v. Industrial Claim Appeals Office

The summaries of the Colorado Court of Appeals published opinions
constitute no part of the opinion of the division but have been prepared by
the division for the convenience of the reader. The summaries may not be
cited or relied upon as they are not the official language of the division.
Any discrepancy between the language in the summary and in the opinion
should be resolved in favor of the language in the opinion.
SUMMARY
September 12, 2019
2019COA146
No. 18CA2308, Packard v. Industrial Claim Appeals Office —
Limitation of Actions; Labor and Industry — Workers’
Compensation — Notices and Procedures — Notice of Injury
A division of the court of appeals holds that section 8-43-
103(2), C.R.S. 2018, is a statute of limitations applicable to the
Workers’ Compensation Act of Colorado. It requires a claimant
seeking disability or indemnity benefits to file a “notice claiming
compensation” within two years of discovering the work-related
nature of the claimant’s injuries, or within three years if the
claimant can establish a reasonable excuse for late filing and the
employer suffered no prejudice as a result. Id. To satisfy the
statutory requirement, the “notice claiming compensation” must
notify the Division of Workers’ Compensation and the opposing
party of a claimant’s intent to seek compensatory benefits. Id.
Consequently, documents which do not provide this information —
including an employer’s first report of injury or notice of contest, a
claimant’s service of interrogatories or claimant’s counsel’s entry of
appearance, or the Division’s assignment of a claim number — do
not satisfy the Act’s statute of limitations for claiming
compensation.
COLORADO COURT OF APPEALS 2019COA146
Court of Appeals No. 18CA2308
Industrial Claim Appeals Office of the State of Colorado
WC No. 4-925-466
Joseph Packard,
Petitioner,
v.
Industrial Claim Appeals Office of the State of Colorado and City and County of
Denver, Colorado,
Respondents.
ORDER AFFIRMED
Division IV
Opinion by JUDGE ROMÁN
J. Jones and Martinez*, JJ., concur
Announced September 12, 2019
Law Office of O’Toole and Sbarbaro, P.C., Neil D. O’Toole, Denver, Colorado, for
Petitioner
Philip J. Weiser, Attorney General, Evan P. Brennan, Assistant Attorney
General, Denver, Colorado, for Respondent Industrial Claim Appeals Office
Kristin M. Bronson, City Attorney, J.P. Moon, Assistant City Attorney, Stephen
J. Abbott, Assistant City Attorney, Denver, Colorado, for Respondent City and
County of Denver
*Sitting by assignment of the Chief Justice under provisions of Colo. Const. art.
VI, § 5(3), and § 24-51-1105, C.R.S. 2019.
¶1 In this workers’ compensation action, we are asked to address
whether certain documents constitute a “notice of injury” such that
claimant, Joseph Packard, beat the statute of limitations of the
Workers’ Compensation Act of Colorado (Act), set forth in section 8-
43-103(2), C.R.S. 2018. We agree with the Industrial Claim Appeals
Office (Panel) that neither a notice of contest nor a first report of
injury satisfies the statute of limitations and that to satisfy the
statutory mandate a document must notify the Division of Workers’
Compensation (Division) and the opposing party that a claimant is
“claiming compensation” within the meaning of the statute. We
therefore affirm the Panel’s final order.
I. Background
¶2 Claimant is a firefighter for the City and County of Denver. In
July 2013, he was diagnosed with melanoma of the trunk. On July
24, 2013, he advised the City of his cancer diagnosis and asserted
his belief that the melanoma was related to or caused by his work
as a firefighter for the City. The City filed its first report of injury
with the Division on August 5, 2013. The next day, the City filed a
notice of contest indicating it needed to further review the claim and
claimant’s medical records.
1
¶3 On August 7, 2013, the Division notified claimant that a notice
of contest had been filed. The Division’s form letter to claimant
included the following language:
Because your claim for benefits has been
denied, you may file for an expedited hearing
and have an Administrative Law Judge decide
if benefits should be awarded. You must file
an Application for Expedited Hearing within
forty-five (45) days from the date on the Notice
of Contest form. If you request a hearing after
this date, your hearing will be held between 80
and 100 days after a hearing date is set.
*****
If you have not filed a Workers’ Claim for
Compensation, you may wish to do so.
¶4 One year after claimant’s diagnosis, Dr. Annyce Mayer, a
physician with National Jewish Health Medical, concluded that
claimant was at maximum medical improvement (MMI) “with a 10%
whole person impairment.” She opined that there is “increasing
epidemiologic evidence for increased risk of melanoma in
firefighters, particularly in [claimant’s] age group.” Weighing
claimant’s occupational and nonoccupational risk factors for
developing melanoma, Dr. Mayer concluded that “his increased risk
for melanoma due to non-occupational risk factors does not
2
establish the ‘cause’ for his developing malignant melanoma on a
medically probable basis.”
¶5 In May 2017, Dr. Mayer followed up her initial opinion with a
supplemental report. She concluded that claimant’s “melanoma
meets the medical requirements of the Colorado Firefighter
Presumption Statute, [section] 8-41-209, C.R.S. [2018,] . . . and
that his underlying risk factors do not render it more probable that
his melanoma arose from a source outside of the workplace, to a
reasonable degree of medical probability.” She also opined that
claimant’s melanoma remained in remission.
¶6 Claimant filed an application for hearing on October 6, 2017,
seeking medical and temporary total disability benefits. The City
eventually admitted compensability, but asserted a statute of
limitations defense, arguing that the claim was barred because
claimant filed his application more than four years after learning of
his melanoma and reporting it to the City.
¶7 An administrative law judge (ALJ) concluded that the
Division’s assignment of a claim number to the claim, along with
the City’s filing of the first report of injury and a notice of contest,
3
demonstrated that the City was on notice of the claim before the
running of the statute of limitations.
¶8 But the Panel rejected this conclusion and set aside the ALJ’s
order. The Panel instead held that neither the first report of injury
nor the notice of contest satisfied claimant’s statutory obligation to
file a “notice claiming compensation.” Likewise, the Panel held, the
Division’s assignment of a claim number to the case could not
“substitute for the filing of a workers’ claim for compensation.” The
Panel observed that none of these actions — the filing of the first
report of injury, the filing of the notice of contest, or the assignment
of a claim number — indicated whether “the claimant had missed
any time from work, was alleging any permanent impairment, or
was seeking medical treatment.” In short, the Panel held, the forms
did not put the City or the Division on notice that claimant was
claiming compensation for his occupational disease.
II. Statute of Limitations
¶9 Claimant contends that the Panel misinterpreted the
applicable statute of limitations, section 8-43-103(2). He argues
that the City had adequate notice of his intent to pursue
compensation through the Division’s assignment of a claim number
4
to the case, the City’s filing of the first report of injury and notice of
contest, and his filing of several documents. He identifies several
documents his counsel filed on his behalf on February 4, 2015,
which, he asserts, fulfilled his notice obligation: (1) a notice
pursuant to section 8-41-203(4), C.R.S. 2018,1 stating that his
injuries arose “from an injury and/or occupational disease
occurring on 7/24/2013”; (2) a notice of objection to verbal
communications with claimant, treating physicians, or healthcare
providers; (3) combined ongoing production requests and
interrogatories; (4) an objection to admissions; and (5) his counsel’s
entry of appearance. We are not persuaded that the Panel
misinterpreted or misapplied the statute.
A. Applicable Statute: C.R.S. 8-43-103
¶ 10 The Act imposes notice requirements and a general statute of
limitations which applies to nearly all requests for compensation
and benefits pursued thereunder. See § 8-43-103. The relevant
portions of the statute provide as follows:
1Section 8-41-203(4), C.R.S. 2018, requires a claimant who
believes another party may be liable for any claimed injuries to
notify the affected employer of such belief and identify any third
party who may be so liable.
5
(1) Notice of an injury, for which compensation
and benefits are payable, shall be given by the
employer to the division and insurance carrier,
unless the employer is self-insured, within ten
days after the injury . . . . If no such notice is
given by the employer, as required by articles
40 to 47 of this title, such notice may be given
by any person. Any notice required to be filed
by an injured employee . . . may be made and
filed by anyone on behalf of such claimant and
shall be considered as done by such claimant
if not specifically disclaimed or objected to by
such claimant in writing filed with the division
within a reasonable time. Such notice shall be
in writing and upon forms prescribed by the
division for that purpose and served upon the
division by delivering to, or by mailing by
registered mail two copies thereof addressed
to, the division at its office in Denver,
Colorado. Upon receipt of such notice from a
claimant, the division shall immediately mail
one copy thereof to said employer or said
employer’s agent or insurance carrier.
(2) The director and administrative law judges
employed by the office of administrative courts
shall have jurisdiction at all times to hear and
determine and make findings and awards on
all cases of injury for which compensation or
benefits are provided by articles 40 to 47 of
this title. . . . [T]he right to compensation and
benefits provided by said articles shall be
barred unless, within two years after the injury
. . . a notice claiming compensation is filed with
the division. This limitation shall not apply to
any claimant to whom compensation has been
paid or if it is established to the satisfaction of
the director within three years after the injury
or death that a reasonable excuse exists for
6
the failure to file such notice claiming
compensation and if the employer’s rights have
not been prejudiced thereby, and the
furnishing of medical, surgical, or hospital
treatment by the employer shall not be
considered payment of compensation or
benefits within the meaning of this section;
but, in all cases in which the employer has
been given notice of an injury and fails,
neglects, or refuses to report said injury to the
division as required by the provisions of said
articles, this statute of limitations shall not
begin to run against the claim of the injured
employee . . . until the required report has
been filed with the division.
Id. (emphasis added).
B. Rules of Statutory Construction and Standard of Review
¶ 11 When we analyze a provision of the Act, “we interpret the
statute according to its plain and ordinary meaning” if its language
is clear. Davison v. Indus. Claim Appeals Office, 84 P.3d 1023, 1029
(Colo. 2004). “[W]e give effect to every word and render none
superfluous because we ‘do not presume that the legislature used
language idly and with no intent that meaning should be given to
its language.’” Lombard v. Colo. Outdoor Educ. Ctr., Inc., 187 P.3d
565, 571 (Colo. 2008) (quoting Colo. Water Conservation Bd. v.
Upper Gunnison River Water Conservancy Dist., 109 P.3d 585, 597
(Colo. 2005)).
7
¶ 12 We review an issue of statutory construction de novo. Ray v.
Indus. Claim Appeals Office, 124 P.3d 891, 893 (Colo. App. 2005),
aff’d, 145 P.3d 661 (Colo. 2006). Although we defer to the Panel’s
reasonable interpretations of the statute it administers, Sanco
Indus. v. Stefanski, 147 P.3d 5, 8 (Colo. 2006), we are “not bound
by the Panel’s interpretation” or its earlier decisions, United Airlines
v. Indus. Claim Appeals Office, 2013 COA 48, ¶ 7; Olivas-Soto v.
Indus. Claim Appeals Office, 143 P.3d 1178, 1180 (Colo. App. 2006).
“[T]he Panel’s interpretation will be set aside only if it is inconsistent
with the clear language of the statute or with the legislative intent.”
Support, Inc. v. Indus. Claim Appeals Office, 968 P.2d 174, 175
(Colo. App. 1998).
C. Law Governing the Act’s Statute of Limitations
¶ 13 To be timely under the Act, section 8-43-103(2) mandates that
a claim for workers’ compensation must be filed within two years of
the alleged injury by filing a “notice claiming compensation.” A
“notice claiming compensation” is commenced when a claimant
notifies the division of his or her alleged injuries and intent to
pursue compensation. See Pinkard Constr. Co. v. Schroer, 487 P.2d
610, 612 (Colo. App. 1971) (not published pursuant to C.A.R. 35(f))
8
(supplemental report of injury prepared, signed, and filed by the
claimant with Industrial Commission was sufficient to constitute a
notice claiming compensation even though the claimant did not use
prescribed form). Accordingly, to timely commence his action,
claimant had to file a notice with the Division advising it of the
nature of his claim and his intent to seek compensation.
¶ 14 “[T]he limitation period commences when the claimant, as a
reasonable person, should recognize the nature, seriousness, and
probable compensable character of the injury.” City of Durango v.
Dunagan, 939 P.2d 496, 498 (Colo. App. 1997); see also City of
Boulder v. Payne, 162 Colo. 345, 351, 426 P.2d 194, 197 (1967);
City of Colorado Springs v. Indus. Claim Appeals Office, 89 P.3d 504,
506 (Colo. App. 2004).
¶ 15 In other words, section 8-43-103(2) requires that claims for
workers’ compensation be filed within two years of a claimant’s
discovery of a work-related injury. The two-year statute of
limitations deadline may be extended for one additional year, but
only if the claimant establishes a reasonable excuse for failing to
timely file and that the employer was not prejudiced by the
claimant’s late filing. See Silsby v. Tops Drive In Rest.-Dutton
9
Enters., Inc., 160 Colo. 549, 551, 418 P.2d 525, 526 (1966) (“A
‘legally justifiable’ excuse is one which the Commission . . . finds to
be reasonably sufficient to excuse the delay.”).
D. The Statute of Limitations Applies and Bars Claimant’s Claim
¶ 16 Claimant informed the City that there was a connection
between his work fighting fires and his melanoma shortly after his
2013 diagnosis. Dr. Mayer strongly suggested such a connection in
her 2014 report. As Dunagan and Payne make clear and the
parties do not dispute, the statute of limitations commenced
running in 2013 because claimant knew then the nature of his
illness and its connection to his work. See Payne, 162 Colo. at 351,
426 P.2d at 197; Dunagan, 939 P.2d at 498. Based on claimant’s
admission that he knew in 2013 that his firefighting duties may
have caused his melanoma, he needed to file his claim by 2015 to
comply with the two-year statute of limitations, or by 2016 if he
could establish a reasonable excuse for failing to file within two
years. Because he did not file his application for a hearing with the
Division until October 2017, section 8-43-103(2) barred his claim.
¶ 17 Claimant argues, however, that the City’s filing of a first report
of injury and a notice of contest, as well as the Division’s
10
assignment of a claim number, satisfied his obligation to file a
notice claiming compensation. He also points to the documents his
counsel filed on his behalf on February 4, 2015, as evidence that
the City and the Division were on notice of his intent to litigate his
claim and pursue compensation. He asserts that because Colorado
is a “notice pleading” state, no further notice was required of him.
We are not persuaded, for three reasons.
¶ 18 First, none of the documents to which claimant points — not
the notice of contest, the first report of injury, nor any of the
documents his counsel filed — indicated that claimant was
“claiming compensation” within the meaning of section 8-43-103(2).
Nor did any of the identified documents provide an impairment
rating or indicate that claimant had sustained a permanent
impairment. Section 8-43-103(2) expressly excludes from the
definition of “compensation” “the furnishing of medical, surgical, or
hospital treatment by the employer.” It is therefore limited to
claims for disability (also known as indemnity) benefits based on
partial or total impairment. See Hussion v. Indus. Claim Appeals
Office, 991 P.2d 346, 347 (Colo. App. 1999) (“[T]he term
‘compensation,’ as used in the Act, may refer to benefits paid for
11
both temporary and permanent disabilities or impairments.”).
Disability and medical benefits are thus treated differently by the
legislature in this section, a distinction evident in other sections of
the Act, as well, which often “treat medical benefits separately from
indemnity benefits.” Support, Inc., 968 P.2d at 176 (use of the term
“compensation” in the forfeiture clause of section 8-43-402, C.R.S.
2018, did not apply to medical benefits so claimant did not forfeit
her right to ongoing medical benefits because of a felony
conviction); see also Wild W. Radio, Inc. v. Indus. Claim Appeals
Office, 905 P.2d 6, 9 (Colo. App. 1995) (rejecting the employer’s
contention that reduction in “compensation” under section 8-42-
112, C.R.S. 2018, for a safety violation or intoxication applies to
medical benefits). None of the documents claimant points to
specifies that claimant was seeking compensation as that term is
defined in section 8-43-103. Consequently, none satisfied section
8-43-103(2)’s requirement of providing notice that claimant was
“claiming compensation.”
¶ 19 The Panel reached this same conclusion. In reaching its
decision, the Panel followed a decades-old decision issued by this
court. In that decision, a division of this court held that an
12
employer’s first report of injury was insufficient “to constitute a
notice of claim.” Martin v. Indus. Comm’n, 43 Colo. App. 521, 524,
608 P.2d 366, 369 (1979). The division observed that the
employer’s notice of injury filed with the Industrial Commission
“was merely a report of the accident, and, while it may contain
information such as the name of the worker and the date and
details of the accident, it [did] not assert that a compensable injury
ha[d] occurred nor give notice that compensation [wa]s expected.”
Id.
¶ 20 Since Martin, the Panel has consistently ruled that a first
report of injury form filed by an employer does not satisfy the
statutory requirement that claimants file a notice claiming
compensation.
¶ 21 We agree with the Panel that neither a first report of injury nor
a notice of contest constitutes a “notice claiming compensation”
within the meaning of section 8-43-103(2). The Act requires
employers to file a report — not a claim — containing information
mandated by the director of the Division “upon forms prescribed by
the division for that purpose.” § 8-43-101(1), C.R.S. 2018. If an
employer “fails, neglects, or refuses to report said injury to the
13
division” by providing the mandated information on the prescribed
division form, “this statute of limitations shall not begin to run
against the claim of the injured employee.” § 8-43-103(2) (emphasis
added). “‘Claim’ is a term of art which is defined broadly as ‘the
aggregate of operative facts which give rise to a right enforceable in
the courts.’” Kieckhafer v. Indus. Claim Appeals Office, 2012 COA
124, ¶ 15 (quoting Dinosaur Park Invs., L.L.C. v. Tello, 192 P.3d 513,
516 (Colo. App. 2008)). Under the express statutory language,
then, the statute of limitations continues to run even when an
employer files a first report of injury form.
¶ 22 Similarly, a notice of contest contains no information about a
claimant’s claim for indemnity or disability benefits. It simply
advises the Division and the claimant that an employer or insurer
believes a claim may not be covered for any number of reasons.
Thus, nothing in section 8-43-103 suggests that an employer’s
filing of a first report of injury or notice of contest absolves a
claimant’s burden to file a “notice claiming compensation.”
¶ 23 Because the Panel’s interpretation is consistent with the clear
language of the statute, we perceive no basis for straying from it
here. See Kilpatrick v. Indus. Claim Appeals Office, 2015 COA 30, ¶
14
31 (“[W]e defer to the Panel’s ‘reasonable interpretations’ of its own
regulations, and only set aside the Panel’s interpretation ‘if it is
inconsistent with the clear language of the statute or with the
legislative intent.’” (quoting Zerba v. Dillon Cos., 2012 COA 78,
¶ 37)).
¶ 24 We also reject claimant’s assertion that the assignment of a
claim number constituted a notice of claim. Contrary to claimant’s
suggestion, we see nothing in the assigning of a claim number by
the Division that satisfies a claimant’s obligation to notify the
Division and the employer of his intent to seek compensation.
Neither party receives or provides any information concerning
benefits, impairment, or disability through the assignment of a
claim number. Thus, the critical information conveyed when “a
notice claiming compensation is filed with the division” is not
provided by the assignment of a claim number. See § 8-43-103(2).
¶ 25 Second, claimant’s proposed construction would render the
statute of limitations meaningless, a result which is also prohibited.
See Pineda-Liberato v. People, 2017 CO 95, ¶ 39 (“We cannot,
however, interpret statutory provisions so as to render any of their
words or phrases meaningless or superfluous.”); Berthold v. Indus.
15
Claim Appeals Office, 2017 COA 145, ¶ 32. As the City points out,
claimant’s proposed construction would completely vitiate the
statute of limitations because the statute would not commence
running if an employer failed to file a first report of injury but would
stop running as soon as an employer filed a first report of injury. In
other words, if the statutorily required first report of injury served
to satisfy the statute of limitations, a claimant would have
unlimited time within which to file an application for hearing
because the statute would never be triggered — if the employer filed
a first report of injury — or would always be tolled — if the
employer failed to file the required report. Permitting a first report
of injury to satisfy the statute of limitations would thus improperly
render the statute of limitations meaningless and without effect.
Pineda-Liberato, ¶ 39; Berthold, ¶ 32.
¶ 26 And, third, we agree with the City and the Panel that section
8-43-103(1) imposes filing obligations on employers, while section
8-43-103(2) applies to claimants. As we read the statute,
subsection (1) requires employers to file a first report of injury,
providing the timeline within which employers must take that
action. In contrast, subsection (2) — the statute of limitations
16
subsection — states that it “shall not apply to any claimant to
whom compensation has been paid,” suggesting that the converse is
also true: the subsection applies to any claimant who has not
received compensation. See § 8-43-103(1), (2). Because the
legislature put the parties’ obligations in separate subsections of
the statute, we conclude that the legislature did not intend for a
document that subsection (1) requires an employer to file — the
first report of injury — to satisfy a claimant’s obligation under
subsection (2).
¶ 27 The case on which claimant relies in support of his position,
Colorado Auto Body, Inc. v. Newton, 160 Colo. 113, 414 P.2d 480
(1966), is distinguishable. Claimant cites Newton for the
proposition that a “mere irregularity” in a filing form does not
prevent a claim from proceeding. Id. at 122, 414 P.2d at 485.
When the deficiency is only as to form, there can be a waiver of a
statute of limitations defense based on inadequate notice of a claim.
Id. However, in Newton, the notice, albeit “irregular,” and the
hearing both occurred before the expiration of the statute of
limitations. Because the hearing had been held within the
statutory time limit, the supreme court held that the employer had
17
waived any objection to the “technical deficiencies” in the notice.
Id.
¶ 28 Accordingly, we conclude that although employer filed a first
report of injury and a notice of contest, claimant nonetheless had to
file a timely claim for compensation — such as an application for
hearing — with the Division to ensure that his claim was not barred
by the statute of limitations. It is undisputed that claimant did not
file his application for hearing until more than four years after his
melanoma diagnosis and his notice to the City and the Division that
he believed his cancer was work related. By then, both the
applicable two-year statute of limitations, as well as the additional
year permitted for a reasonable excuse, had lapsed. See § 8-43-
103(2). We therefore agree with the Panel’s conclusion that
claimant’s claim is barred by the statute of limitations.
III. Claimant’s Remaining Arguments
¶ 29 In addition to his primary contention that the Panel
misinterpreted and misapplied the statute, claimant raises several
other contentions. They are as follows:
(1) The Panel’s order disregarded the Act’s mandate “to assure
the quick and efficient delivery of disability and medical
18
benefits to injured workers.” See § 8-40-102(1), C.R.S.
2018. He points out that the firefighter cancer
presumption statute, section 8-41-209, does not contain a
statute of limitations, and that, by imposing a limit on
firefighters, the Panel frustrated the legislature’s intent.
(2) The City should have been required to show prejudice
before the statute of limitations was applied.
(3) The City’s notice of contest form should have estopped it
“from asserting a violation of [section] 8-43-103 because it
informed [claimant] that the only requirement for moving
forward with his claim was to apply for hearing.”
None of these arguments persuade us to reach a different result.
A. Effectuating the Act’s Purpose
¶ 30 The stated goal of the Act is “to assure the quick and efficient
delivery of disability and medical benefits to injured workers at a
reasonable cost to employers, without the necessity of any
litigation.” § 8-40-102(1). “In construing the language of the [Act],
we have previously held that the Act is ‘intended to be remedial and
beneficent in purpose, and should be liberally construed in order to
19
accomplish these goals.’” Ray, 145 P.3d at 668 (quoting Davison,
84 P.3d at 1029).
¶ 31 Claimant contends that the Panel violated these principles
when it barred his claim on statute of limitations grounds. He
argues that barring his claim thwarts the legislature’s intent that
firefighters be compensated for their work-related cancers. Further,
he contends, the firefighter cancer presumption statute under
which he asserted his claim, section 8-41-209, contains no specific
statute of limitations.
¶ 32 Although claimant correctly distills the Act’s stated purpose
and goal, that purpose does not negate the specific statute of
limitations set out in section 8-43-103(2). A declaration of
legislative intent “cannot override a statute’s elements.” People in
Interest of T.B., 2016 COA 151M, ¶ 42, aff’d, 2019 CO 53. As to
claimant’s contention that section 8-41-209 does not expressly set
forth a statute of limitations, claimant does not point us to any
provision in the Act that includes its own statute of limitations, and
we know of none. Rather, section 8-43-103(2) makes clear that,
with the exception of certain injuries caused by radioactive
materials, it applies to all claims for “compensation and benefits
20
provided by . . . articles [40 to 47 of this title].” Thus, by its express
language, section 8-43-103(2) applies to section 8-41-209.
¶ 33 For these reasons, we conclude that the Panel did not violate
the Act’s legislative declaration.
B. Prejudice
¶ 34 Claimant next contends that the City should have been
required to show prejudice before his claim was dismissed as time
barred. He argues that the prejudice provision in section 8-43-
103(2) applied and cites to Newton and Colorado Fuel & Iron Corp. v.
Industrial Commission, 129 Colo. 287, 269 P.2d 696 (1954), in
support of his position. Claimant is mistaken.
¶ 35 Section 8-43-103(2) does require an employer to show
prejudice if a claimant is seeking to file a claim for compensation
within a year of the expiration of the two-year statute of limitations.
It states that the two-year statute of limitations “shall not apply . . .
if it is established to the satisfaction of the director within three
years after the injury . . . that a reasonable excuse exists for the
failure to file such notice claiming compensation and if the
employer’s rights have not been prejudiced thereby.” § 8-43-103(2)
(emphasis added). Contrary to claimant’s assertion, this provision
21
only applies when a claimant files a claim after the two-year statute
of limitations has expired but before a third year has elapsed. It
does not apply to claims filed outside that three-year limit.
¶ 36 Nor do the cases claimant cites support his position. Colorado
Fuel & Iron concerned a claim filed outside the then-applicable
one-year statute of limitations, but before the expiration of the
additional grace year which, like the current version of the statute,
granted claimants one additional year within which to file a claim
for compensation if they showed “that a reasonable excuse exists
for the failure to file such notice claiming compensation, and the
employer’s rights have not been prejudiced thereby.” 129 Colo. at
290, 269 P.2d at 697. It therefore did not involve the assertion of a
claim for compensation beyond the extra one-year window.
¶ 37 Newton is likewise distinguishable. It held that the statute of
limitations did not bar a claim because the referee’s order joining
the employer to the workers’ compensation action sufficiently
notified the employer and its insurer of the claim for compensation.
Because that order was issued only five months after the accident
at issue occurred, the employer and insurer were notified that the
claimant was “claiming compensation” well within the statute of
22
limitations. Newton, 160 Colo. at 116-17, 414 P.2d at 482.
Therefore, it, too, does not support claimant’s contention.
¶ 38 Prejudice is not a statutorily required factor for application of
the statute of limitations after the time period has fully expired, and
we decline to read such a provision into section 8-43-103(2). See
Kraus v. Artcraft Sign Co., 710 P.2d 480, 482 (Colo. 1985) (The
appellate courts of this state have “uniformly held that a court
should not read nonexistent provisions into the . . . Act.”); see also
Kieckhafer, ¶ 16.
C. Estoppel
¶ 39 Last, claimant contends that the City should have been
estopped from asserting a statute of limitations defense because the
notice of contest form it filed “informed [claimant] that the only
requirement for his moving forward with his claim was to apply for
hearing.” Claimant points to language on the form which advises
claimants that they “may request an expedited hearing on the issue
of compensability by filing an Application for Hearing and Notice to
Set and a Request for Expedited Hearing with the Office of
Administrative Courts.” We are not persuaded that this language
estopped the City from raising the statute of limitations.
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¶ 40 True, a party may be equitably estopped from asserting the
statute of limitations. See Thurman v. Tafoya, 895 P.2d 1050, 1058
(Colo. 1995). But claimant had to establish several factors to
successfully invoke the doctrine.
To invoke the doctrine of equitable estoppel, a
party who relies to his detriment on an
affirmative promise must show that the
promisor may have reasonably expected to
induce action or forbearance of a material
character. Moreover, the claimant must show
that reasonable reliance on these assertions
discouraged the claimant from bringing suit
within the applicable time period. A party,
however, may not rely on the mere
non-committal acts of another in order to
establish equitable estoppel.
Id. at 1058 (citations omitted).
¶ 41 As both the City and the Panel point out, claimant has not
established these elements. In particular, claimant has not shown
that (1) the City made any “affirmative promise” to him; (2) the City
“reasonably expected” him to rely on its (undisclosed) promise; (3)
he was discouraged from pursuing his claim because he relied on
the City’s unidentified promises; or (4) he relied on that language
when he delayed filing his claim. See id. The City’s notice of
contest was filed on a Division-prepared form. The City did not
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draft any of the boilerplate language contained therein, including
the instructions for requesting an expedited hearing. Because the
City never expressly directed the boilerplate language to claimant,
he cannot now claim it constituted a promise from the City to him
or that the City had any expectation that he would rely on it to his
detriment.
¶ 42 More importantly, claimant admits that he filed his claim for
compensation late because “the filing of an Application for Hearing
awaited the decisions of the Colorado Supreme Court concerning
burdens of proof under [section] 8-41-209.” He thus implicitly
concedes that his decision to file his application for hearing after
the statute of limitations had expired was unrelated to the
advisement addressing expedited hearings in the City’s notice of
contest form, and he cannot now claim that language in the notice
of contest induced him to delay filing his claim. In the absence of
any detrimental reliance, claimant cannot establish equitable
estoppel.
¶ 43 Accordingly, we reject this contention, as well.
IV. Conclusion
¶ 44 The order is affirmed.
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JUDGE J. JONES and JUSTICE MARTINEZ concur.
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