value for the U.S. Reseller sales
affect the magnitude of the overall weighted-average margin for all U.S. sales. . . .
These estimated dollar margins for the U.S Reseller sales, in turn, are added to the
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margins calculated for KTN’s properly reported U.S. sales to enable the calculation
of a single weighted-average margin percentage rate for all of KTN’s U.S. sales.
Remand Determination at 37. For USR’s sale prices, Commerce applied an adverse facts
available margin to the weighted-average of USR’s sale prices without deducting movement and
selling expenses. See id. However, the surrogate margin, by Commerce’s own admission, was a
“net” margin rate because it “already reflected deductions for movement and selling expenses.”
Id. Therefore, Commerce was applying a “net” surrogate margin to “gross” sales figures.
Plaintiffs argue that applying the net surrogate margin to USR’s gross sale prices
“arbitrarily inflated KTN’s dumping margin because gross prices are higher than net prices.” Pls.’
Br. at 28. Plaintiffs assert that either (1) USR’s gross sales prices be adjusted to a net sales basis
or (2) the surrogate margin percentage be adjusted to a gross margin percentage. Plaintiffs
contend that movement and selling expenses were verified and should be deducted from USR’s
gross sales prices to obtain the net weighted-average price of USR’s sales to properly adjust
USR’s sales to a net sales basis. In the alternative, Plaintiffs argue that “[t]o properly re-express
the surrogate margin on a gross sales basis, all that would be required is to ignore these verified
adjustments and instead calculate a sales denominator that is based on ‘verified’ gross unit prices
for ‘KTN’s properly reported U.S. sales.’” Pls.’ Br. at 33.
Commerce contends that it had to apply the net margin rate to the gross sales figures
because the systemic errors in USR’s responses made the cost and sales data unuseable for the
purpose of calculating Plaintiffs’ overall weighted-average margin.7 Remand Determination at
7
Commerce states that
the Department deducted movement and selling expenses when they originated
from a properly reported and verified response (i.e., the calculated non-
Court No. 99-08-00550 Page 24
38-39. Commerce explained “[i]n keeping with that practice, when the Department determined
that the U.S. Reseller’s sales data were entirely useless for the purpose of calculating KTN’s
dumping margin, the response was, so to speak, set aside, and the Department turned elsewhere
for surrogate information to serve as the facts otherwise available, in accordance with 776 of the
Tariff Act; 19 U.S.C. § 1677e.” Id. at 38. In setting aside the entire response, Commerce
disregarded movement and selling expenses that had been verified. Commerce asserts it has a
long standing practice that prohibits it from “cherry-picking” the verified information from a
response that has been completely rejected because “mak[ing] any adjustments to an unverified
gross unit price based upon unverified data would render the calculation meaningless.” Id. at 38-
39.
This statement is contrary to the evidence on the record. The record indicates that
Commerce verified forty-seven (47) out of the fifty-two (52) movement and selling expense
reported by USR. Additionally, Commerce used facts available for USR sales data and was able
to use a verified net margin rate to make the required margin calculation. Id.
This Circuit has held that the primary purpose of the antidumping laws is to calculate
accurate margins. See Rhone Poulenc, 899 F.2d at 1191 (stating that the basic purpose of the
statute is to determine dumping margins as accurately as possible); Lasko Metal Prods., Inc. v.
aberrational margin was based on a verified gross unit price adjusted to account
for verified movement and selling expenses) but did not do so where the veracity
of the entire response was suspect ( i.e., the sales portion of the U.S. Reseller
response).
Remand Determination at 39.
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United States, 43 F.3d 1442, 1446 (Fed. Cir. 1994). “While Congress has left it within
Commerce’s discretion to develop methodologies to enforce the antidumping statute, any given
methodology must always seek to effectuate the statutory purpose – calculate accurate dumping
margins.” Shakeproof Assembly Components Div. of Ill. Tool Works, Inc. v. United States, 23 CIT
__, __, 59 F. Supp. 2d 1354, 1358 (1999). In this instance, Commerce should use a methodology
that would allow the net margin rate to be applied to USR’s net sales price data. Therefore, on
remand, Commerce is to choose a method that enables the margin rate and sales data to be
adjusted to a “net” basis. Furthermore, if additional information is required, Commerce is to use
neutral facts available as surrogate information.8
V. CONCLUSION
For the foregoing reasons, the court holds that the Department's Results of
Redetermination Pursuant to Court Remand; Stainless Steel Sheet and Strip in Coils from
Germany is remanded in part, and sustained in part. Judgment will be entered accordingly.
Dated: ___________________ ___________________________
New York, NY Judith M. Barzilay
Judge
8
As discussed above in Section 2 of this Opinion, Commerce is to select neutral facts
available as surrogate information for USR’s sales data.