Eregli Demir ve Çelik Fabrikalari T.A.S. v. United States Int'l Trade Comm'n

Slip Op. 23-73
UNITED STATES COURT OF INTERNATIONAL TRADE
EREĞLI DEMIR VE ÇELIK
FABRIKALARI T.A.Ş.,
Plaintiff,
v.
UNITED STATES INTERNATIONAL
TRADE COMMISSION,
Before: Timothy M. Reif, Judge
Defendant,
Court No. 22-00349
and
STEEL DYNAMICS, INC.; SSAB
ENTERPRISES, LLC; CLEVELAND-
CLIFFS INC.; AND NUCOR
CORPORATION,
Defendant-Intervenors.
OPINION AND ORDER
[Denying plaintiff’s motion for reconsideration and denying proposed defendant-
intervenor’s motion to intervene.]
Dated: May 15, 2023
David L. Simon and Mark B. Lehnardt, Law Offices of David L. Simon, PLLC, of
Washington, D.C., for plaintiff Ereğli Demir ve Çelik Fabrikaları T.A.Ş.
Michael K. Haldenstein, Attorney-Advisor, Andrea C. Casson, Assistant General
Counsel for Litigation, Ravi D. Soopramanien, Attorney-Advisor, Office of the General
Counsel, United States International Trade Commission, of Washington, D.C., for
defendant United States International Trade Commission.
Roger B. Schagrin, Jeffrey D. Gerrish, Saad Y. Chalchal, Schagrin Associates, of
Washington, D.C., for Steel Dynamics, Inc. and SSAB Enterprises, LLC, defendant-
intervenors.
Court No. 22-00349 Page 2

Stephen P. Vaughn, Neal J. Reynolds, Barbara Medrado, King & Spalding LLP, of
Washington, D.C., for Cleveland-Cliffs Inc., defendant-intervenor.
Alan H. Price, Christopher B. Weld, Derick G. Holt, Maureen E. Thorson, Theodore P.
Brackemyre, Nicole C. Hager, Wiley Rein LLP, of Washington, D.C., for Nucor
Corporation, defendant-intervenor.
Thomas M. Beline and Sarah E. Shulman, Cassidy Levy Kent (USA) LLP, of
Washington, D.C., for United States Steel Corporation, proposed defendant-intervenor.
Reif, Judge: Before the court are: (1) the motion for reconsideration of plaintiff
Ereğli Demir Ve Çelik Fabrikaları T.A.Ş. (“plaintiff” or “Erdemir”) of the court’s order
granting the motions to intervene as defendant-intervenors of SSAB Enterprises, LLC
and Steel Dynamics, Inc. (“SSAB/SDI”), Cleveland-Cliffs Inc. (“Cleveland-Cliffs” or “CC”)
and Nucor Corporation (“Nucor”) (collectively, “defendant-intervenors” or “DIPs”); and
(2) the motion to intervene of proposed defendant-intervenor United States Steel
Corporation (“proposed defendant-intervenor” or “USSC”) under U.S. Court of
International Trade (“USCIT” or the “Court”) Rule 24(b). Plaintiff invokes the Court’s
subject matter jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1581(i)(1)(B) and (D),1 alleging that
Erdemir has been “adversely affected or aggrieved” by the decision of the U.S.
International Trade Commission (“Commission”) not to conduct a reconsideration
proceeding. Plaintiff states that the Commission’s decision relates to “tariffs, duties,
fees, or other taxes on the importation of merchandise for reasons other than the raising
of revenue,” and the “administration and enforcement” of those duties. 28 U.S.C. §

1 Further references to the U.S. Code are to the 2018 edition.


Court No. 22-00349 Page 3

1581(i)(1)(B) and (D). For the reasons discussed below, the court denies plaintiff’s
motion for reconsideration and denies USSC’s motion to intervene.
BACKGROUND2
Erdemir challenges the decision of the Commission to deny Erdemir’s request to
institute a reconsideration proceeding of the Commission’s final injury determination
with respect to imports of hot-rolled steel from the Republic of Turkey (“Turkey”). Pl.’s
Am. Compl. (“Am. Compl.”) ¶¶ 1-5, ECF No. 14; see Hot-Rolled Steel Flat Products
from Turkey; Denial of Request to Institute a Section 751(b) Review; Denial of Request
to Institute a Section 751(b) Review or Reconsideration Proceeding Concerning the
Commission’s Affirmative Determination in Investigation No. 731-TA-1296 (Final), Hot-
Rolled Steel Flat Products from Turkey (“Denial of CCR and Reconsideration”), 87 Fed.
Reg. 73,331 (ITC Nov. 29, 2022).3 Erdemir requested that the Commission reconsider

2 Certain facts addressed in this section are taken from the Amended Complaint, and,
although defendant-intervenors and proposed defendant-intervenor admit certain of
these facts in their proposed answers, such facts constitute allegations at this stage of
the case. Nothing in this Opinion and Order shall be construed as the court accepting
plaintiff’s factual allegations as true or making any finding of fact where such facts are or
may be disputed. GreenFirst Forest Prods. v. United States, 46 CIT __, __, 577 F.
Supp. 3d 1349, 1351 n.3 (2022).

3 On September 29, 2016, the Commission determined that a U.S. industry was
“materially injured by reason of imports of hot-rolled steel flat products” from Turkey
found by the U.S. Department of Commerce (“Commerce”) to be sold in the United
States at less than fair value. See Certain Hot-Rolled Steel Flat Products from
Australia, Brazil, Japan, Korea, the Netherlands, Turkey, and the United Kingdom
(“2016 Injury Determination”), 81 Fed. Reg. 66,996 (ITC Sept. 29, 2016). The
Commission’s original injury determination related to Commerce’s antidumping order.
Certain Hot-Rolled Steel Flat Products from Australia, Brazil, Japan, the Republic of
Korea, the Netherlands, the Republic of Turkey, and the United Kingdom: Amended
Final Affirmative Antidumping Determinations for Australia, the Republic of Korea, and


Court No. 22-00349 Page 4

its original injury determination with respect to imports of hot-rolled steel from Turkey,
rather than conduct a Changed Circumstances Review (“CCR”) or sunset review, which
Erdemir requested at a later date.4 See Am. Compl. ¶¶ 21-28.
On December 2, 2021, the Commission issued a notice requesting comments on
Erdemir’s request for a CCR and whether such a CCR should be conducted as part of
the sunset review of the AD Order. Hot-Rolled Steel Flat Products from Turkey;
Request for Comments Regarding the Institution of a Section 751(b) Review
Concerning the Commission’s Affirmative Determination (“Request for Comments”), 86
Fed. Reg. 68,512, 68,513 (ITC Dec. 2, 2021). In response to the Request for
Comments, several domestic producers of hot-rolled steel — DIPs and USSC —
provided comments with respect to Erdemir’s CCR request. Denial of CCR and
Reconsideration, 87 Fed. Reg. at 73,332. The Commission denied Erdemir’s requests
for reconsideration and a CCR. See id. In the denial, the Commission stated with
respect to Erdemir’s request for reconsideration that the Commission previously “has
chosen to exercise its authority to reconsider only when ‘extraordinary circumstances’
are present,” and that since “there is no evidence of fraud or other facts that suggest
extraordinary circumstances, [the Commission] do[es] not find that the recalculation of

the Republic of Turkey and Antidumping Duty Orders (“AD Order”), 81 Fed. Reg. 67,962(Dep’t of Commerce Oct. 3, 2016); see 19 U.S.C. § 1673d(b), 1673e(a).
4Erdemir filed two additional actions seeking judicial review of the Commission’s
decision to deny Erdemir’s request to institute a CCR Ereğli Demir ve Çelik Fabrikaları
T.A.Ş. v. United States, CIT No. 22-00350 (filed Dec. 26, 2022), and the Commission’s
decision to continue the AD Order on Turkish hot-rolled steel. Ereğli Demir ve Çelik
Fabrikaları T.A.Ş. v. United States, CIT No. 22-00351 (filed Dec. 26, 2022).

Court No. 22-00349 Page 5

the dumping margin by Commerce with respect to hot-rolled steel flat products from
Turkey warrants reconsideration of our determination.” Id.
On December 26, 2022, plaintiff filed its original complaint in this action. Pl.’s
Compl., ECF No. 4. On January 24, 2023, plaintiff filed an amended complaint in which
plaintiff corrected the statutory provisions through which plaintiff seeks to invoke the
Court’s subject matter jurisdiction over this action. See Am. Compl. ¶ 3. In the
Amended Complaint, plaintiff contests the Commission’s denial of Erdemir’s request for
reconsideration. Id. ¶ 1.
On January 12, 2023, USSC filed a motion to intervene as of right as defendant-
intervenor under USCIT Rule 24(a). Mot. to Intervene as a Matter of Right, ECF No. 13.
On February 2, 2023, plaintiff opposed USSC’s motion to intervene as a matter of right.
Opp’n to USSC’s Mot. to Intervene as a Matter of Right, ECF No. 26. On February 6,
2023, the court denied USSC’s motion to intervene as a matter of right without prejudice
as to a potential motion for permissive intervention. Order (Feb. 6, 2023), ECF No. 29.
On February 21, 2023, USSC filed a motion for permissive intervention. Mot. to
Intervene and for Leave to File Answer (“USSC Mot. to Intervene”), ECF No. 34. On
March 14, 2023, plaintiff opposed USSC’s motion to intervene. Opp’n to Mot. to
Intervene of USSC (“Pl. Resp. in Opp’n to USSC”), ECF No. 44.
On January 24, 2023, SSAB/SDI and Cleveland-Cliffs filed motions to intervene
as defendants-intervenors. See SSAB/SDI’s Partial Consent Mot. to Intervene as Def.-
Intervenors (“SSAB/SDI Mot.”), ECF No. 15; Cleveland-Cliffs’ Partial Consent Mot. to
Intervene (“CC Mot.”), ECF No. 16. On January 25, 2023, Nucor filed a motion to

Court No. 22-00349 Page 6

intervene as defendant-intervenor. Nucor’s Partial Consent Mot. to Intervene (“Nucor
Mot.”), ECF No. 22. On February 14, 2023, plaintiff opposed the respective motions to
intervene of Cleveland-Cliffs and SSAB/SDI. See Opp’n to Mot. to Intervene of
Cleveland-Cliffs Inc. (“Pl. Resp. in Opp’n to CC”), ECF No. 31; Opp’n to Mot. to
Intervene of SSAB/SDI (“Pl. Resp. in Opp’n to SSAB/SDI”), ECF No. 32. On February
15, 2023, plaintiff opposed Nucor’s motion to intervene. Opp’n to Mot. to Intervene of
Nucor (“Pl. Resp. in Opp’n to Nucor”), ECF No. 33.
On February 27, 2023, DIPs filed a motion for leave to file a reply to plaintiff’s
opposition to their respective motions to intervene. Mot. for Leave to File a Reply to
Pl.’s Resps. to Mots. to Intervene (“DIPs Mot. Leave Reply”), ECF No. 37. On March 1,
2023, the court granted DIPs’ motion for leave to file a reply to plaintiff’s opposition to
their motions to intervene. See Order (Mar. 1, 2023), ECF No. 38; see Reply of DIPs to
Pl.’s Opp’ns to DIPs’ Mots. to Intervene (“DIPs Reply to Pl. Opp’n”), ECF No. 39.
On March 8, 2023, the court granted DIPs’ motions to intervene as defendant-
intervenors. Order (Mar. 8, 2023), ECF No. 40; Order (Mar. 8, 2023), ECF No. 41;
Order (Mar. 8, 2023), ECF No. 42. On March 14, 2023, plaintiff filed a motion for
reconsideration of the court’s order. Mot. for Recons. (“Pl. Mot. Recons.”), ECF No. 43.
In its motion for reconsideration, plaintiff argues that it did not have an opportunity to
oppose DIPs’ motion for leave to file a reply and that DIPs were granted intervention
before plaintiff could file a motion for leave to file a surreply, which plaintiff argues would
have been supported by “fundamental fairness.” Id. at 1. Further, plaintiff argues that
the court erred in granting DIPs’ intervention. Id. at 1, 20-27.

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On April 4, 2023, DIPs filed a response to plaintiff’s motion for reconsideration,
arguing that the court should not reconsider its decision to grant DIPs’ intervention.
Def.-Intervenors’ Resp. in Opp’n to Pl.’s. Mot. for Recons. (“DIPs Resp. Recons.”), ECF
No. 45.
JURISDICTION AND STANDARD OF REVIEW
Plaintiff brings the instant action challenging the denial of a reconsideration
proceeding by the Commission pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1581(i) and the Administrative
Procedure Act (“APA”), 5 U.S.C. §§ 702, 704, 706. Am. Compl. ¶ 3. Plaintiff notes that
“the decision by the Commission not to conduct a reconsideration proceeding is not
listed under 19 U.S.C. §§ 1516a or 1517, and alleges on this basis that jurisdiction here
does not arise under 28 U.S.C. § 1581(c).”5 Id. The court considers the questions of
intervention and reconsideration thereof in the instant action under USCIT Rule 24 and
USCIT Rule 54, respectively.
DISCUSSION
I. Plaintiff’s motion for reconsideration
A. Legal framework
USCIT Rule 54(b) permits a court to “revise” or reconsider any order “which
adjudicates fewer than all the claims or the rights and liabilities of fewer than all the
parties” — that is, any order of interlocutory judgment — “at any time before the entry of
judgment adjudicating all the claims and the rights and liabilities of all parties.” USCIT

5
Further citations to the Tariff Act of 1930, as amended, are to the relevant portions of
Title 19 of the U.S. Code, 2018 edition.

Court No. 22-00349 Page 8

R. 54(b).6 USCIT Rule 54(b) mirrors Rule 54(b) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure.
See Fed. R. Civ. Proc. 54(b). A court may reconsider a non-final judgment, pursuant to
USCIT Rule 54 “‘as justice requires,’ meaning when the court determines that
‘reconsideration is necessary under the relevant circumstances.’” Irwin Indus. Tool Co.
v. United States, 41 CIT __, __, 269 F. Supp. 3d 1294, 1300–01 (2017) (quoting Cobell
v. Norton, 355 F. Supp. 2d __531, 539 (D.D.C. 2005)), aff’d, 920 F.3d 1356 (Fed. Cir.
2019)).
“Factors a court may weigh when contemplating reconsideration include whether
there has been a controlling or significant change in the law or whether the court
previously ‘patently’ misunderstood the parties, decided issues beyond those presented,
or failed to consider controlling decisions or data.” Irwin, 269 F. Supp. 3d at 1300-01
(citing In re Papst Licensing GmbH & Co. KG Litigation, 791 F.Supp.2d 175, 182-83
(D.D.C. 2011); Singh v. George Washington Univ., 383 F.Supp.2d 99, 101 (D.D.C.
2005). “The movant carries the burden of proving that ‘some harm, legal or at least

6 USCIT Rule 54 (b) provides that:
When an action presents more than one claim for relief — whether as a
claim, counterclaim, crossclaim, or third-party claim — or when multiple
parties are involved, the court may direct entry of a final judgment as to one
or more, but fewer than all, claims or parties only if the court expressly
determines that there is no just reason for delay. Otherwise, any order or
other decision, however designated, that adjudicates fewer than all the
claims or the rights and liabilities of fewer than all the parties does not end
the action as to any of the claims or parties and may be revised at any time
before the entry of a judgment adjudicating all the claims and all the parties’
rights and liabilities.
USCIT R. 54(b).

Court No. 22-00349 Page 9

tangible,’ would accompany a denial of the motion.” Irwin, 269 F. Supp. 3d at 1300-01(quoting Cobell, 355 F.Supp.2d at 540).
“[A] court should not disturb its prior decision unless it is ‘manifestly erroneous.’”
Marvin Furniture (Shanghai) Co. v. United States, 37 CIT 65, 66, 899 F. Supp. 2d 1352,
1353 (2013) (quoting Dorsey, 32 CIT at 270). The “manifestly erroneous” standard
requires a showing of extraordinary circumstances that include “an intervening change
in the controlling law, the availability of new evidence, the need to correct a clear factual
or legal error, or the need to prevent manifest injustice.” Ford Motor Co. v. United
States, 30 CIT 1587, 1588 (2006) (“Ford Motor I”) (citing Virgin Atl. Airways, Ltd. v. Nat'l
Mediation Bd., 956 F.2d 1245, 1255 (2d Cir.1992)).
A motion for reconsideration should not be granted in circumstances in which an
error is found to be harmless. See id. USCIT Rule 61 provides that:
Unless justice requires otherwise, no error in admitting or excluding
evidence — or any other error by the court or a party — is ground for
granting a new trial, for setting aside a verdict, or for vacating, modifying, or
otherwise disturbing a judgment or order. At every stage of the proceeding,
the court must disregard all errors and defects that do not affect any party’s
substantial rights.
Id. “[E]ven a clear legal error will not require a court to grant a motion for
reconsideration where that error does not affect the result reached in the first
instance.” Ford Motor I, 30 CIT at 1588 (citing USCIT R. 61).
B. Positions of the parties
In the instant case, plaintiff argues that it did not have an opportunity to oppose
defendant-intervenors’ motion for leave to file a reply regarding intervention
notwithstanding that USCIT Rule 7 provides plaintiff with 21 days to do so. Pl. Mot.

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Recons. at 4 (citing USCIT R. 7). Further, plaintiff argues that it was deprived of an
opportunity to file a surreply in response to DIPs’ reply. Id. Last, plaintiff argues that
DIPs’ motions to intervene were granted without “the significant arguments raised by the
parties being addressed . . . .” Id.
DIPs argue that plaintiff fails to cite to any legal authority for reconsideration
under the present circumstances, stating that “Erdemir merely seeks another bite at the
apple and to litigate the issue further, rather than to rectify a clear legal or factual error
in the Court’s decisions.” DIPs Resp. Recons. at 4. DIPs argue also that plaintiff fails to
request explicitly reconsideration under USCIT Rule 59(e). Id.
C. Analysis
DIPs’ argument that plaintiff’s motion for reconsideration is inadequate because
plaintiff did not cite to USCIT Rule 59(e) fails. USCIT Rule 54(b) applies in the instant
action because the court’s order granting DIPs’ motion to intervene constitutes an
interlocutory order “that adjudicates fewer than all the claims or the rights and liabilities
of fewer than all the parties . . . .” USCIT R. 54(b). The court concludes that plaintiff
“has not demonstrated circumstances requiring reconsideration, offering no reasons for
reconsideration beyond its disagreement with the court's opinion.” Irwin, 269 F. Supp.
3d at 1301. The court addresses instead whether the court’s error in failing to allow
plaintiff its right to oppose DIPs’ motion for leave to file a reply constitutes an error that
affects any party’s substantial rights. See USCIT R. 61.
The court granted DIPs’ motion for leave to file a reply to plaintiff’s opposition to
their motion for intervention without providing plaintiff an opportunity to oppose DIPs’

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motion in accordance with USCIT Rule 7. The court’s error does not constitute one that
affects plaintiff’s “substantial rights” with respect to the main action before the court.
USCIT R. 61 (emphasis supplied). The preemptive grant of leave for DIPs to file a reply
would not disturb the court’s decision to grant the permissive intervention of defendant-
intervenors. See Ford Motor I, 30 CIT at 1588 (citing USCIT R. 61). Plaintiff filed three
responses in opposition to intervention, opposing separately each motion to intervene.
See Pl. Resp. in Opp’n to CC; Pl. Resp. in Opp’n to SSAB/SDI; Pl. Resp. in Opp’n to
Nucor. The court considered plaintiff’s arguments in those briefs and considered
plaintiff’s further reiteration of its arguments in the brief accompanying plaintiff’s motion
for reconsideration. See generally Pl. Mot. Recons. The court concludes that the error
is harmless and does not disturb the court’s decision to grant DIPs’ motions to intervene
under USCIT Rule 24(b).
II. Intervention as a matter of right of SSAB/SDI and Nucor
A. Legal framework
USCIT Rule 24(a) provides in relevant part that “[o]n timely motion, the court
must permit anyone to intervene who”:
[I]n an action described in section 517(g) of the Tariff Act of 1930, is a
person determined to have entered merchandise through evasion or is the
interested party that filed the allegation; or claims an interest relating to the
property or transaction that is the subject of the action, and is so situated
that disposing of the action may as a practical matter impair or impede the
movant’s ability to protect its interest, unless existing parties adequately
represent that interest.
USCIT R. 24(a)(2) (emphasis supplied).

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This Court and the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit (“Federal Circuit”)
have interpreted the clause of Rule 24(a)(2) that does not pertain to evasion cases under
19 U.S.C. § 15177 to provide for a four-part test:
(1) [T]he motion must be timely; (2) the moving party must claim an interest
in the property or transaction at issue that is “‘legally protectable’—merely
economic interests will not suffice,” (3) “that interest’s relationship to the
litigation must be ‘of such a direct and immediate character that the
intervenor will either gain or lose by the direct legal operation and effect of
the judgment,’”; and (4) “the movant must demonstrate that said interest is
not adequately addressed by the government’s participation.”
N. Am. Interpipe, Inc. v. United States, 45 CIT __, __, 519 F. Supp. 3d 1313, 1323
(2021) (quoting Wolfsen Land & Cattle Co. v. Pac. Coast Fed’n of Fishermen’s Ass’ns,
695 F.3d 1310, 1315 (Fed. Cir. 2012)), aff’d sub nom. Cal. Steel Indus., Inc. v. United
States, 48 F.4th 1336 (Fed. Cir. 2022); Cal. Steel Indus., 48 F.4th at 1340 (first quoting
N. Am. Interpipe, 45 CIT at __, 519 F. Supp. 3d at 1323; then quoting Wolfsen, 695
F.3d at 1315).
B. Positions of the parties
SSAB/SDI and Nucor move to intervene in the instant action under USCIT Rule
24(a)(2). See SSAB/SDI Mot. at 3-5; Nucor Mot. at 2. Both SSAB/SDI and Nucor
argue that they satisfy the Federal Circuit’s four-part test, are domestic producers of

7 USCIT Rule 24(a)(2) states in relevant part:
[T]he court must permit anyone to intervene who . . . claims an interest relating to
the property or transaction that is the subject of the action, and is so situated that
disposing of the action may as a practical matter impair or impede the movant’s
ability to protect its interest, unless existing parties adequately represent that
interest.
USCIT R. 24(a)(2).

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hot-rolled steel flat products — i.e., interested parties under 19 U.S.C. § 1677(9)(C) —
and were petitioners in the original antidumping duty (“AD”) investigation, factors that,
according to SSAB/SDI and Nucor, weigh in favor of their intervention as a matter of
right. SSAB/SDI Mot. at 4; Nucor Mot. at 2-3.
Plaintiff argues that SSAB/SDI and Nucor do not demonstrate “a legally
protectable interest, that this case would have direct and immediate effect on [Nucor
and] SDI/SSAB, or that [their] interest[s] would not be adequately protected by the
Commission.” Pl. Resp. in Opp’n to SSAB/SDI at 1; Pl. Resp. in Opp’n to Nucor at 1.
Plaintiff also argues that the statutory construction of USCIT Rule 24(a)(2) indicates that
this Rule does not apply beyond EAPA actions, stating that:
[I]nstances where the court ‘must permit anyone to intervene’ are limited
specifically to when there is unconditional right provided by statute and
when the action is an EAPA action. Had the second clause of Rule 24(a)(2)
used the word ‘an action’ [sic] — such that the rule granted intervention of
right to anyone who ‘claims an interest in the property or transaction that is
the subject of an action’ — the words could refer to any action brought
before this Court.
Pl. Resp. in Opp’n to Nucor at 4 (emphasis omitted).
C. Analysis
The court concludes that SSAB/SDI and Nucor fail to meet the second and third
factors of the four-part test, thereby failing to meet the standard for intervention as of
right under USCIT Rule 24(a). See N. Am. Interpipe, 45 CIT at __, 519 F. Supp. at
1323 (quoting Wolfsen, 695 F.3d at 1315). In denying intervention as of right under

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USCIT Rule 24(a), the court analyzes the dispositive factors barring intervention as a
matter of right of SSAB/SDI and Nucor.8
The court addresses first the narrow issue of whether SSAB/SDI and Nucor have
a right to intervene under USCIT Rule 24(a) based on a “legally protectable” interest.
Id. (quoting Wolfsen, 695 F.3d at 1315). SSAB/SDI and Nucor do not explain how their
interests in this action are “legally protectable” as opposed to “merely economic.” Id.Further, the parties do not describe the “direct and immediate character that the
intervenor will either gain or lose by the direct legal operation and effect of the
judgment.” Id.In California Steel, the Federal Circuit made the distinction between parties with
a “legally protectable interest” and parties that “participat[ed] in adversarial
administrative proceedings.” Cal. Steel, 48 F.4th at 1344(finding no “legally protectable
interest[]” on the basis that proposed defendant-intervenors participated in
administrative proceedings that could have revoked tariffs in which the proposed
defendant-intervenors had an interest);9 see Glob. Aluminum Distrib. LLC v. United

8The timeliness of SSAB/SDI’s and Nucor’s motions under the first factor is
uncontested, and the parties demonstrate that the participation of the Commission
would not be adequate under the fourth factor to defend SSAB/SDI’s and Nucor’s
positions. SSAB/SDI Mot. at 5-6; Nucor Mot. at 2-3.
9 In the instant action, the court does not address the issue of standing — as the court
previously did in North American Interpipe — because the parties do not raise this issue
and the prayer for relief of defendant-intervenors parallels that of the Commission, see
Def.’s Answer to Am. Compl. ¶ 39, ECF No. 36; SSAB/SDI Answer to Am. Compl. at 8,
ECF No. 15; Nucor Answer to Am. Compl. at 5, ECF No. 25 at 5, presenting “piggyback
standing,” N. Am. Interpipe, 519 F. Supp. at 1322 (citing PrimeSource Bldg. Prods., Inc.
v. United States, 45 CIT __, __, 494 F. Supp. 3d 1307, 1319-20 (2021) (internal


Court No. 22-00349 Page 15

States, 45 CIT __, __, 579 F. Supp. 3d 1338, 1341 (2021) (quoting N. Am. Interpipe,
519 F. Supp. 3d at 1323). SSAB/SDI and Nucor make only limited arguments noting
their status as interested parties in the instant action, which they allege threatens the
relief from dumped imports that they obtained as a result of Commerce’s AD Order on
hot-rolled steel flat products. SSAB/SDI Mot. at 5; Nucor Mot. at 2. SSAB/SDI and
Nucor fail to demonstrate that their interests in the instant action are “legally
protectable” and, further, do not identify the relationship of their interests to this
litigation, which must be “of such a direct and immediate character that the intervenor
will either gain or lose by the direct legal operation and effect of the judgment.”
Wolfsen, 695 F.3d at 1315 (quoting Am. Marine Transp., Inc. v. United States, 870 F.2d
1559, 1561 (Fed. Cir. 1989)) (emphases in Am. Marine Transp.).
Accordingly, SSAB/SDI and Nucor do not identify under the second factor of the
four-part test a “legally protectable interest” and do not establish under the third factor
that the “relationship” between any interest and this litigation is of such a “direct and
immediate character that [they] will either gain or lose by the direct legal operation and

citations omitted). The Federal Circuit has explained that “[e]ven if it [is] unclear
whether the proposed intervenors request[] additional relief beyond what the
government request[s], the appropriate action [is] for the [Court] to request clarification
from the parties before sua sponte raising and deciding the standing inquiry.” Cal.
Steel, 48 F.4th at 1343 & n.4 (concluding that “[b]ecause in each of these cases the
proposed intervenors’ requested relief is largely identical to the government’s prayer for
relief, the proposed intervenors have established piggyback standing”). As discussed,
SSAB/SDI and Nucor request the same relief as the Commission — i.e., the denial of a
reconsideration proceeding. Compare Def.’s Answer to Am. Compl. ¶ 39, ECF No. 36,
with SSAB/SDI Answer to Am. Compl. at 8, ECF No. 15, and Nucor Answer to Am.
Compl. at 5, ECF No. 25.

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effect of the judgment” and do not have a right of intervention under USCIT Rule 24(a).
Id.
III. Permissive intervention of Cleveland-Cliffs, Nucor and SSAB/SDI
A. Legal framework
The court may permit a party to intervene under USCIT Rule 24(b) if such a party
“has a claim or defense that shares with the main action a common question of law or
fact.” USCIT R. 24(b)(1)(B). If a proposed intervenor satisfies the requirements of
USCIT Rule 24(b)(1)(B), the court may exercise its discretion to permit intervention.
USCIT R. 24(b)(3). “Subject to the statutory provisions of 28 U.S.C. § 2631(j),
permissive intervention is governed by Rule 24(b) of the Rules of this Court.” Manuli
Autoadesivi, 9 CIT at 98. “Any person who would be adversely affected or aggrieved by
a decision in a civil action pending in the Court of International Trade may, by leave of
court, intervene in such action . . . .” 28 U.S.C. § 2631(j)(1). “In 28 U.S.C. § 1581(i)
cases, intervention is left to the sound discretion of the court as stated in [USCIT] Rule
24(b) and 28 U.S.C. § 2631(j).” Neo Solar Power, 2016 WL 3390237, at *1 (citing
Vivitar Corp. v. United States, 7 CIT 165, 169, 585 F. Supp. 1415, 1419 (1984).
Further, “[i]n exercising its discretion, the court must consider whether the intervention
will unduly delay or prejudice the adjudication of the original parties’ rights.” USCIT R.
24(b)(3).
The court considers three factors with respect to a motion for permissive
intervention under USCIT Rule 24(b)(1)(B): “a) whether the intervenor’s [defense] has a
question of law or fact in common with the [defendant]; b) whether the application is

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timely; and c) ‘whether the intervention will unduly delay or prejudice the adjudicative
rights of the original parties.’” Manuli Autoadesivi, S.p.A. v. United States, 9 CIT 24, 26,
602 F. Supp. 96, 98 (1985) (citing USCIT R. 24(b)); accord Neo Solar Power Corp. v.
United States, Slip Op. 16-60, 2016 WL 3390237, at *1 (CIT June 17, 2016).
Plaintiff does not dispute the timeliness of the application for intervention, so the
court considers: (1) whether DIPs’ defense has a question of law or fact in common with
the Commission, see USCIT R. 24(b)(1)(B); (2) whether DIPs would be “adversely
affected or aggrieved” by this court’s decision, 28 U.S.C. § 2631(j)(1); and (3) whether
DIPs’ intervention would “unduly delay or prejudice the adjudication of the rights of the
original parties,” 28 U.S.C. § 2631(j)(2). DIPs briefed their respective motions to
intervene and supplemented such motions with their joint reply, which the court had
granted DIPs leave to file. See Order (Mar. 1, 2023), ECF No. 38. The court reaffirms
that DIPs’ motions to intervene meet the criteria of USCIT Rule 24(b) and 28 U.S.C. §
2631(j).
B. Positions of the parties
Plaintiff claims that the “main action” pertains to the Commission’s denial of a
requested reconsideration proceeding before the Commission, to which, plaintiff
asserts, DIPs were not parties. Pl. Mot. Recons. at 20. In its motion for
reconsideration, plaintiff reiterates its argument distinguishing the sunset review from
the CCR and from the reconsideration request, arguing that DIPs failure to comment on
Erdemir’s request for reconsideration should bar them from participating in this
proceeding as defendant-intervenors:

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[T]wo years after Erdemir’s request for reconsideration, DIPs addressed
Erdemir’s request for reconsideration in the September 2022 hearing in the
sunset review and in post-hearing briefing. The Commission acknowledged in
the sunset review the arguments raised by parties relating to a CCR or
reconsideration proceeding, but [the Commission] specifically stated that it was
not addressing those arguments in the sunset review.
Id. at 10.
Further, plaintiff argues that DIPs would not be “adversely affected or aggrieved”
by the court’s decision on the merits because the instant action cannot itself affect the
status of the AD Order or plaintiff’s status as being subject to the AD Order. Pl. Mot.
Recons. at 21. Moreover, plaintiff describes the reconsideration proceeding before the
Commission as merely a way for plaintiff to obtain a retroactive end to a remedy to
which defendant-intervenors were never entitled. Id. at 24. Last, plaintiff argues that
“DIPs do not address delay during the proceeding or increased cost, effort, and
expense caused by additional parties participating, seeking extension of time for
briefing, and filing additional volumes of briefing.” Id. at 26. Plaintiff underscores the
prior argument by stating that “DIPs have already been the source of unnecessary delay
and prejudice by filing inadequate motions to intervene that required 18 additional
pages in reply.” Id.DIPs state that their prior participation in the CCR and sunset review, which
concerned the same factual basis and legal issues as the requested reconsideration by
the Commission demonstrates that DIPs’ intervention is warranted in the instant action.
DIPs Reply to Pl. Opp’n at 4-6. Further, DIPs state that they seek to address
“jurisdictional issues [that] share common questions of law and fact with those raised by
Plaintiff in this action as well as in the underlying proceedings.” Id. at 6. DIPs argue

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that they share common questions of law with the “main action” and that they
participated in the underlying proceedings, maintaining their respective interests in
addressing the legal questions that plaintiff raises in the present action. Id. at 4-5. DIPs
argue further that their intervention was timely and that their interests and arguments
concerning “key jurisdictional issues that could greatly assist the Court” outweigh
plaintiff’s concerns regarding the greater number of briefs and costs, which plaintiff and
parties would likely incur as a result of DIPs’ intervention. Id. at 11-12.
C. Analysis
1. “Claim or defense that shares with the main action a common
question of law or fact”
DIPs’ prospective defenses share common questions of law and fact with the
“main action” before the court ― i.e., Erdemir’s request in 2020 that the Commission
conduct a reconsideration proceeding. Compare Am. Compl. ¶¶ 26-31 (explaining the
procedural background of the Commission’s denial of a reconsideration proceeding),
with DIPs Reply to Pl. Opp’n at 3-4 (recounting the involvement of DIPs in the
proceedings in which the Commission requested comments). The “main action”
concerns plaintiff’s appeal of the Commission’s denial of plaintiff’s request to conduct a
reconsideration proceeding. Pl. Mot. Recons. at 5-6. As such, DIPs’ motions have met
this criterion of Rule 24(b). DIPs Reply to Pl. Opp’n at 5-6 (citing USCIT R.24(b)(1)(B)).
The parties disagree about whether DIPs were parties to the underlying
“proceeding,” which was not actually a proceeding, but a request by Erdemir for a
reconsideration proceeding before the Commission. Am. Compl. ¶ 1; Denial of CCR
and Reconsideration, 87 Fed. Reg. 73,332. DIPs commented on the CCR and the

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sunset review of the injury determination underlying the connected AD Order but did not
file comments with respect to Erdemir’s request for reconsideration. Denial of CCR and
Reconsideration, 87 Fed. Reg. at 73,332. The Commission denied that request without
initiating a reconsideration proceeding. Id. As such, DIPs did not have an opportunity
to present their views in a reconsideration proceeding before the Commission because
no such proceeding occurred.
Irrespective of the fact that the Commission did not conduct a reconsideration
proceeding, the core issue of whether the Commission should review its material injury
finding in light of Commerce’s decision to reduce to zero the AD margin of Çolakoğlu
Dis Ticaret A.Ş. and, therefore, remove the company from the AD Order was addressed
by all parties in the CCR. See Denial of CCR and Reconsideration, 87 Fed. Reg. at
73,332; see also Am. Compl. ¶ 18 (citing Certain Hot-Rolled Steel Flat Products from
Turkey: Notice of Court Decision Not in Harmony with the Amended Final Determination
in the Less-Than-Fair-Value Investigation; Notice of Amended Final Determination,
Amended Antidumping Duty Order; Notice of Revocation of Antidumping Duty Order in
Part; and Discontinuation of the 2017-18 and 2018-19 Antidumping Duty Administrative
Reviews, in Part (“Turkey Partial Revocation”), 85 Fed. Reg. 29,399 (Dep’t of
Commerce May 15, 2020)). That issue is largely the same as the one with respect to
which Erdemir requested reconsideration by the Commission. Id.Plaintiff’s proffered distinction between the factual and legal issues covered by
the CCR, the sunset review and the requested reconsideration by the Commission is
not persuasive. To the contrary, DIPs’ prospective defenses share common questions

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of law and fact with the main action. Accordingly, DIPs demonstrate that they meet the
criterion of commonality with the “main action” pursuant to Rule 24(b).
2. “[A]dversely affected or aggrieved”
DIPs demonstrate adequately that they would be “adversely affected or
aggrieved” if the court were to decide in favor of plaintiff in the instant case. 28 U.S.C. §
2631(j). In particular, DIPs show affirmatively in their pleadings that: (1) their interests
may not be adequately represented by the Commission; and (2) DIPs’ reliance on the
AD Order would be jeopardized, which would then require that DIPs participate in a
reconsideration proceeding to defend the correctness of the Commission’s 2016 injury
determination. DIPs Reply to Pl. Opp’n at 6.
DIPs state expressly in their pleadings that they have substantive legal positions
that — based on all parties’ pleadings that have been filed to date — will not be
defended adequately by the Commission. Id. at 5 (citing Denial of CCR and
Reconsideration, 87 Fed. Reg. at 73,332). In particular, DIPs state that they intend to
argue that the Commission “does not have the authority to reconsider its final material
injury determination,” DIPs Reply at 9, whereas the Commission previously stated that it
“determined not to exercise its authority to undertake a reconsideration of its negligibility
analysis in its original material injury determination,” Denial of CCR and
Reconsideration, 87 Fed. Reg. at 73,332 (emphasis supplied). Notably, the present
circumstance is distinct from that considered by the court in GreenFirst, in which the
court noted that “[proposed defendant-intervenor] has not shown that it will add anything
or that Defendant will not adequately defend its position.” 46 CIT at __, 577 F. Supp. 3d

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at 1353-54. As such, DIPs show adequately that they would be “adversely affected or
aggrieved” by this court’s decision and should be afforded the opportunity to present a
distinct legal perspective. DIPs Reply to Pl. Opp’n at 6 (citations omitted).
In addition, the instant matter involves an unusually far-reaching issue of
potential consequence for all private parties — i.e., the revocation of an AD order if the
court remands to the Commission to reconsider the 2016 injury determination that
underlies the AD order in this case. Id. at 6. For the reasons stated above, DIPs show
that they would be adversely affected or aggrieved by a decision of this court in this
matter.
3. “Unduly delay or prejudice the adjudication of the original
parties’ rights”
In determining whether a grant of intervention would “unduly delay or prejudice
the adjudication of the original parties’ rights” under USCIT Rule 24(b),10 the court will
consider the original parties’ rights along with the interests and rights of the parties
seeking intervention. Further, in assessing plaintiff’s interest, the court must consider
the USCIT Rules, which shall “be construed to secure the just, speedy, and inexpensive
determination of every action.” USCIT R. 1(a). “The negative effect of certain classes
of intervenors on the orderly progress of certain proceedings has been noted in some of
the cases.” Manuli Autoadesivi, 9 CIT at 26, 602 F. Supp. at 98.

10 Section 2631(j)(2) provides for a similar analysis as USCIT Rule 24(b), stating that
“[i]n those civil actions in which intervention is by leave of court, the [Court] shall
consider whether the intervention will unduly delay or prejudice the adjudication of the
rights of the original parties.” 28 U.S.C. § 2631(j)(2).

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The court has clarified that motions for intervention must be weighed against the
principles of USCIT Rule 1:
[S]ix plaintiffs have expressed opposition to the Coalition’s intervention. In
exercising its discretion under § 2631(j)(2) and Rule 24(b), the court
concludes that adding the Coalition as intervenors will burden the plaintiffs
in all twelve actions with the need to respond to additional submissions and,
unavoidably, also cause delays. These burdens and delays are not justified
by broadening this litigation to allow the intervention that is sought here. In
summary, allowing the intervention would not promote the principle
expressed in USCIT Rule 1 that this Court’s rules be “construed,
administered, and employed by the court and the parties to secure the just,
speedy, and inexpensive determination of every action and proceeding.”
Primesource, 494 F. Supp. at 1312-13 (quoting USCIT R.1). In contrast with the
circumstances presented in PrimeSource, the instant case does not present twelve
actions for the court’s consideration. Rather, the main issues in the instant case are: (1)
whether the Court has jurisdiction over the action brought by plaintiff; and (2) whether
the Commission’s denial of reconsideration was “arbitrary, capricious, an abuse of
discretion, or otherwise not in accordance with law, and otherwise not lawful . . . .” Am.
Compl. ¶ 38 (citing 5 U.S.C. § 706).
Last, DIPs state that they will argue that “the Commission does not have the
authority to reconsider its final material injury determination under the circumstances
present here” — an argument that the Commission has indicated that it will not present
to the court. DIPs Reply to Pl. Opp’n at 9. Weighing plaintiff’s rights under USCIT Rule
1 with the interests and rights of the DIPs and the court’s motivation to receive a full
understanding of the legal and factual issues presented and the perspectives of
interested parties, the court determines that the intervention of DIPs would not “unduly
delay or prejudice the adjudication of the original parties’ rights.” USCIT R. 24(b).

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In conclusion, plaintiff does not demonstrate that the court must reconsider its
prior order granting permissive intervention for DIPs.
IV. Permissive intervention of USSC
On February 6, 2023, the court denied USSC’s motion to intervene pursuant to
USCIT Rule 24(a) but indicated that the court would consider without prejudice a motion
by USSC, should it elect to file one, for permissive intervention. See Order (Feb. 6,
2023), ECF No. 29. See supra Section II (analyzing the standard for intervention as of
right under USCIT Rule 24(a)).
On February 21, 2023, USSC filed a motion for permissive intervention. See
USSC Mot. to Intervene. Considering the legal framework delineated above, supra
Section III, addressing USCIT Rule 24(b) and 28 U.S.C. § 2631(j)(1) and (2), the court
denies USSC’s motion for permissive intervention. See id. In contrast with DIPs, USSC
asserts but does not explain how it would be “adversely affected or aggrieved” by the
court’s decision on the merits in this action. 28 U.S.C. § 2631(j)(1). USSC states only
that it “has a strong interest . . . in this litigation as it could jeopardize the [AD] order that
[USSC] . . . benefits from as a domestic producer of hot-rolled steel.” USSC Mot. to
Intervene at 2. USSC explains in conclusory fashion that “it makes logical sense to
allow U.S. Steel to intervene in this action because issues related to jurisdiction impact
the companion cases where U.S. Steel has a statutory right to intervene and any
disposition of substantive issues in this appeal may impact those appeals.” USSC Mot.
to Intervene at 3 (citing Ereğli Demir ve Çelik Fabrikaları T.A.Ş. v. United States, CIT
No. 22-00350; Ereğli Demir ve Çelik Fabrikaları T.A.Ş. v. United States, CIT No. 22-

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00351). These reasons do not provide a basis to conclude that USSC would be
“adversely affected or aggrieved” if it were not granted permissive intervention and the
court examines USSC’s position as presented in the action before it. Id.Further, the Court has stated previously that a proposed intervenor must
establish the reasons that the defendant will not adequately defend the position of the
proposed intervenor. See Neo Solar Power, 2016 WL 3390237, at *2 (“[The proposed
intervenor] has not indicated that it will make any arguments distinct from those of the
government, accordingly, its participation in the case will be duplicative and
unnecessary.”); GreenFirst, 46 CIT at __, 577 F. Supp. 3d at 1353-54 (noting that the
“[proposed defendant-intervenor] has not shown that it will add anything or that [the
defendant] will not adequately defend its position”). USSC fails to do so and does not
convince the court that its intervention would contribute to the “just, speedy and
inexpensive determination” of the instant action.” USCIT R. 1(a). Issues raised by
USSC were not presented with the care, clarity, precision and persuasiveness such that
the court could conclude that the party’s participation would contribute to the court’s
fullest understanding of the issues presented.
CONCLUSION AND ORDER
For the foregoing reasons, plaintiff does not demonstrate that the court should
reconsider its prior order granting intervention for DIPs. In addition, proposed
defendant-intervenor USSC fails to show that the Commission and DIPs will not
adequately defend its position. Accordingly, the court denies plaintiff’s motion for
reconsideration and denies USSC’s motion for permissive intervention.

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SO ORDERED.
/s/ Timothy M. Reif
Timothy M. Reif, Judge
Dated: May 15, 2023
New York, New York