Smith v. Krieger

643 F.Supp.2d 1274 (2009)

Kenneth L. SMITH, Plaintiff,
v.
Hon. Marcia S. KRIEGER, in her official capacity as Judge of the United States District Court for the District of Colorado; the United States District Court for the District of Colorado; the Tenth Circuit Court of Appeals; the Colorado Court of Appeals; the Supreme Court of Colorado; and John Does 1-99, Defendants.

Civil Action No. 08-cv-00251-CMA-KMT.

United States District Court, D. Colorado.

August 3, 2009.

Kenneth L. Smith, Golden, CO, pro se.

Terry Fox, U.S. Attorney's Office, Dianne E. Eret, Colorado Attorney General's Office-Department of Law, Denver, CO, Maggie H. Abuhaidar, U.S. Attorney's Office, Salt Lake City, UT, for Defendants.

ORDER

CHRISTINE M. ARGUELLO, District Judge.

This matter is before the Court on the April 30, 2009 recommendation by Magistrate Judge Kathleen M. Tafoya (Doc. # 83) that the defendants' motions to dismiss (Docs. # 30, 40, 75) be granted, that Plaintiff's Emergency Motion for Preliminary Injunction and Other Injunctive and/or Declaratory Relief (Doc. # 9) be denied, and that Plaintiff's case be dismissed. Both Plaintiff and Defendants Colorado Supreme Court and Colorado Court of Appeals filed objections to this recommendation (Docs. # 84, 86). Various responses and replies to those objections have been submitted (Docs. # 87, 91, 92, 93, 95, 96, 101).

Plaintiff also filed a Motion for Taking of Judicial Notice (Doc. # 85) that relates to the Magistrate Judge's recommendation. That motion was denied by the Magistrate Judge on May 21, 2009 (Doc. # 89). Plaintiff objected to that denial in the form of an "Emergency Motion for Reassignment of Magistrate and Plaintiff's Objection to Magistrate's Order" (Doc. # 90). Both Defendant Hon. Marcia S. Krieger and Defendants Colorado Supreme Court and Colorado Court of Appeals have filed responses to Plaintiff's objection (Docs. # 97, 98).

These objections and motions are ripe for decision.

I. BACKGROUND

A detailed recitation of the factual and procedural background is set out in the Magistrate Judge's recommendation. Briefly, Plaintiff, who is proceeding pro se, filed a complaint alleging numerous violations of his federal constitutional rights. (See Doc. # 22). The complaint is the latest in a series of lawsuits against various state and federal courts and judges, all of which stem from the denial of Plaintiff's application for admission to the Colorado Bar.^[1] In the present case, Plaintiff challenges his treatment by the state and federal courts in his earlier lawsuits, and brings claims for violation of his Fifth and Fourteenth Amendment rights to due process, his Fifth and Fourteenth Amendment rights to equal protection, and his First Amendment right of access to the courts. (Id. at 19-20.) He seeks declaratory and injunctive relief aimed at requiring the Defendants to stop issuing unpublished opinions, so-called "designer" opinions (which Plaintiff characterizes as "opinions applicable to one and only one set of litigants"), and opinions that, in Plaintiff's words, "fabricate and/or elide key facts" and fail to address all legal arguments raised. (Id. at 21-22.) Shortly after filing this lawsuit, Plaintiff filed an Emergency Motion for Preliminary Injunction and Other Injunctive and/or Declaratory Relief (Doc. # 9).

Three separate motions to dismiss were filed: by Defendants Colorado Supreme Court and Colorado Court of Appeals ("State Defendants") (Doc. # 30); by Defendants The United States District Court for the District of Colorado and The Tenth Circuit Court of Appeals ("Federal Defendants") (Doc. # 40); and by Defendant Hon. Marcia S. Krieger ("Krieger") (Doc. # 75). These motions rested primarily on alleged procedural deficiencies with Plaintiff's complaint and his theory of the case. The motions were referred to the Magistrate Judge for recommendation (Doc. # 81).

The Magistrate Judge recommended that the motions be granted on a variety of grounds: the Federal Defendants and Defendant Krieger are shielded from suit by the doctrine of sovereign immunity (Recommendation at 9-14); Defendant Krieger is similarly shielded by the doctrine of judicial immunity from Plaintiff's claims for money damages, injunctive relief, and attorney's fees (id. at 14-16, 17-18); Plaintiff lacks standing to pursue his claims for declaratory relief against Defendant Krieger (id. at 18-19); 42 U.S.C. § 1983 and Bivens^[2] claims cannot be brought against the Federal Defendants as entities (id. at 16-17); constitutional tort claims are not proper under the Federal Tort Claims Act and thus any such claims against the Federal Defendants should be dismissed (id. at 17); and Plaintiff's claims against the State Defendants are barred by the Eleventh Amendment and the Rooker-Feldman doctrine (id. at 19-21). Given these conclusions, the Magistrate Judge further recommended that Plaintiff's Emergency Motion for Preliminary Injunction and Other Injunctive and/or Declaratory Relief be denied on the ground that Plaintiff could not show the requisite substantial likelihood that he would prevail on the merits. (Id. at 21-22.)

II. STANDARD OF REVIEW

The primary matter before the Court is the Magistrate Judge's recommendation that Plaintiff's case be dismissed. Pursuant to Fed.R.Civ.P. 72(b)(3), the district court must "determine de novo any part of the magistrate judge's [recommendation] that has been properly objected to." A proper objection is both timely—filed by a party "[w]ithin 10 days after being served with a copy of the recommended disposition," Fed.R.Civ.P. 72(b)(2)—and specific. See United States v. One Parcel of Real Property Known As 2121 East 30th Street, 73 F.3d 1057, 1060 (10th Cir.1996) ("[A] party's objections to the magistrate judge's report and recommendation must be both timely and specific to preserve an issue for de novo review by the district court...."). For an objection to be sufficiently specific, it must "``enable[ ] the district judge to focus attention on those issues—factual and legal—that are at the heart of the parties' dispute.'" One Parcel of Real Property, 73 F.3d at 1059 (quoting Thomas v. Arn, 474 U.S. 140, 147, 106 S.Ct. 466, 88 L.Ed.2d 435 (1985)). Where an objection is not made or is made improperly, the Court has discretion to review the recommendation under whatever standard it deems appropriate. Summers v. Utah, 927 F.2d 1165, 1167 (10th Cir.1991). In conducting its review, "[t]he district judge may accept, reject, or modify the [recommendation]; receive further evidence; or return the matter to the magistrate judge with instructions." Fed.R.Civ.P. 72(b)(3).

The Court is mindful of Plaintiff's pro se status and, accordingly, reads his pleadings and filings liberally. See, e.g., Haines v. Kerner, 404 U.S. 519, 520-21, 92 S.Ct. 594, 30 L.Ed.2d 652 (1972). However, such liberal construction is intended merely to overlook technical formatting errors and other defects in Plaintiff's use of legal terminology and proper English. Hall v. Bellmon, 935 F.2d 1106, 1110 (10th Cir.1991). "[T]he court cannot take on the responsibility of serving as the litigant's attorney in constructing arguments and searching the record." Garrett v. Selby Connor Maddux & Janer, 425 F.3d 836, 840 (10th Cir.2005). Further, pro se status does not relieve Plaintiff of the duty to comply with various rules and procedures governing litigants and counsel or the requirements of the substantive law and, in these regards, the Court will treat Plaintiff according to the same standard as counsel licensed to practice law before the bar of this Court. See McNeil v. United States, 508 U.S. 106, 113, 113 S.Ct. 1980, 124 L.Ed.2d 21 (1993); Ogden v. San Juan County, 32 F.3d 452, 455 (10th Cir.1994).

III. ANALYSIS

A. Plaintiff's Objections

1. Timeliness & Specificity

As a threshold matter, the Federal Defendants argue that Plaintiff's objections, which were filed on May 18, 2009, were not timely. (See Doc. # 91 at 2.) The Magistrate Judge's recommendation is dated April 30, 2009. Objections are due "[w]ithin 10 days after being served with a copy of the" recommendation. Fed.R.Civ.P. 72(b)(2). Where, as here, the time period at issue is less than 11 days, intermediate weekend days are to be excluded from the calculation. Fed.R.Civ.P. 6(a)(2). Moreover, because Plaintiff was served by mail, an additional three days are added to the end of the period. Fed.R.Civ.P. 6(d); see also Fed.R.Civ.P. 72 advisory committee's notes, 1983 addition (noting that the 10-day period for filing objections is subject to the additional three-day period under Rule 6). In calculating the three-day addition, "[i]ntermediate Saturdays, Sundays, and legal holidays are included." Fed. R.Civ.P. 6 advisory committee's notes, 2005 Amendments. However, "[i]f the third day is a Saturday, Sunday, or legal holiday, the last day to act is the next day that is not a Saturday, Sunday, or legal holiday." Id. Under these rules, Plaintiff's ten-day period (exclusive of weekends) expired on Thursday, May 14. Adding three days (and counting the weekend days), the objections came due on Sunday, May 17. But because the last day to act cannot fall on a Sunday, that due date rolled over to Monday, May 18. As such, the objections were timely.

However, Plaintiff's objections present another problem—lack of specificity. Much of Plaintiff's brief is devoted either to rearguing his substantive claims of improper conduct by the courts in his earlier cases or to broad attacks on the character and integrity of courts and judges. The Magistrate Judge's recommendation rests on procedural and jurisdictional grounds; whatever the merits of Plaintiff's substantive arguments and criticisms, the Court's role at this stage is to review de novo the specific objections to that recommendation. See Fed.R.Civ.P. 72(b).

Having carefully reviewed Plaintiff's filings, the Court discerns the following objections made with the requisite specificity: (1) sovereign immunity was improperly applied in this case because it "has no colorable foundation in the Constitution" (Doc. # 86 at 29), presents "insuperable separation-of-powers problem[s]" (id. at 5), and is no defense "to an action in mandamus at common law" (id. at 5); (2) judicial immunity was improperly applied in this case because it is "lethal to the rule of law" (id. at 39), is inappropriate "as a defense to mandamus" (id. at 4), and, if anything, applies only to claims for money damages (id. at 4-5); (3) the Magistrate Judge erred in finding that there could be no future conduct by Defendant Krieger with respect to Plaintiff sufficient to support a declaratory judgment (id. at 5-6); and (4) the Rooker-Feldman doctrine is inapplicable to an action for mandamus (id. at 6) and, in any event, was improperly applied in this case (id. at 39). The Court considers these objections de novo. The remainder of Plaintiff's objections fail to focus the Court's attention on any discreet problem with the Magistrate Judge's recommendation. Thus, in the interests of judicial economy, the Court has not conducted a de novo analysis of those portions of the recommendation not specifically objected to.

2. Specific Objections

a. Sovereign Immunity

The Magistrate Judge recommended that the claims against the Federal Defendants and Defendant Krieger be dismissed under the doctrine of sovereign immunity. As the Tenth Circuit has explained,

[s]overeign immunity generally shields the United States, its agencies, and its officers acting in their official capacity from suit. The defense of sovereign immunity is jurisdictional in nature, depriving courts of subject-matter jurisdiction where applicable. Because general jurisdictional statutes ... do not waive the Government's sovereign immunity, a party seeking to assert a claim against the government under such a statute must also point to a specific waiver of immunity in order to establish jurisdiction.

Normandy Apartments, Ltd. v. U.S. Dept. of Hous. & Urban Dev., 554 F.3d 1290, 1295 (10th Cir.2009) (internal citations omitted).

Two of Plaintiff's objections to the Magistrate Judge's application of this doctrine—that it finds no basis in the constitution and presents separation of powers concerns—essentially challenge the basic propriety of the doctrine itself. But the concept of sovereign immunity has long been firmly established by the Supreme Court, see, e.g., Cohens v. Virginia, 19 U.S. (6 Wheat.) 264, 411-12, 5 L.Ed.2d 257 (1821) ("The universally received opinion is, that no suit can be commenced or prosecuted against the United States."), and this Court is bound to follow that precedent. See, e.g., United States v. Holyfield, 481 F.3d 1260, 1262 (10th Cir.2007) ("Unless and until the Supreme Court determines otherwise, we will continue to follow applicable precedent.") (internal quotations omitted). For these reasons, those objections are overruled.

Plaintiff's other objection is that sovereign immunity does not bar an action in mandamus. "Mandamus is the traditional writ designed to compel government officers to perform non-discretionary duties." Simmat v. U.S. Bureau of Prisons, 413 F.3d 1225, 1234 (10th Cir.2005). The Court notes that neither Plaintiff's complaint, nor his response to Defendant Krieger's motion to dismiss, which raised the sovereign immunity defense, expressly characterized this action as one for mandamus. However, liberally reading Plaintiff's pro se pleadings, as the Court is required to do, it does appear that Plaintiff intended mandamus-type relief. The complaint itself essentially asks this Court to order the Federal Defendants and Defendant Krieger to issue opinions in certain ways—a request that resembles mandamus relief. (Doc. # 22 at 21-22.) Further, in response to Defendant Krieger's motion to dismiss, Plaintiff characterizes his case as a "petition of right," which he argues empowers citizens "to invoke the power of the courts to compel agents of the [government] to perform duties owed to them." (Doc. # 77 at 2-4.) This adequately describes a mandamus claim. Therefore, the Court will consider whether sovereign immunity is waived by, and thus the Court has jurisdiction over, a mandamus-type action directed toward the Federal Defendants and Defendant Krieger. Cf. Olson v. Hart, 965 F.2d 940, 943 (10th Cir.1992) (construing pro se petition for mandamus as an action for injunctive or declaratory relief).

Plaintiff, as the party invoking federal court jurisdiction, bears the burden of showing that such jurisdiction exists. See, e.g., Basso v. Utah Power & Light Co., 495 F.2d 906, 909 (10th Cir.1974). More specifically, in the context of sovereign immunity, Plaintiff must "point to a specific waiver of immunity in order to establish jurisdiction." Normandy Apartments, 554 F.3d at 1295. As noted in the Magistrate Judge's recommendation, neither the jurisdictional statutes cited by Plaintiff—28 U.S.C. §§ 1331 and 1343—nor the other statutes and constitutional amendments referred to in Plaintiff's complaint—42 U.S.C. § 1983, 28 U.S.C. §§ 2201-02 and 1651, and the First, Fifth, and Fourteenth Amendments to the Constitution—waive sovereign immunity. (Recommendation at 9-11.) Plaintiff's reliance on mandamus relief may be an attempt to invoke the federal Mandamus Act, 28 U.S.C. § 1361, as a basis for jurisdiction. Id. (giving federal district courts "original jurisdiction of any action in the nature of mandamus to compel an officer or employee of the United States or any agency thereof to perform a duty owed to the plaintiff"). Generally, "[s]overeign immunity . . . does not bar a district court from exercising subject-matter jurisdiction granted under § 1361." Trackwell v. U.S. Gov't, 472 F.3d 1242, 1245 (10th Cir.2007). However, in Trackwell, the Tenth Circuit held that § 1361 does not confer jurisdiction in the district court over a mandamus action directed toward the United States Supreme Court. Id. at 1243. Although the Trackwell Court only specifically considered the statute's application to the Supreme Court, its language and reasoning is equally applicable to all federal courts and judges. See, e.g., id. at 1242 (holding that § 1361 "does not apply to courts"); 1245 (quoting Hubbard v. United States, 514 U.S. 695, 699, 115 S.Ct. 1754, 131 L.Ed.2d 779 (1995) for the proposition that "[i]n ordinary parlance, federal courts are not described as ``departments' or ``agencies' of the Government"); 1246 (ruling that § 1361 "exclu[des]. . . the judiciary from its compass"); 1246-47 (citing cases interpreting 28 U.S.C. § 1391(e), the venue provision governing § 1361 suits, as inapplicable to suits against judges and court officials). Thus, given Trackwell's reasoning, the Court finds that § 1361 cannot be invoked to confer jurisdiction in the district court over mandamus actions directed at federal courts or judicial officers.^[3]

In sum, Plaintiff has failed to carry his burden to show a waiver of sovereign immunity sufficient to give this Court jurisdiction over his lawsuit. Therefore, Plaintiff's objection must be overruled and his claims against the Federal Defendants and Defendant Krieger must be dismissed for lack of jurisdiction.

b. Judicial Immunity & Declaratory Judgment

As an alternative to the recommendation that the claims against Defendant Krieger be dismissed for lack of jurisdiction based on the doctrine of sovereign immunity, the Magistrate Judge concluded that Defendant Krieger was entitled to judicial immunity and that Plaintiff's claims for declaratory judgment against Defendant Krieger were improper. (Recommendation at 14-19.) Plaintiff objects to both of these recommendations. However, as the Court lacks subject-matter jurisdiction over Defendant Krieger, the Court does not consider the merits of these objections. See, e.g., Basso, 495 F.2d at 909 ("A court lacking jurisdiction cannot render judgment but must dismiss the cause at any stage of the proceedings in which it becomes apparent that jurisdiction is lacking."). For this reason, the Court does not adopt the portion of the recommendation regarding Defendant Krieger's judicial immunity or Plaintiff's ability to seek a declaratory judgment against her, and Plaintiff's objections thereto are overruled as moot.^[4]

c. Rooker-Feldman

The Magistrate Judge recommended that Plaintiff's claims against the State Defendants should be dismissed, because, among other reasons, Plaintiff's lawsuit is essentially a challenge to the earlier state court orders relating to his bar admission and therefore is barred by the Rooker-Feldman doctrine.^[5]See Erlandson v. Northglenn Mun. Court, 528 F.3d 785, 788 (10th Cir.2008) ("The Rooker-Feldman doctrine prevents the lower federal courts from exercising jurisdiction over cases brought by state-court losers challenging state-court judgments rendered before the district court proceedings commenced.") (internal quotations omitted). Plaintiff objects to this recommendation on the ground that "[t]he Rooker-Feldman doctrine is inapplicable by definition to the matter before this Court, as this is an action for mandamus." (Doc. # 86 at 6.) Plaintiff cites no law in support of this contention. However, lower federal courts "have no authority to issue such a writ [of mandamus] to ``direct state courts or their judicial officers in the performance of their duties.'" Van Sickle v. Holloway, 791 F.2d 1431, 1436 (10th Cir.1986) (quoting Haggard v. Tennessee, 421 F.2d 1384, 1386 (6th Cir.1970)). If Plaintiff is asserting a mandamus claim against the State Defendants, it is not Rooker-Feldman that bars his claim, but rather this Court's lack of power to grant the relief sought. As Plaintiff cannot seek mandamus relief, Plaintiff's objection is groundless and therefore overruled.

Plaintiff also objects to the application of Rooker-Feldman in this case because, he argues, the original state court judgment was "rendered in violation of due process" and therefore void, meaning that there never was a "state-court loser[ ]" sufficient to trigger the doctrine. (Doc. # 86 at 39.) But "there is no procedural due process exception to the Rooker-Feldman rule." Snider v. City of Excelsior Springs, Mo., 154 F.3d 809, 812 (8th Cir. 1998). See also Van Sickle, 791 F.2d at 1436 ("Federal district courts do not have jurisdiction ``over challenges to state-court decisions in particular cases arising out of judicial proceedings even if those challenges allege that the state court's action was unconstitutional.'" (quoting District of Columbia Court of Appeals v. Feldman, 460 U.S. 462, 486, 103 S.Ct. 1303, 75 L.Ed.2d 206 (1983))). Thus, Plaintiff's objection on this count is overruled as well.

B. State Defendants' Objections

The State Defendants also filed objections to the Magistrate Judge's recommendation. (Doc. # 84.) The State Defendants do not disagree with any specific portion of the recommendation; rather, as the Magistrate Judge did not address all of the bases for dismissal urged in their motion to dismiss, they submitted objections "[i]n order to ensure that all the state courts' interests are fully preserved." (Id. at 2.) They urge that each ground for dismissal should have been included in the recommendation. (Id. at 3.) However, the Magistrate's recommendation that the State Defendants be dismissed for lack of jurisdiction on the grounds of Eleventh Amendment immunity and the Rooker-Feldman doctrine are sufficient to dispose of the matter. In the interest of judicial economy, the Court need not and does not reach the other grounds. The State Defendants' objections are overruled.

C. Plaintiff's Motion for Taking of Judicial Notice & Motion for Reassignment of Magistrate

On the same day that Plaintiff filed his objections to the Magistrate Judge's recommendation, he filed a "Motion for Taking of Judicial Notice" (Doc. # 85). The Magistrate Judge denied the motion without comment. Plaintiff then filed an Emergency Motion for Reassignment of Magistrate and Plaintiff's Objection to Magistrate's Order (Doc. # 90), in which he (1) objects to the Magistrate Judge's denial of the Motion for Taking of Judicial Notice and (2) argues that the Magistrate Judge who issued the recommendation should be removed from the case. The Court considers these arguments in turn.

1. Plaintiff's Objection

As a threshold matter, it is not obvious what standard of review applies to Plaintiff's objection. As noted above, a district court reviews de novo any properly-objected to portion of a magistrate judge's recommendation as to a dispositive matter. See Fed.R.Civ.P. 72(b). However, where a magistrate judge rules on a nondispositive issue, the district court's review is limited to considering whether the order is "clearly erroneous or . . . contrary to law." See id. 72(a). The Motion for Taking of Judicial Notice was not itself dispositive. However, it appears that the motion is, substantively, a challenge to the Magistrate Judge's recommendations on the dispositive motions to dismiss. (Doc. # 85 at 2 (arguing that judicial notice was "essential to the debunking of Magistrate Tafoya's misrepresentations of fact recited in her Recommendation.").) The Court need not decide which standard governs, as even assuming the stricter de novo standard applies, Plaintiff's objection must still be overruled.

Plaintiff argues that the Magistrate Judge's factual narrative in the recommendation ignored pertinent facts relating to Plaintiff's earlier Bar admission proceedings. (Doc. # 85.) The motion attaches numerous court documents—motions, responses, orders, etc.—from the underlying Bar admission dispute. (See id., Ex. A-M.) Plaintiff contends that the facts contained in these documents are "judicially noticeable" under Fed.R.Evid. 201(b) and that they "establish beyond cavil that the underlying tort claims brought against the justices of the Colorado Supreme Court were meritorious." However, Fed.R.Evid. 201 applies, by its terms, only to "adjudicative facts"—the "facts of the particular case"—that are "not subject to reasonable dispute." Fed.R.Evid. 201(a), (b), & advisory committee's note, 1972 Proposed Rules. While the documents attached to the motion may establish the procedural facts of the earlier proceedings, i.e., that certain pleadings were filed and orders were issued, none of the documents establish beyond "reasonable dispute" the legal conclusion that Plaintiff's earlier claims were meritorious. Moreover, having reviewed the attachments to the motion and compared them with the Magistrate Judge's narrative, the Court does not find that narrative to be "distort[ed]." (See Doc. # 85 at 2.) While the Magistrate Judge's statement of the case may not have gone into as much detail as Plaintiff would have liked concerning the substance of the earlier proceedings, the narrative sufficiently described the procedural history necessary for an accurate assessment of the present case. For these reasons, Plaintiff's objection to the denial of the motion is overruled.

2. Plaintiff's Motion for Removal

Plaintiff also moves to have the Magistrate Judge removed from the case. Though much of Plaintiff's argument consists of broad accusations of corruption and incompetence within the judiciary, the Court discerns four specific challenges: (1) the Magistrate Judge failed to take notice of the facts submitted by Plaintiff and instead "wrote a profoundly slanted narrative of this case" (Doc. # 90 at 2); (2) she erroneously found that Plaintiff lacked standing to pursue declaratory relief against Defendant Krieger (id. at 3); (3) she is biased in favor of the defendants— other judges—and against Plaintiff (id. at 5); and (4) she denied Plaintiff's Motion for Taking Judicial Notice in a minute order without explanation (id. at 8).

As for Plaintiff's first argument, the Court has already found that the documents submitted were not judicially noticeable for the purpose for which they were submitted, i.e., to establish that the earlier suits were meritorious. Thus, the Magistrate Judge did not err in failing to take judicial notice. Further, as noted above, the Court does not find the Magistrate Judge's recitation of the earlier procedural history to be slanted or distorted.

Plaintiff's second argument, that the Magistrate Judge erred in her ruling concerning declaratory relief as against Defendant Krieger, focuses on the following portion of the Magistrate Judge's recommendation:

As of the time the amended complaint in this case was filed, Defendant Krieger had not issued any opinions against Plaintiff. Therefore, a declaration of any past liability by Defendant Krieger would be inappropriate. Moreover, Defendant Krieger is no longer assigned to this case, and Smith V [Plaintiff's case over which Defendant Krieger was presiding] was dismissed and closed after the plaintiff filed his complaint in this case. Since there is no basis for any declaration in anticipation of future conduct by Defendant Krieger regarding issues germane to the plaintiff, the plaintiff lacks standing to pursue declaratory judgment against Defendant Krieger.

(Doc. # 83 at 18-19; see also Doc. # 90 at 3.) Plaintiff contends that this statement is incorrect; Smith V has been appealed to the Tenth Circuit and, Plaintiff argues, if the Tenth Circuit remands the matter it would be returned to Defendant Krieger. On this theory, there could be some "future conduct by Defendant Krieger regarding issues germane to the plaintiff." Plaintiff claims that this error shows that the Magistrate Judge "placed her fingers on the scales of justice—ostensibly, to benefit her friends and colleagues." (Doc. # 90 at 3.) The Court disagrees. First, while there is some conceivable possibility that the Tenth Circuit could reverse and remand, standing requires injury that is "actual or imminent, not conjectural or hypothetical." Lujan v. Defenders of Wildlife, 504 U.S. 555, 560, 112 S.Ct. 2130, 119 L.Ed.2d 351 (1992). Thus, it appears that the Magistrate Judge's standing ruling was correct. Second, even assuming the Magistrate should have recognized the possibility for remand, such an omission comes nowhere close to "blinding incompetence or outright corruption" alleged by Plaintiff. (Doc. # 90 at 12.)

Plaintiff's third argument—that the Magistrate Judge was unfairly biased in favor of the defendants because they are other judges—relies on general contentions of "guild favoritism" and the claim that "bureaucracies act reflexively to protect themselves." (Id. at 5.) These broad and conclusory allegations are insufficient to demonstrate the sort of personal bias necessary to disqualify a judge. See, e.g., United States v. Bray, 546 F.2d 851, 857 (10th Cir.1976).

Plaintiff's final argument is that the Magistrate Judge's summary denial of the Motion for Taking of Judicial Notice— without a written explanation—violated his right to due process. (Id. at 7-8.) He does not explain why this denial is particularly constitutionally offensive, and thus his argument must be that any denial of any motion without a written or oral explanation requires that the judge be removed from the case. While it may be better practice for a magistrate judge to issue an explanation for every order, the rules do not require it. See Fed.R.Civ.P. 72(a) (noting that, in deciding nondispositive matters, the magistrate judge should "where appropriate, issue a written order stating the decision") (emphasis added). Regardless, the simple fact that the Magistrate Judge denied a motion without explanation does not compel the Magistrate's removal from the case.

IV. CONCLUSION

For the foregoing reasons, IT IS ORDERED as follows:

1. That Plaintiff's Objections to Proposed Findings and Recommendations of Magistrate (Doc. # 86) are OVERRULED;

2. That Defendants Colorado Supreme Court and Colorado Court of Appeals' Objection to Recommendation of United States Magistrate Judge (Doc. # 84) is OVERRULED;

3. That Plaintiff's Emergency Motion for Reassignment of Magistrate and Plaintiff's Objection to Magistrate's Order (Doc. # 90) is OVERRULED to the extent it objects to the Magistrate Judge's denial of Plaintiff's Motion for Taking of Judicial Notice (Doc. # 85) and is DENIED to the extent it seeks the removal of the Magistrate Judge from this case;

4. That the Recommendation of United States Magistrate Judge (Doc. # 83) is MODIFIED and ADOPTED as stated herein;

5. That Defendants Colorado Supreme Court and Colorado Court of Appeals' Motion to Dismiss First Amended Complaint (Doc. # 30) is GRANTED;

6. That Defendants the United States District Court for the District of Colorado, and the Tenth Circuit Court of Appeals' Motion to Dismiss (Doc. # 40) is GRANTED;

7. That Federal Defendant Hon. Marcia S. Krieger's Motion to Dismiss (Doc. # 75) is GRANTED;

8. That Plaintiff's Emergency Motion for Preliminary Injunction and Other Injunctive and/or Declaratory Relief (Doc. # 9) is DENIED;

9. That Plaintiff's Motion for Oral Argument Concerning Recommendation of Magistrate (Doc. # 99) is DENIED as MOOT; and

10. That this case is hereby DISMISSED in its entirety.

RECOMMENDATION OF UNITED STATES MAGISTRATE JUDGE

KATHLEEN M. TAFOYA, United States Magistrate Judge.

This case involves claims that Defendants violated Plaintiff's First, Fifth, and Fourteenth Amendment rights. This matter is before the court on (1) Plaintiff's "Emergency Motion for Preliminary Inunction and Other Injunctive and/or Declaratory Relief" (Doc. No. 9, filed March 24, 2008); (2) "Colorado Supreme Court and Colorado Court of Appeals' Motion to Dismiss First Amended Complaint" (Doc. No. 30, filed June 10, 2008); (3) "Defendants the United States District Court for the District of Colorado, and the Tenth Circuit Court of Appeals' Motion to Dismiss" (Doc. No. 40, filed June 24, 2008); and (4) "Federal Defendant Hon. Marcia S. Krieger's Motion to Dismiss" (Doc. No. 75, filed September 24, 2008).

STATEMENT OF THE CASE

Plaintiff originally filed a case in state court challenging the denial of his admission to the Colorado Bar. In Smith v. Mullarkey, et al., 121 P.3d 890 (Colo.2005), the Colorado Supreme Court upheld the lower state court's dismissal of Plaintiff's case. Mullarkey, 121 P.3d at 891, 892 (finding that the Colorado Supreme Court has "exclusive and inherent power to admit applicants to the Bar of this state")^[1]. Plaintiff did not seek certiorari in the United States Supreme Court, and the Colorado Supreme Court's denial of Plaintiff's admission to the bar became final when Plaintiff's time for filing for certiorari expired. Id. at 893. Plaintiff has since filed a series of lawsuits related to his denial of admission to the bar, summarized as follows in the motion to dismiss filed by the United States District Court for the District of Colorado and the Tenth Circuit Court of Appeals:

Plaintiff has filed numerous lawsuits in this Court and in the state courts. It appears that his first federal lawsuit was Smith v. Mullarkey, et al., 00-cv-02225-EWN-OES in which he sued the Justices of the Colorado Supreme Court as well as members of the Colorado Board of Law Examiners (Smith I). The district court dismissed the complaint, the Tenth Circuit affirmed the dismissal, and the United States Supreme Court denied Plaintiff's "Petition for Writ of Mandamus." Plaintiff's second lawsuit was the identical case but filed in Denver District Court, Smith v. Mullarkey et al[.], 02-cv-127, and resulted in the Colorado Supreme Court's published decision in Smith v. Mullarkey, et al., 121 P.3d 890 (Colo.2005) (Smith II). The United States Supreme Court denied certiorari. The opinion issued by the Colorado Supreme Court in Smith II forms the basis for Plaintiff's claims in the present case against the state courts.

Plaintiff's third lawsuit was Smith v. United States Court of Appeals for the Tenth Circuit, 04-cv-01222-REB-OES (Smith III) and involved claims against judges of the Tenth Circuit, the United States District Court, and the Denver District Court, as well as then-Attorney General, Ken Salazar. The District Court dismissed the lawsuit. Plaintiff's fourth lawsuit was Smith v. Mullarkey et al., 04-cv-01223-REB-OES, in which Plaintiff again sued the members of the Colorado Supreme Court (Smith IV). The United States District Court dismissed that case. Smith III and Smith IV were consolidated on appeal, and the Tenth Circuit affirmed the dismissals. In February 2008, the United States Supreme Court denied Plaintiff's petition for certiorari. It appears that the Fifth lawsuit was Smith v. Bender et al., 07-cv-01924-MSK-KMT.

(Defs. the U.S. Dist. Ct. for the Dist. of Colo., and the Tenth Cir. Ct. of App.' Mot. to Dismiss at 3, n. 2 [hereinafter "Fed. Defs.' Mot. to Dismiss"].)

In Smith v. Bender, et al. (hereinafter "Smith V")^[2], Plaintiff sought injunctive and/or declaratory relief "to declare the Colorado Supreme Court decision in Smith v. Mullarkey . . . void, on the ground that the defendants did not have jurisdiction to decide the matter." (Am. Compl. ¶¶ 51, 54.) Judge Marcia S. Krieger dismissed Smith V based on lack of jurisdiction and qualified immunity.

Prior to the dismissal of Smith V, Plaintiff initiated this lawsuit. In Plaintiff's first claim, he alleges that Defendants have violated his due process rights by issuing unpublished opinions without precedential effect. (Id. ¶¶ 101-104.) In Plaintiff's second claim, he alleges that Defendants have violated his and other citizens' right to equal protection by treating pro se cases "shabbily and superficially." (Id. ¶¶ 105-106.) In his third claim, Plaintiff argues that the issuance of unpublished opinions has resulted in Defendants' denying him access to the courts. (Id. ¶¶ 107-109). Plaintiff seeks declaratory and injunctive relief, as well as unspecified fees, costs, and expenses, including attorneys' fees. (Id. at 21-22.)

All of the defendants have filed motions to dismiss the Amended Complaint. The Colorado Supreme Court and Colorado Court of Appeals (hereinafter "State Defendants") argue that (1) claims against the state courts are barred by the Eleventh Amendment or sovereign immunity; (2) Plaintiff lacks standing to bring this action; (3) the complaint fails to allege a constitutional right has been violated; (4) Plaintiff's requests for relief as they relate to the state courts do not qualify for injunctive relief; (5) issue preclusion bars this lawsuit; (6) the statute of limitations bars this lawsuit; and (7) the Rooker-Feldman doctrine deprives this court of subject matter jurisdiction. (State Defs.' Mot.)

The United States District Court for the District of Colorado and the Tench Circuit Court of Appeals (hereinafter "Federal Defendants") argue that (1) Plaintiff lacks standing to challenge the Tenth Circuit's publication rule; (2) Plaintiff's challenge to the Tenth Circuit's prior rules is moot; (3) this court lacks jurisdiction over Plaintiff's official capacity claims because Defendants have judicial immunity; (4) qualified immunity protects the federal judges; (5) this court lacks authority to compel official action by the Tenth Circuit or any district court judge; and (6) Plaintiff has not properly served all of the federal defendants. (Fed. Defs.' Mot.)

Defendant Krieger argues that (1) she is entitled to sovereign immunity;(2) she is entitled to absolute judicial immunity for Plaintiff's injunctive relief claims; (3) Plaintiff has failed to state a claim against her for declaratory relief; and (4) she was not properly served. (Krieger's Mot.)

PROCEDURAL HISTORY

Plaintiff filed his original complaint on February 6, 2008, alleging claims against Circuit Judge David E. Ebel; the United States District Court for the District of Colorado; the Tenth Circuit Court of Appeals; the Colorado Court of Appeals; and the Supreme Court of Colorado. (Doc. No. 1.) On May 28, 2008, Plaintiff filed his Amended Complaint, naming United States District Judge Marcia S. Krieger as a defendant instead of Judge Ebel, and substituting Judge Krieger's name for Judge's Ebel's name in the body of the complaint. (Doc. No. 22.^[3]) The State Defendants filed their motion to dismiss on June 10, 2008. (State Defs.' Mot.) Plaintiff filed his response on July 3, 2008 (hereinafter "Resp. to State Defs.' Mot."), and the State Defendants filed their reply on July 31, 2008 (hereinafter "Reply to State Defs.' Mot.").

The Federal Defendants filed their motion to dismiss on June 24, 2008. ("Fed. Defs.' Mot.") Plaintiff filed his response on July 15, 2008 (hereinafter "Resp. to Fed. Defs.' Mot."), and the Federal Defendants file their reply on July 23, 2008 (hereinafter "Reply to Fed. Defs.' Mot."). Defendant Krieger filed her motion to dismiss on September 24, 2008. (Krieger's Mot.) Plaintiff filed his response on October 9, 2008 (hereinafter "Resp. to Krieger's Mot."), and Defendant Krieger filed her reply on October 24, 2008 (hereinafter "Reply to Krieger's Mot.").^[4]

Prior to filing his amended complaint, Plaintiff also filed an "Emergency Motion for Preliminary Inunction and Other Injunctive and/or Declaratory Relief" (Doc. No. 9, hereinafter "Mot. for Prelim. Inj.") to which no response was filed. These motions are ripe for review and recommendation.

STANDARD OF REVIEW

1. Pro Se Plaintiff

Plaintiff is proceeding pro se. The court, therefore, "review[s] his pleadings and other papers liberally and hold[s] them to a less stringent standard than those drafted by attorneys." Trackwell v. United States, 472 F.3d 1242, 1243 (10th Cir.2007) (citations omitted). See also Haines v. Kerner, 404 U.S. 519, 520-21, 92 S.Ct. 594, 30 L.Ed.2d 652 (1972) (holding allegations of a pro se complaint "to less stringent standards than formal pleadings drafted by lawyers"). However, a pro se litigant's "conclusory allegations without supporting factual averments are insufficient to state a claim upon which relief can be based." Hall v. Bellmon, 935 F.2d 1106, 1110 (10th Cir.1991). A court may not assume that a plaintiff can prove facts that have not been alleged, or that a defendant has violated laws in ways that a plaintiff has not alleged. Associated Gen. Contractors of Cal., Inc. v. Cal. State Council of Carpenters, 459 U.S. 519, 526, 103 S.Ct. 897, 74 L.Ed.2d 723 (1983). See also Whitney v. New Mexico, 113 F.3d 1170, 1173-74 (10th Cir.1997) (court may not "supply additional factual allegations to round out a plaintiff's complaint"); Drake v. City of Fort Collins, 927 F.2d 1156, 1159 (10th Cir.1991) (the court may not "construct arguments or theories for the plaintiff in the absence of any discussion of those issues"). The plaintiff's pro se status does not entitle him to application of different rules. See Montoya v. Chao, 296 F.3d 952, 957 (10th Cir.2002).

2. Lack of Subject Matter Jurisdiction

Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(1) empowers a court to dismiss a complaint for "lack of jurisdiction over the subject matter." Fed.R.Civ.P. 12(b)(1) (2008). Dismissal under Rule 12(b)(1) is not a judgment on the merits of a plaintiff's case, but only a determination that the court lacks authority to adjudicate the matter. See Castaneda v. INS, 23 F.3d 1576, 1580 (10th Cir. 1994) (recognizing federal courts are courts of limited jurisdiction and may only exercise jurisdiction when specifically authorized to do so). A court lacking jurisdiction "must dismiss the cause at any stage of the proceeding in which it becomes apparent that jurisdiction is lacking." Basso v. Utah Power & Light Co., 495 F.2d 906, 909 (10th Cir.1974). A Rule 12(b)(1) motion to dismiss "must be determined from the allegations of fact in the complaint, without regard to mere conclusory allegations of jurisdiction." Groundhog v. Keeler, 442 F.2d 674, 677 (10th Cir.1971). The burden of establishing subject matter jurisdiction is on the party asserting jurisdiction. See Basso, 495 F.2d at 909. Accordingly, Plaintiff in this case bears the burden of establishing that this court has jurisdiction to hear his claims.

3. Failure to State a Claim Upon Which Relief Can Be Granted

Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6) provides that a defendant may move to dismiss a claim for "failure to state a claim upon which relief can be granted." Fed.R.Civ.P. 12(b)(6) (2007). "The court's function on a Rule 12(b)(6) motion is not to weigh potential evidence that the parties might present at trial, but to assess whether the plaintiff's complaint alone is legally sufficient to state a claim for which relief may be granted." Dubbs v. Head Start, Inc., 336 F.3d 1194, 1201 (10th Cir.2003) (citations and quotation marks omitted).

When ruling on a defendant's motion to dismiss, the court must accept as true all of the factual allegations contained in the complaint. Bell Atlantic Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 555-56, 127 S.Ct. 1955, 1965, 167 L.Ed.2d 929 (2007) (citing Swierkiewicz v. Sorema N. A., 534 U.S. 506, 508, n. 1, 122 S.Ct. 992, 152 L.Ed.2d 1 (2002); Neitzke v. Williams, 490 U.S. 319, 327, 109 S.Ct. 1827, 104 L.Ed.2d 338 (1989); Scheuer v. Rhodes, 416 U.S. 232, 236, 94 S.Ct. 1683, 40 L.Ed.2d 90 (1974)). Further, the court is to make all reasonable inferences in the plaintiff's favor. Timpanogos Tribe v. Conway, 286 F.3d 1195, 1204 (10th Cir.2002). In doing so, the Court distinguishes well-pleaded facts from conclusory allegations. Ruiz v. McDonnell, 299 F.3d 1173, 1181 (10th Cir. 2002) (citations omitted).

To state a claim, a plaintiff's complaint must "show[ ] that the pleader is entitled to relief." Fed.R.Civ.P. (8)(a)(2). Specific facts are not necessary; the statement need only "``give the defendant fair notice of what the . . . claim is and the grounds upon which it rests.'" Bell Atlantic Corp., 550 U.S. 544, 555, 127 S.Ct. at 1964 (quoting Conley v. Gibson, 355 U.S. 41, 47, 78 S.Ct. 99, 2 L.Ed.2d 80 (1957)). The plaintiff must allege enough factual matter, taken as true, to make his "claim to relief . . . plausible on its face." 550 U.S. 544, 570, 127 S.Ct. 1955, 1974 (2007); Van Zanen v. Qwest Wireless, L.L.C., 522 F.3d 1127, 1129-30 (10th Cir.2008). This is not to say that the factual allegations must themselves be plausible; after all, they are assumed to be true. It is just to say that relief must follow from the facts alleged. Robbins v. Oklahoma ex rel. Dep't of Human Servs., 519 F.3d 1242, 1247 (10th Cir.2008). If a complaint explicitly alleges every fact necessary to win at trial, it has necessarily satisfied this requirement. Bryson v. Gonzales, 534 F.3d 1282, 1286 (10th Cir.2008). The issue in reviewing the sufficiency of a plaintiff's complaint is not whether the plaintiff will prevail, but whether the plaintiff is entitled to offer evidence to support his claims. See Scheuer, 416 U.S. at 236, 94 S.Ct. 1683.

ANALYSIS

1. Motions of the Federal Defendants and Defendant Krieger

A. Defendant Krieger's Claim of Sovereign Immunity

Defendant Krieger argues that this court lacks subject matter jurisdiction over Plaintiff's claims because Plaintiff has failed to identify a waiver of sovereign immunity. (Krieger's Mot. at 2-4.) A lawsuit against a federal judicial officer for acts done in her official judicial capacity is a lawsuit against the United States of America itself. Kentucky v. Graham, 473 U.S. 159, 166, 105 S.Ct. 3099, 87 L.Ed.2d 114 (1985). "Absent a waiver, sovereign immunity shields the Federal Government and its agencies from suit." F.D.I.C. v. Meyer, 510 U.S. 471, 474, 114 S.Ct. 996, 127 L.Ed.2d 308 (1994) (citing Loeffler v. Frank, 486 U.S. 549, 554, 108 S.Ct. 1965, 100 L.Ed.2d 549 (1988)); Federal Housing Administration v. Burr, 309 U.S. 242, 244, 60 S.Ct. 488, 84 L.Ed. 724 (1940). Sovereign immunity is jurisdictional in nature. The "terms of [the United States'] consent to be sued in any court define that court's jurisdiction to entertain the suit." United States v. Sherwood, 312 U.S. 584, 586, 61 S.Ct. 767, 85 L.Ed. 1058 (1941). See also United States v. Mitchell, 463 U.S. 206, 212, 103 S.Ct. 2961, 77 L.Ed.2d 580 (1983) ("It is axiomatic that the United States may not be sued without its consent and that the existence of consent is a prerequisite for jurisdiction"). Accordingly, the court must first decide whether sovereign immunity has been waived.

Plaintiff asserts jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. §§ 1331 and 1343. (Am. Compl. ¶ 3.) Section 1331 is a general grant of jurisdiction which provides that the district courts shall have original jurisdiction of all civil actions arising under the Constitution, laws, or treatises of the United States. See 28 U.S.C. § 1331. However, § 1331 confers subject matter jurisdiction on this court only where some other authority explicitly waives the United States' sovereign immunity. High Country Citizens Alliance v. Clarke, 454 F.3d 1177, 1181 (10th Cir.2006); Harrell v. U.S., 443 F.3d 1231, 1234 (10th Cir.2006) ("absent express waiver of sovereign immunity, federal courts lack subject matter jurisdiction over suits against the United States"). Section 1343(a)(4) provides: "[D]istrict courts shall have original jurisdiction of any civil action authorized by law to be commenced by any person . . . [t]o recover damages or to secure equitable or other relief under any Act of Congress providing for the protection of civil rights. . . ." 28 U.S.C. § 1343. The Tenth Circuit has held that "[t]his language does not by itself include any waiver of the sovereign immunity of the United States." Salazar v. Heckler, 787 F.2d 527, 528-529 (10th Cir.1986) (citations omitted).

Although Plaintiff specifically states that jurisdiction is premised upon 28 U.S.C. §§ 1331 and 1343, he also seems rely on 42 U.S.C. § 1983, 28 U.S.C. §§ 2201-02, 28 U.S.C. § 1651, and Article III and the First, Fifth, and Fourteenth Amendments of the Constitution (see Am. Compl. ¶¶ 1-2, 5), none of which waive the United States' sovereign immunity. See Brooks v. Graber, No. 00-2262, 2000 WL 1679420, at *8 (D.Kan.2000) (The United States has not waived sovereign immunity for suits arising under Section 1983), aff'd, 15 Fed. Appx. 764 (10th Cir.2001); Morse v. West, 975 F.Supp. 1379, 1382 (D.Colo.1997), aff'd, 172 F.3d 63 (10th Cir.1999) (same); La Casa de Buena Salud v. United States, No. Civ. 07-238 JB/RHS, 2008 WL 2323495, at *6 (D.N.M. Mar. 21, 2008) (The Declaratory Judgment Act, 28 U.S.C. §§ 2201-02, does not "waive[ ] the sovereign immunity of the United States or confer[ ] jurisdiction on the district courts over the United States."); see also Goodwill Industrial Servs. Corp. v. Committee for Purchase from People who are Blind or Severely Disabled, 378 F.Supp.2d 1290, 1293-94 (D.Colo.2005); B.R. MacKay & Sons, Inc. v. United States, 633 F.Supp. 1290, 1295 (D.Utah 1986) (same); Reading v. United States, 506 F.Supp.2d 13, 20 (D.D.C.2007) (The "All Writs" Act, 28 U.S.C. § 1651, does not waive the United States' sovereign immunity.); see also, Hall v. Richardson, No. 95-1907, 1997 WL 242765, at *3 (D.Ariz. Feb. 21, 1997); Ammel v. Cavuto, No. 95-4147, 1996 WL 50973, at *1 (D.Kan.1996); Lloyd's Syndicate 609 v. United States, 780 F.Supp. 998, 1001 (S.D.N.Y.1991) (same); Fetter v. United States, 972 F.2d 1338, 1992 WL 203890, at *1 (9th Cir.1992) (citing Arnsberg v. United States, 757 F.2d 971, 980 (9th Cir.1985)) ("[t]he Constitution itself does not contain a waiver of sovereign immunity"); see also, Merida Delgado v. Gonzales, 428 F.3d 916, 919 (10th Cir.2005) (same); Commonwealth of Ky. ex rel. v. Ruckelshaus, 362 F.Supp. 360, 368 (W.D.Ky.1973) ("constitutional amendments have no effect upon the [United States'] sovereign immunity from suit"), aff'd, 497 F.2d 1172 (6th Cir.1974), aff'd, 426 U.S. 167, 96 S.Ct. 2006, 48 L.Ed.2d 555 (1976).

Plaintiff contends, citing Larson v. Domestic & Foreign Commerce Corp., 337 U.S. 682, 69 S.Ct. 1457, 93 L.Ed. 1628 (1949), that "where [an] officer's powers are limited by statute, his actions beyond those limitations are considered individual and not sovereign actions," Larson, 337 U.S. 682 at 689-90, 69 S.Ct. 1457, and, as such, sovereign immunity does not apply. (Resp. to Krieger's Mot. at 6.) Plaintiff avers that under Larson, "sovereign immunity is not a valid defense to a suit seeking declaratory relief." (Id. at 7.) In Larson, the Supreme Court found that a federal employee may be sued in his official capacity for specific relief where the officer purports to act as an individual and not as an official, i.e., the officer is not doing the business which the sovereign has empowered him to do or he is doing it in a way which the sovereign has forbidden. 337 U.S. at 689, 69 S.Ct. 1457. Because in such cases relief can be granted only because of the officer's lack of delegated power, a claim of error in the exercise of that power is insufficient. Id. at 690, 69 S.Ct. 1457. The Supreme Court reasoned:

It is argued that an officer given the power to make decisions is only given the power to make correct decisions. If his decisions are not correct, then his action based on those decisions is beyond his authority and not the action of the sovereign. There is no warrant for such a contention in cases in which the decision made by the officer does not relate to the terms of his statutory authority. Certainly the jurisdiction of a court to decide a case does not disappear if its decision on the merits is wrong. And we have heretofore rejected the argument that official action is invalid if based on an incorrect decision as to law or fact, if the officer making the decision was empowered to do so. We therefore reject the contention here.

Id. at 695, 69 S.Ct. 1457 (citation omitted). In this case, Plaintiff's only references to Defendant Krieger are in identifying her as the judge to whom Smith V was assigned (Am. Compl. ¶ 13) and in asking for an injunction prohibiting her and other Colorado District Court judges from dismissing complaints upon the recommendation of a magistrate judge, from ruling on motions for injunctive and/or declaratory relief without issuing specific types of opinions, and from issuing substantive rulings of law in written decisions which are at variance with the published rulings of opinions contrary to precedent absent certain conditions (id. at 22). Plaintiff has failed to allege Defendant Krieger acted in a way in which she was not empowered or in which she was forbidden. Moreover, to the extent Plaintiff now alleges any error Defendant Krieger's exercise of her power because she dismissed Smith V (see Resp. to Krieger's Mot. at 13-14), this argument is insufficient to grant any relief. Larson at 690, 69 S.Ct. 1457.^[5]

Plaintiff also argues in his response that "the line of precedent requiring that he show a specific statutory waiver as a condition precedent to suit are [sic] inapplicable," as he is neither seeking compensatory or punitive damages. (Resp. to Krieger's Mot. at 7.) Plaintiff fails to support his contention with any case or statutory law. Indeed, the United States' sovereign immunity applies with equal force to actions for injunctive or declaratory relief and actions for monetary relief. See United States v. Murdock Mach. and Engineering Co. of Utah, 81 F.3d 922, 929, 931 (10th Cir.1996); Amoco Oil Co. v. U.S. E.P.A., 959 F.Supp. 1318, 1320 (D.Colo.1997). Furthermore, "the existence of consent is a prerequisite for jurisdiction." United States v. Mitchell, 463 U.S. 206, 212, 103 S.Ct. 2961, 77 L.Ed.2d 580 (1983). Thus, if the government has not consented to suit, the courts have no jurisdiction to either "restrain the government from acting, or to compel it to act." Larson, 337 U.S. at 704, 69 S.Ct. 1457

Though the Federal Defendants have not raised sovereign immunity as a defense, the court finds sua sponte that they also are entitled to sovereign immunity, as they are part of the government of the United States of America.^[6]F.D.I.C. v. Meyer, 510 U.S. at 474, 114 S.Ct. 996 (absent a waiver, sovereign immunity shields the federal government and its agencies from suit); United States v. Shaw, 309 U.S. 495, 500-01, 60 S.Ct. 659, 84 L.Ed. 888 (1940) (a suit against the United States or its agencies is barred by the doctrine of sovereign immunity unless the United States gives prior consent to suit).

No waiver of sovereign immunity applies in this case. Therefore, Defendant Krieger, the United States District Court for the District of Colorado, and the Tenth Circuit Court of Appeals are immune from suit, and Plaintiff's claims against these defendants are properly dismissed for lack of jurisdiction. Nevertheless, the court will address the Federal Defendants and Defendant Krieger's motions as they relate to judicial immunity as well.

B. Federal Defendants and Defendant Krieger's Claims of Judicial Immunity

The Federal Defendants and Defendant Krieger also assert they are entitled to absolute judicial immunity. (Fed. Defs.' Mot. at 17-21; Krieger's Mot. at 8-12.) In Stump v. Sparkman, 435 U.S. 349, 359, 98 S.Ct. 1099, 55 L.Ed.2d 331 (1978), the Supreme Court stated that a judge is entitled to judicial immunity if he has not acted in clear absence of all jurisdiction and if the act was a judicial one. An act is judicial if it is a function normally performed by a judge and the parties dealt with the judge in her judicial capacity. Id. at 362, 98 S.Ct. 1099. Recognizing that it is a "general principle of the highest importance to the proper administration of justice that a judicial officer, in exercising the authority vested in [her], [should] be free to act upon [her] own convictions, without apprehension of personal consequence," the Supreme Court held that "judges of courts of superior or general jurisdictions are not liable to civil actions for their judicial acts, even when such acts are in excess of their jurisdiction, and are alleged to have been done maliciously or corruptly." Bradley v. Fisher, 80 U.S. (13 Wall.) 335, 347, 351, 20 L.Ed. 646 (1872).

"The Supreme Court has recognized only two exceptions to this immunity from suit: (1) ``a judge is not immune from liability for nonjudicial actions, i.e., actions not taken in the judge's judicial capacity;' and (2) ``a judge is not immune for actions, though judicial in nature, taken in complete absence of all jurisdiction.'" Hicks v. Blythe, 105 F.3d 669 (10th Cir.1997) (quoting Mireles v. Waco, 502 U.S. 9, 9, 112 S.Ct. 286, 116 L.Ed.2d 9 (1991)). "The factor determining whether an act by a judge is a ``judicial' one relates to the nature of the act itself, i.e., whether it is a function normally performed by a judge, and to the expectations of the parties, i.e., whether they deal with the judge in his judicial capacity." Stump, 435 U.S. at 360, 98 S.Ct. 1099.

In this case, Plaintiff refers to Defendant Krieger solely in stating she was assigned as presiding judge in Smith V (Am. Compl. ¶ 13) and in describing the injunctive and/or declaratory relief he seeks (id. at 22). Plaintiff has not alleged and it cannot be disputed that Defendant Krieger has engaged in anything other than judicial acts. Moreover, Plaintiff does not allege any facts and it cannot be disputed that any actions or inactions by Defendant Krieger were taken in complete absence of all jurisdiction. Accordingly, Plaintiff has failed to show Defendant Krieger fits into one of the two exceptions set forth in Hicks, and Defendant Krieger is entitled to judicial immunity.

The Federal Defendants assert, without supporting authority, that any claims against them premised on the conduct of Defendant Krieger should be dismissed because the judge and, thus, the courts are immune from suit. (Fed. Defs.' Mot. at 17, 21.) The Supreme Court has advanced a definition for judicial immunity based on the "functions it protects and serves," rather than based on the person to whom it attaches. Forrester v. White, 484 U.S. 219, 227, 108 S.Ct. 538, 98 L.Ed.2d 555 (1988). Consequently, "[i]mmunity which derives from judicial immunity may extend to persons other than a judge where performance of judicial acts or activity as an official aide of the judge is involved." Henriksen v. Bentley, 644 F.2d 852, 855 (10th Cir.1981) (emphasis added). "[A]bsolute judicial immunity has been extended to non-judicial officers where ``their duties had an integral relationship with the judicial process.'" Whitesel v. Sengenberger, 222 F.3d 861, 867 (10th Cir. 2000) (emphasis added) (quoting Eades v. Sterlinske, 810 F.2d 723, 726 (7th Cir. 1987)). Though it cannot be disputed that the Federal Defendants have an integral relationship with the judicial process, this court has found no law supporting the theory that this "quasi-immunity" should be extended to an agency, rather than to an individual, and declines to do so here.

C. 42 U.S.C. § 1983 Claims/Bivens Claims

To the extent Plaintiff has sued the United States District Court and the Tenth Circuit Court of Appeals as entities, the plaintiff cannot proceed under § 1983 because that statute applies only to acts under color of state law, by persons. 42 U.S.C. § 1983 ("Every person who, under color of [state law] . . . subjects, or causes to be subjected, any citizen of the United States ... to the deprivation of any rights, privileges, or immunities secured by the Constitution . . . shall be liable to the party injured. . . ."). Additionally, to the extent Plaintiff is asserting claims under Bivens v. Six Unknown Named Agents of Fed. Bureau of Narcotics, 403 U.S. 388, 91 S.Ct. 1999, 29 L.Ed.2d 619 (1971), which created a remedy for violations of constitutional rights committed by federal officials acting in their individual capacities, a Bivens action may not be brought against the United States itself or any federal agencies or entities, as such actions are barred by the doctrine of sovereign immunity. See FDIC v. Meyer, 510 U.S. at 484, 114 S.Ct. 996. The United States also is protected by sovereign immunity because the Federal Tort Claims Act is not available for constitutional tort claims. FDIC, 510 U.S. at 477-78, 114 S.Ct. 996. Thus, any claims for damages against the Federal Defendants asserted under the Federal Tort Claims Act or in a Bivens action are properly dismissed.

i. Judicial immunity applies to Bivens actions for injunctive relief and attorney's fees.

Judges are immune from suits for damages. Pulliam v. Allen, 466 U.S. 522, 544, 104 S.Ct. 1970, 80 L.Ed.2d 565 (1984). In Pulliam, the Supreme Court found that a judge "is not shielded by absolute [judicial] immunity from declaratory or injunctive relief." Pulliam, 466 U.S. at 541-42, 104 S.Ct. 1970. However, in 1996, Congress effectively reversed Pulliam with the enactment of the Federal Courts Improvement Act ("FCIA"), Pub.L. No. 104-317, 110 Stat. 3847 (1996) (amending 42 U.S.C. § 1983). Section 309(c) of the FCIA bars injunctive relief in any § 1983 action "against a judicial officer for an act or omission taken in such officer's judicial capacity . . . unless a declaratory decree was violated or declaratory relief was unavailable." Neither statutory limitation appears to apply in this case, and Plaintiff's Amended Complaint says nothing to the contrary. Thus, judicial immunity extends not only to Plaintiff's claims for monetary relief, but to his claims for injunctive relief. See Lawrence v. Kuenhold, 271 Fed.Appx. 763, 766 (10th Cir.2008).

The FCIA also amended 42 U.S.C. § 1988 to bar courts from awarding costs, including attorney's fees, "against a judicial officer for an act or omission taken in such officer's judicial capacity . . . unless such action was clearly in excess of such officer's jurisdiction." 42 U.S.C. § 1988(b); see also Shelton v. Seay, 1999 WL 1101254, at *2 (10th Cir.1999); Kampfer v. Scullin, 989 F.Supp. 194, 201-02 (N.D.N.Y.1997). The Tenth Circuit has applied the FCIA amendments to limit any attorney fee awards available against federal judges under Bivens. See Shelton, 1999 WL 1101254, at *2. As discussed above, it cannot be stated that any action or inaction taken by Defendant Krieger was in excess of her jurisdiction. As such, Plaintiff's claims for attorney fees are barred. Therefore, the only type of relief available to the plaintiff is declaratory relief. See Lawrence, 271 Fed.Appx. at 766 (citing Schepp v. Fremont County, 900 F.2d 1448, 1452 (10th Cir.1990)).

D. Claims Against Defendant Krieger for Declaratory Relief

Plaintiff seeks a declaration that "Defendants' practices" of issuing "designer" and "unpublished" opinions which "fabricate and/or elide key facts" violated his constitutional rights. (Am. Compl. at 3-4.) "A declaratory judgment is meant to define the legal rights and obligations of the parties in anticipation of some future conduct, not simply to proclaim liability for a past act." Lawrence at 766 (citing Utah Animal Rights Coalition v. Salt Lake City Corp., 371 F.3d 1248, 1266 (10th Cir.2004)). As of the time the amended complaint in this case was filed, Defendant Krieger had not issued any opinions against Plaintiff. Therefore, a declaration of any past liability by Defendant Krieger would be inappropriate. Moreover, Defendant Krieger is no longer assigned to this case, and Smith V was dismissed and closed after the plaintiff filed his complaint in this case. Since there is no basis for any declaration in anticipation of future conduct by Defendant Krieger regarding issues germane to the plaintiff, the plaintiff lacks standing to pursue declaratory judgment against Defendant Krieger. A declaratory judgment would serve no purpose here and, thus, is not available. See S. Utah Wilderness Alliance v. Smith, 110 F.3d 724, 730 (10th Cir.1997). Accordingly, Plaintiff's claims for declaratory relief against Defendant Krieger are properly dismissed for failure to state a claim upon which relief can be granted.

As this court has found the claims against the Federal Defendants and Defendant Krieger are properly dismissed under either sovereign immunity or judicial immunity, or both, it need not address the remaining arguments advanced in favor of dismissal by these defendants on the merits.

2. State Defendants' Motion

A. Eleventh Amendment

The Eleventh Amendment bars suits against a state or its agencies, regardless of the relief sought, absent the state's affirmative waiver of its immunity or congressional abrogation of that immunity. Pennhurst v. Halderman, 465 U.S. 89, 98-99, 104 S.Ct. 900, 79 L.Ed.2d 67 (1984). Eleventh Amendment immunity extends to governmental entities that are "arms of the state." Will v. Michigan Dep't of State Police, 491 U.S. 58, 70, 109 S.Ct. 2304, 105 L.Ed.2d 45 (1989). The Colorado Court of Appeals and the Supreme Court of Colorado are state agencies, and, therefore arms of the state such that a suit against them is a suit against the State of Colorado, barred by the Eleventh Amendment. See Ruiz v. McDonnell, 299 F.3d 1173, 1180 (10th Cir.2002). The Eleventh Amendment also bars federal suits, whether seeking damages or injunctive relief, against state officials where the state is the real party in interest. Pennhurst, 465 U.S. at 101-02, 104 S.Ct. 900.

Accordingly, Plaintiff's claims against the Colorado Court of Appeals and the Supreme Court of Colorado are barred by the Eleventh Amendment. In addition, the state courts are not "persons" for purposes of § 1983. Will, 491 U.S. at 71, 109 S.Ct. 2304. This court finds that the State Defendants are entitled to Eleventh Amendment immunity.

B. The Rooker-Feldman Doctrine

Plaintiff's claims in this case are directly related to orders entered by the state court in Plaintiff's cases challenging his denial of admission to the Colorado Bar. The Rooker-Feldman doctrine is a jurisdictional prohibition that is based on 28 U.S.C. § 1257, which holds that federal review of state court judgments may be obtained only in the United States Supreme Court. See Rooker v. Fid. Trust Co., 263 U.S. 413, 44 S.Ct. 149, 68 L.Ed. 362 (1923). Rooker-Feldman not only bars consideration of issues that were actually presented to and decided by a state court, but it also bars consideration of constitutional claims that are "inextricably intertwined with" issues that were ruled upon by a state court. See Feldman, 460 U.S. at 483-84 n. 16, 103 S.Ct. 1303. A constitutional claim is inextricably intertwined with issues reached by a state court "if the federal claim succeeds only to the extent that the state court wrongly decided the issues before it." Charchenko v. City of Stillwater, 47 F.3d 981, 983 (8th Cir. 1995). In short, Rooker-Feldman precludes a federal action if the relief requested in the federal action would effectively reverse some action or decision by a state court, or would effectively void its ruling. Id.

To determine whether claims are inextricably intertwined, "the fundamental and appropriate question to ask is whether the injury alleged by the federal plaintiff resulted from the state court judgment itself or is distinct from that judgment." Garry v. Geils, 82 F.3d 1362, 1365 (7th Cir.1996); see also Pittsburg County Rural Water Dist. No. 7 v. City of McAlester, 358 F.3d 694, 707 (10th Cir.2004) (holding that courts should ask "``whether the state court judgment caused, actually and proximately, the injury for which [the party] seeks redress'") (quoting Kenmen Engineering v. City of Union, 314 F.3d 468, 476 (10th Cir.2002)). Plaintiff's allegations fall squarely within the scope of the Rooker-Feldman doctrine and, therefore, preclude this court from reviewing them.

While Plaintiff does set forth allegations that his constitutional rights have been violated, ultimately he is seeking to void state court orders. Under Rooker-Feldman, the redress for these alleged injuries is through the state court appellate process to the United States Supreme Court. Federal district courts can neither address these injuries nor review the state court proceedings. 28 U.S.C. § 1257 (2008). Accordingly, Plaintiff's claims against the State Defendants are properly dismissed for lack of subject matter jurisdiction.

3. Plaintiff's Motion for Preliminary Injunction

The plaintiff is requesting an injunction pursuant to Fed.R.Civ.P. 65(b). A party seeking preliminary injunction must meet the following four conditions:

(1) the movant will suffer irreparable harm unless the injunction issues; (2) there is a substantial likelihood the movant ultimately will prevail on the merits; (3) the threatened injury to the movant outweighs any harm the proposed injunction may cause the opposing party; and (4) the injunction would not be contrary to the public interest.

ACLU v. Johnson, 194 F.3d 1149, 1155 (10th Cir. 1999). A party seeking injunctive relief must found his effort on specific factual allegations. Longstreth v. Maynard, 961 F.2d 895, 902 (10th Cir.1992). Ultimately, because "a preliminary injunction is an extraordinary remedy," the moving party must establish that his "right to relief [is] clear and unequivocal." Schrier v. Univ. of Colo., 427 F.3d 1253, 1258 (10th Cir.2005).

As this court is recommending that all of Plaintiff's claims for relief be denied and Defendants' motion to dismiss be granted, there is not a substantial likelihood Plaintiff ultimately will prevail on the merits of this case. Accordingly, Plaintiff's request for injunctive relief is properly denied at this time.

As this court has determined the claims against the State Defendants are properly dismissed due to either Eleventh Amendment or sovereign immunity, it need not address the State Defendants' arguments for dismissal on the merits.

WHEREFORE, for the foregoing reasons, the court respectfully

RECOMMENDS that

1. "Colorado Supreme Court and Colorado Court of Appeals' Motion to Dismiss First Amended Complaint" (Doc. No. 30, filed June 10, 2008) be GRANTED;

2. "Defendants the United States District Court for the District of Colorado, and the Tenth Circuit Court of Appeals' Motion to Dismiss" (Doc. No. 40, filed June 24, 2008) be GRANTED;

3. "Federal Defendant Hon. Marcia S. Krieger's Motion to Dismiss" (Doc. No. 75, filed September 24, 2008) be GRANTED;

4. Plaintiff's "Emergency Motion for Preliminary Inunction and Other Injunctive and/or Declaratory Relief" (Doc. No. 9, filed March 24, 2008) be DENIED; and

5. This case be dismissed in its entirety.

ADVISEMENT TO THE PARTIES

Within ten days after service of a copy of the Recommendation, any party may serve and file written objections to the Magistrate Judge's proposed findings and recommendations with the Clerk of the United States District Court for the District of Colorado. 28 U.S.C. § 636(b)(1); Fed.R.Civ.P. 72(b); In re Griego, 64 F.3d 580, 583 (10th Cir.1995). A general objection that does not put the District Court on notice of the basis for the objection will not preserve the objection for de novo review. "[A] party's objections to the magistrate judge's report and recommendation must be both timely and specific to preserve an issue for de novo review by the district court or for appellate review." United States v. One Parcel of Real Property Known As 2121 East 30th Street, Tulsa, Oklahoma, 73 F.3d 1057, 1060 (10th Cir. 1996). Failure to make timely objections may bar de novo review by the District Judge of the Magistrate Judge's proposed findings and recommendations and will result in a waiver of the right to appeal from a judgment of the district court based on the proposed findings and recommendations of the magistrate judge. See Vega v. Suthers, 195 F.3d 573, 579-80 (10th Cir. 1999) (District Court's decision to review a Magistrate Judge's recommendation de novo despite the lack of an objection does not preclude application of the "firm waiver rule"); One Parcel of Real Property, 73 F.3d at 1059-60 (a party's objections to the Magistrate Judge's report and recommendation must be both timely and specific to preserve an issue for de novo review by the District Court or for appellate review); International Surplus Lines Insurance Co. v. Wyoming Coal Refining Systems, Inc., 52 F.3d 901, 904 (10th Cir.1995) (by failing to object to certain portions of the Magistrate Judge's order, cross-claimant had waived its right to appeal those portions of the ruling); Ayala v. United States, 980 F.2d 1342, 1352 (10th Cir.1992) (by their failure to file objections, plaintiffs waived their right to appeal the Magistrate Judge's ruling). But see, Morales-Fernandez v. INS, 418 F.3d 1116, 1122 (10th Cir.2005) (firm waiver rule does not apply when the interests of justice require review).

Dated this 30th day of April, 2009.

NOTES

[1] The timing and order of Plaintiff's previous lawsuits is a bit confusing. It appears from the record that, following the Colorado Supreme Court's adoption of the recommendation that Plaintiff's application to the Colorado Bar be denied, Plaintiff filed his first lawsuit—Smith v. Mullarkey, 00-cv-02225-EWN-OES—in federal district court. (See Doc. # 40 n. 2.) The case was dismissed, and the Tenth Circuit affirmed. See Smith v. Mullarkey, 67 Fed.Appx. 535 (10th Cir. 2003). After dismissal of that case, Plaintiff filed an identical lawsuit in Denver District Court. (See Doc. # 40. n. 2.) That case too was dismissed, and eventually resulted in the Colorado Supreme Court's published decision in Smith v. Mullarkey, 121 P.3d 890, 893 (Colo.2005). Plaintiff then filed his third and fourth lawsuits, both in federal court, titled Smith v. United States Court of Appeals for the Tenth Circuit, 04-cv-01222-REB-OES and Smith v. Mullarkey, 04-cv-01223-REB-OES. (See Doc. # 40 n. 2.) Both were dismissed, and the Tenth Circuit again affirmed. See Smith v. U.S. Court of Appeals for the Tenth Circuit, 484 F.3d 1281 (10th Cir.2007). Plaintiff's fifth lawsuit was a federal court challenge to the Colorado Supreme Court's decision in Smith v. Mullarkey, 121 P.3d 890 (Colo.2005); the federal lawsuit was styled Smith v. Bender, 07-cv-01924-MSK-KMT. (See Doc. # 40 n. 2.) That case was recently dismissed, and Plaintiff has appealed. (See 07-cv-1924-MSK-KMT, Docs. # 55, 57, 59.)

[2] Bivens v. Six Unknown Named Agents of Fed. Bureau of Narcotics, 403 U.S. 388, 91 S.Ct. 1999, 29 L.Ed.2d 619 (1971).

[3] Moreover, a finding that § 1361 confers jurisdiction on a federal district court to order action by equal or superior courts or their judges would run counter to the traditional justification for mandamus, which allowed courts to issue the writ only to lower courts. See, e.g., In re Kaiser Steel Corp., 911 F.2d 380, 386 (10th Cir.1990) ("[T]he power to issue a writ of mandamus flows from the court's exercise of its ``revisory appellate power over the inferior court.'" (quoting Ex parte Republic of Peru, 318 U.S. 578, 583, 63 S.Ct. 793, 87 L.Ed. 1014 (1943))).

[4] For the same reason, the Court declines to adopt the portions of the recommendation concerning the Federal Defendants that recommend relief on grounds other than sovereign immunity.

[5] Plaintiff does not appear to object to this characterization, and the Court does not find the characterization to be clearly erroneous. Although Plaintiff's complaint does not expressly seek to overturn state court rulings, his pleadings demonstrate that the real intent of the present lawsuit is to attack those rulings by bringing general challenges to the state's judicial practices. See, e.g., Doc. # 51 at 6 (describing this case as "an insurance policy against the possibility that" the Colorado Supreme Court's decision in Smith v. Mullarkey, 121 P.3d 890 (Colo.2005) withstands scrutiny).

[1] The court may take judicial notice of a fact not subject to reasonable dispute that is capable of accurate and ready determination by resort to sources whose accuracy cannot reasonably be questioned. Fed.R.Evid. 201. Facts subject to judicial notice may be considered in a motion to dismiss without converting the motion to dismiss into a motion for summary judgment. See Tal v. Hogan, 453 F.3d 1244, 1264 n. 24 (10th Cir.2006).

[2] To avoid confusion, this court also will refer to the previously-filed cases summarized herein as "Smith I," "Smith II," "Smith III," "Smith IV," and "Smith V."

[3] The Amended Complaint is docketed a second time after being deemed filed on June 27, 2008. (Doc. No. 45.) When referring to the Amended Complaint, this court will refer to the originally-filed document at docket number 22.

[4] Defendant also Krieger filed a reply on October 27, 2008 (Doc. No. 80) which appears to be an exact duplicate of the reply filed October 24, 2008.

[5] This court would be reaching even to find that Plaintiff has made any argument that Defendant Krieger's decision in Smith V was incorrect. Plaintiff claims for the first time in his response to Defendant Krieger's motion to dismiss that he is dissatisfied with Defendant Krieger's dismissal of Smith V. However, at the time Plaintiff filed both his original complaint on February 6, 2008, and his amended complaint on May 28, 2008, Smith V remained pending, and it was not dismissed until July 11, 2008. (Krieger's Mot. at 3.)

[6] The court has a duty to determine subject matter jurisdiction sua sponte. See Tuck v. United Servs. Auto. Ass'n, 859 F.2d 842, 844 (10th Cir. 1988); see also Fed.R.Civ.P. 12(h)(3) ("[w]henever it appears by suggestion of the parties or otherwise that the court lacks jurisdiction of the subject matter, the court shall dismiss the action").