Nash Street, LLC v. Main Street America Assurance Co.

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NASH STREET, LLC v. MAIN STREET AMERICA
ASSURANCE COMPANY ET AL.
(SC 20389)
Robinson, C. J., and Palmer, McDonald, D’Auria,
Mullins, Kahn and Ecker, Js.*
Syllabus
The plaintiff sought to recover proceeds allegedly due under a commercial
general liability insurance policy issued by the defendant insurer to its
insured, B Co. The plaintiff contracted with B Co. to renovate the plain-
tiff’s damaged house, including site grading and foundation work, which
involved, inter alia, the lifting of the house off of the foundation. The
house collapsed after it was lifted by B Co.’s subcontractor. At the time
of the collapse, the only work being performed on the house was related
to the lifting. The plaintiff brought a separate action against B Co. for
property damage arising from the collapse. B Co. tendered defense of
the case to the defendant pursuant to the insurance policy, and the
defendant declined to defend. The plaintiff subsequently brought the
present action against the defendant, seeking recovery under a default
judgment that the plaintiff had secured against B Co. in the separate
action. The trial court granted the defendant’s motion for summary
judgment and rendered judgment thereon, concluding that the defendant
had no duty to defend or to indemnify B Co. based on the applicability
of two provisions in the insurance policy excluding coverage for property
damage to ‘‘that particular part of real property’’ on which the insured
or anyone working on the insured’s behalf is ‘‘performing operations if
the property damage arises out of those operations’’ and for property
damage to ‘‘that particular part of any property that must be restored,
repaired or replaced because’’ the insured’s work ‘‘was incorrectly per-
formed on it.’’ The plaintiff thereafter appealed, claiming that the trial
court improperly granted the defendant’s motion for summary judgment
because, at the time B Co. tendered defense of the case to the defendant,
there existed at least a possibility that the complaint alleged a liability
covered under B Co.’s insurance policy that would have triggered the
defendant’s duty to defend. More specifically, the plaintiff claimed that
the defendant had a duty to defend B Co. because the complaint alleged
damage only to the house and interior renovation work, whereas the
two relevant policy exclusions precluded coverage only for the defective
work to the foundation itself and not for damage to the rest of the
house. Held that the trial court improperly granted the defendant’s
motion for summary judgment, that court having incorrectly determined
that the two exclusions relieved the defendant of its duty to defend B
Co. in the plaintiff’s action against B Co., as there was a possibility that
the damages the plaintiff alleged in that action were not excluded under
the policy; numerous courts, including this court, have recognized that
legal uncertainty can give rise to an insurer’s duty to defend, there was
legal uncertainty in the present case as to the meaning and applicability
of the two exclusions, Connecticut law favors a narrow construction
of exclusions and requires that ambiguous provisions be construed in
favor of the insured, many other courts have interpreted exclusions
with the ‘‘that particular part’’ language in a manner favoring coverage,
and neither this court nor the Appellate Court has previously interpreted
exclusions identical to those at issue in the present case.
Argued January 14—officially released September 9, 2020**
Procedural History
Action to recover proceeds allegedly due under a
commercial general liability insurance policy issued by
the named defendant, and for other relief, brought to
the Superior Court in the judicial district of Ansonia-
Milford, where the court, Tyma, J., denied the plaintiff’s
motion for summary judgment and granted the named
defendant’s motion for summary judgment and ren-
dered judgment thereon, from which the plaintiff
appealed. Reversed; further proceedings.
David G. Jordan, with whom, on the brief, was
Samantha M. Oliveira, for the appellant (plaintiff).
Scott T. Ober, with whom was Colleen M. Garlick,
for the appellee (named defendant).
Opinion
McDONALD, J. The dispositive issue before us is
whether the defendant insurer had a duty to defend an
action brought against its insured in an underlying
action alleging property damage resulting from a house
that collapsed while being lifted off its foundation. The
insurance policy under review contained clauses
excluding coverage for damage that occurs to ‘‘that
particular part’’ of real property on which the insured
was working. In this case, brought under the direct
action statute; see General Statutes § 38a-321; the plain-
tiff, Nash Street, LLC, appeals from the judgment of
the trial court, which granted the motion for summary
judgment filed by the named defendant, Main Street
America Assurance Company.1 The plaintiff claims that
the trial court improperly granted the defendant’s
motion for summary judgment because, at the time the
insured, New Beginnings Residential Renovations, LLC,
tendered defense of the underlying action to the defen-
dant, there existed at least a possibility that the com-
plaint alleged a liability that was covered under New
Beginnings’ insurance policy and, thus, triggered the
defendant’s duty to defend. We agree with the plaintiff
and reverse the judgment of the trial court.
The parties stipulated to the following facts in the
direct action. The plaintiff’s property in Milford needed
repairs after being damaged by Hurricanes Sandy and
Irene. The plaintiff contracted with New Beginnings to
renovate the house, including site grading and founda-
tion work for which the house would be lifted and
temporarily placed onto cribbing. A subcontractor was
retained to lift the house and to do concrete work on
the foundation.
While the subcontractor was lifting the house in prep-
aration for the foundation work, the house ‘‘shifted off
the supporting cribbing and collapsed.’’ At the time of
the collapse, the only work being performed on the
house was related to the lifting. New Beginnings and/
or its subcontractor caused the collapse by failing to
ensure that the cribbing was secure. As a result, the
house sustained ‘‘extensive physical damage . . . .’’
The plaintiff brought an action against, inter alios,
New Beginnings for property damage arising out of the
collapse. The complaint alleged, in pertinent part, that
‘‘New Beginnings was negligent in the performance of
its work in the following respects . . . New Beginnings
and/or its subcontractors negligently constructed or
assembled the cribbing [that] caused the collapse; and
. . . New Beginnings and/or its subcontractors failed
to ensure that the cribbing properly supported the
house. . . . As a result of New Beginnings’ negligence,
the cribbing failed, causing damage to the house and
the renovation work therein.’’ New Beginnings tendered
defense of the case to the defendant pursuant to a
commercial general liability insurance policy, and the
defendant declined to defend. The plaintiff was
awarded a default judgment against New Beginnings
for its failure to plead in the amount of $558,007.16. No
part of the judgment has been paid.
The record reveals the following additional facts. The
plaintiff brought the present action against the defen-
dant under the direct action statute, seeking recovery
for the judgment against New Beginnings. In response,
the defendant filed an answer and five special defenses,
each claiming that the alleged damages were not cov-
ered by the insurance policy.2 Both parties moved for
summary judgment. The plaintiff argued that there was
no genuine issue of material fact that there is coverage
under the policy and that the exclusions are inapplica-
ble. The defendant argued that there is no genuine issue
of material fact that two of the policy’s ‘‘business risk’’
exclusions—k (5) and (6)—preclude coverage.
Under exclusion k (5), the policy excludes coverage
for property damage to ‘‘[t]hat particular part of real
property on which you or any contractor or subcontrac-
tor working directly or indirectly on your behalf is per-
forming operations, if the ‘property damage’ arises out
of those operations . . . .’’ Under exclusion k (6), the
policy excludes coverage for property damage to ‘‘[t]hat
particular part of any property that must be restored,
repaired or replaced because ‘your work’ was incor-
rectly performed on it.’’
The plaintiff argued that ‘‘that particular part’’ of the
property on which New Beginnings and/or its subcon-
tractor were working was ‘‘the site grading and founda-
tion work underneath the house . . . [and that] New
Beginnings [and/or its subcontractor were] not per-
forming any renovation or other work on the house
itself.’’ Thus, the plaintiff contended, it did not seek to
recover for the damage to the work being done under-
neath the house—that work would be excluded under
k (5) and (6). Rather, the plaintiff sought to recover for
the damage to the house, including renovation work
that had allegedly been completed a year before the
collapse.
The defendant argued that ‘‘that particular part’’ of
the property on which the subcontractor was per-
forming operations was the whole house because the
whole house was being lifted. It further argued that the
possibility that the house might collapse while being
raised was a foreseeable risk in undertaking those oper-
ations. The defendant reasoned that all damage that
occurs to a house under these circumstances is a ‘‘busi-
ness risk’’ that falls squarely within exclusions k (5)
and (6).
In due course, the trial court issued a memorandum
of decision, denying the plaintiff’s motion for summary
judgment and granting the defendant’s motion for sum-
mary judgment. The court stated that the parties agreed
that the only issue was whether exclusions k (5) or (6)
‘‘preclude[d] coverage for the property damage to the
entire house that occurred as a result of the [house’s]
shifting [off of] the cribbing and collapsing at the time
that grading and foundation work was being per-
formed.’’ The court concluded that exclusions k (5) and
(6) were clear and unambiguous, and ‘‘ ‘that particular
part of real property’ ’’ on which New Beginnings or
the subcontractor was performing operations was the
entire house. As such, the court concluded that these
exclusions precluded coverage, and, thus, the defen-
dant had no duty to defend or to indemnify New Begin-
nings.
The plaintiff appealed to the Appellate Court from
the trial court’s judgment in favor of the defendant, and
the appeal was transferred to this court.
On appeal, the plaintiff contends that the trial court
improperly granted the defendant’s motion for sum-
mary judgment because the court conflated the duty to
defend, which arises when there is a possibility of
coverage, with the duty to indemnify, which arises when
there actually is coverage. The plaintiff argues that
the defendant had a duty to defend New Beginnings
because the plaintiff’s complaint alleged damage to the
house and interior renovation work, which, under a
correct interpretation of exclusions k (5) and (6), was
separate from the foundation work. Specifically, the
plaintiff argues that, under Connecticut law, either the
exclusions must be read narrowly, so as not to preclude
coverage, or, alternatively, the exclusions are ambigu-
ous and must be construed in favor of coverage. Under
either interpretation, the plaintiff contends, there was a
possibility of coverage because the exclusions preclude
coverage only for the defective work to the foundation
itself and not for the damage to the rest of the house.
For its part, the defendant contends that the trial court’s
granting of summary judgment in its favor was proper
because exclusions k (5) and (6) unambiguously pre-
clude coverage. We conclude that summary judgment
was improper because exclusions k (5) and (6) did
not relieve the defendant of its duty to defend New
Beginnings in the underlying action.3
Whether the trial court properly rendered summary
judgment in favor of the defendant is a question of law
subject to our plenary review. See Tannone v. Amica
Mutual Ins. Co., 329 Conn. 665, 671, 189 A.3d 99 (2018).
‘‘Practice Book § 17-49 provides that summary judg-
ment shall be rendered forthwith if the pleadings, affida-
vits and any other proof submitted show that there is
no genuine issue as to any material fact and that the
moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.
In deciding a motion for summary judgment, the trial
court must view the evidence in the light most favorable
to the nonmoving party. . . . The party moving for
summary judgment has the burden of showing the
absence of any genuine issue of material fact and that
the party is, therefore, entitled to judgment as a matter
of law. . . . On appeal, we must determine whether
the legal conclusions reached by the trial court are
legally and logically correct and whether they find sup-
port in the facts set out in the memorandum of decision
of the trial court.’’ (Internal quotation marks omitted.)
Bellemare v. Wachovia Mortgage Corp., 284 Conn. 193,
198–99, 931 A.2d 916 (2007).
We begin that review by noting that the plaintiff
brought this action under our direct action statute,
§ 38a-321, which places the plaintiff in the shoes of the
insured, subject to all the same rights and protections
as the insured. See Samelko v. Kingstone Ins. Co., 329
Conn. 249, 262, 184 A.3d 741 (2018); Black v. Goodwin,
Loomis & Britton, Inc., 239 Conn. 144, 149 n.7, 681
A.2d 293 (1996). The plaintiff’s claim, then, turns only
on whether there was a possibility of coverage that
triggered the insurer’s duty to defend. See R.T. Vander-
bilt Co. v. Continental Casualty Co., 273 Conn. 448,
470–71, 870 A.2d 1048 (2005) (‘‘[A]n insurer’s duty to
defend its insured is triggered without regard to the
merits of its duty to indemnify. . . . [So, when] an
insurer is guilty of a breach of its contract to defend,
it is liable to pay to the insured not only his reasonable
expenses in conducting his own defense but, in the
absence of fraud or collusion, the amount of a judgment
[or settlement] obtained against the insured up to the
limit of liability fixed by its policy.’’ (Citation omitted;
internal quotation marks omitted.)); Wentland v. Amer-
ican Equity Ins. Co., 267 Conn. 592, 600, 840 A.2d 1158(2004) (in action brought by plaintiff against insurer
after settling with insured, plaintiff need not establish
insured’s liability or resolve coverage dispute if there
was possibility of coverage); Black v. Goodwin,
Loomis & Britton, Inc., supra, 156, 160 (explaining, in
action for breach of duty to defend brought under § 38a-
321, that, ‘‘to recover the amount of the settlement from
the insurer, the insured need not establish actual liabil-
ity to the party with whom it has settled so long as . . .
a potential liability on the facts known to the [insured
is] shown to exist’’ and that ‘‘insurer may not hide
behind the language of the policy after the insurer aban-
dons its insured’’ (internal quotation marks omitted)).
This is because ‘‘the duty to defend is broader than
the duty to indemnify. . . . An insurer’s duty to defend
is triggered if at least one allegation of the complaint
falls even possibly within the coverage.’’ (Internal quo-
tation marks omitted.) Travelers Casualty & Surety
Co. of America v. Netherlands Ins. Co., 312 Conn. 714,
739, 95 A.3d 1031 (2014). ‘‘The obligation of the insurer
to defend does not depend on whether the injured party
will successfully maintain a cause of action against the
insured but on whether he has, in his complaint, stated
facts [that] bring the injury within the coverage. . . .
If an allegation of the complaint falls even possibly
within the coverage, then the [insurer] must defend the
insured.’’ (Citation omitted; internal quotation marks
omitted.) Wentland v. American Equity Ins. Co., supra,267 Conn. 600. ‘‘In contrast to the duty to defend, the
duty to indemnify is narrower: while the duty to defend
depends only on the allegations made against the
insured, the duty to indemnify depends [on] the facts
established at trial and the theory under which judg-
ment is actually [rendered] in the case. . . . Thus, the
duty to defend is triggered whenever a complaint alleges
facts that potentially could fall within the scope of cov-
erage . . . .’’ (Internal quotation marks omitted.) Trav-
elers Casualty & Surety Co. of America v. Netherlands
Ins. Co., supra, 739.
Because all that is necessary to trigger an insurer’s
duty to defend is a possibility of coverage, any uncer-
tainty as to whether an alleged injury is covered works
in favor of providing a defense to an insured, and uncer-
tainty may be either factual or legal. See, e.g., Hugo
Boss Fashions, Inc. v. Federal Ins. Co., 252 F.3d 608,
620 (2d Cir. 2001); see also, e.g., Wentland v. American
Equity Ins. Co., supra, 267 Conn. 601. Factual uncer-
tainty arises when it is unclear from the face of the
complaint whether an alleged injury occurred in a man-
ner that is covered by the policy. See Hugo Boss Fash-
ions, Inc. v. Federal Ins. Co., supra, 620–22. For exam-
ple, if a policy was active only for the 2019 calendar
year and a complaint did not specify when the alleged
injury took place, there would be factual uncertainty
as to whether the injury was covered because it is
impossible to know from the face of the complaint
whether the alleged injury took place during the cover-
age period. This factual uncertainty would give rise to
a duty to defend, lasting at least until a court determined
when the injury occurred. See, e.g., id., 621–22.
Legal uncertainty arises when it is unclear how a
court might interpret the policy language at issue, and,
as a result, it is unclear whether the alleged injury falls
within coverage. See id. Legal uncertainty can arise in
at least two ways. First, as this court has recognized,
ambiguous policy language can give rise to the duty to
defend. See, e.g., Wentland v. American Equity Ins.
Co., supra, 267 Conn. 601. Second, a duty to defend
may arise if there is a question as to whether ‘‘the cases
governing the insurance policy [will] be read to impose
coverage in a given situation . . . .’’ Hugo Boss Fash-
ions, Inc. v. Federal Ins. Co., supra, 252 F.3d 620. That
is, when there is a split of authority in other jurisdictions
as to the meaning of a particular policy provision, and
no appellate authority in the relevant jurisdiction has
opined on the matter, the uncertainty as to how a court
might interpret the policy gives rise to the duty to
defend. See American Best Food, Inc. v. Alea London,
Ltd., 168 Wn. 2d 398, 410, 229 P.3d 693 (2010).
Numerous courts, including this one, have recognized
that legal uncertainty can give rise to an insurer’s duty
to defend. See, e.g., Hugo Boss Fashions, Inc. v. Federal
Ins. Co., supra, 252 F.3d 620 (under New York law, duty
to defend is triggered by uncertainty as to whether
‘‘cases governing the insurance policy [will] be read
to impose coverage in a given situation’’); Blackhawk-
Central City Sanitation District v. American Guaran-
tee & Liability Ins. Co., 214 F.3d 1183, 1193 (10th Cir.
2000) (under Colorado law, insurer had duty to defend
because it could not show that its interpretation of
policy exclusion was ‘‘only reasonable interpretation’’);
Interstate Fire & Casualty Co. v. 1218 Wisconsin, Inc.,
136 F.3d 830, 835 (D.C. Cir. 1998) (under District of
Columbia law, doubt giving rise to duty to defend ‘‘may
be legal as well as factual’’); Monarch Greenback, LLC
v. Monticello Ins. Co., 118 F. Supp. 2d 1068, 1078 (D.
Idaho 1999) (under Idaho law, duty to defend arises
when ‘‘the application of an exclusion involves a fairly
debatable question of law’’); Makarka v. Great Ameri-
can Ins. Co., 14 P.3d 964, 969 (Alaska 2000) (‘‘duty to
defend may . . . exist [when] the resolution of a con-
tested legal question may lead to covered liability’’);
Scottsdale Ins. Co. v. Morrow Land Valley Co., LLC,
411 S.W.3d 184, 193–94 (Ark. 2012) (insurer had duty
to defend when word ‘‘ ‘pollutants’ ’’ in policy exclusion
was ambiguous); Wentland v. American Equity Ins.
Co., supra, 267 Conn. 601 (word ‘‘intoxication’’ in policy
exclusion was ‘‘sufficiently ambiguous’’ to trigger duty
to defend); Sentinel Ins. Co., Ltd. v. First Ins. Co. of
Hawai’i, Ltd., 76 Haw. 277, 289–90, 875 P.2d 894 (1994)
(insurer had duty to defend when there was ‘‘notable
dispute nationwide’’ on legal coverage question and no
appellate court ruling in jurisdiction); Soto v. Country
Mutual Ins. Co., Docket No. 2-14-1166, 2015 WL
5307297, *10 (Ill. App. September 9, 2015) (holding that
insurer had breached its duty to defend when insurer’s
argument against coverage ‘‘require[d] the reconcilia-
tion and cross-referencing of several seemingly contra-
dictory provisions’’ and ‘‘coverage dispute [could not]
be resolved short of [an] interpretation akin to that
which would occur in a declaratory judgment action’’),
appeal denied, 48 N.E.3d 677 (Ill. 2016); American Best
Food, Inc. v. Alea London, Ltd., supra, 168 Wn. 2d
407–11 (insurer had duty to defend when cases from
other jurisdictions suggested that exclusion did not
apply, and there was no controlling case from Washing-
ton courts); Red Arrow Products Co. v. Employers Ins.
of Wausau, 233 Wis. 2d 114, 124, 607 N.W.2d 294 (App.)
(duty to defend arises from ‘‘genuine dispute over the
status of the law or the facts . . . at the time of the
tender of defense’’), review denied, 234 Wis. 2d 177,
612 N.W.2d 733 (2000). But see Republic Western Ins.
Co. v. International Ins. Co., Docket No. 96-16254, 1997
WL 414566, *2 (9th Cir. July 23, 1997) (decision without
published opinion, 121 F.3d 716) (under California law,
when ‘‘the only potential for coverage . . . turns on
the resolution of a purely legal question of policy inter-
pretation, the insurer does not have a duty to defend’’).
This court has recognized the first type of legal uncer-
tainty, caused by ambiguous policy language. See Went-
land v. American Equity Ins. Co., supra, 267 Conn.
601. We have not had occasion, however, to consider
the second. We find instructive the following cases from
the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Cir-
cuit and the Washington Supreme Court, in which the
courts concluded that, when no appellate authority of
a jurisdiction has interpreted particular policy language,
but courts in other jurisdictions have interpreted the
same language in a manner that could result in cover-
age, the legal uncertainty as to how a court might inter-
pret the language may give rise to a duty to defend.4
In Hugo Boss Fashions, Inc. v. Federal Ins. Co.,
supra, 252 F.3d 608, the plaintiff clothing companies
and their parent company, which were referred to col-
lectively as Hugo Boss in the Second Circuit’s decision,
were sued for, inter alia, trademark infringement for
using the word ‘‘BOSS’’ on certain products, allegedly
violating a concurrent use agreement they had with a
competitor, and the plaintiffs tendered defense of the
case to their insurer, the defendant. See id., 610–12.
The insurer declined to defend on the ground that an
exclusion precluded coverage because ‘‘BOSS’’ did not
fall under the term ‘‘trademarked slogans,’’ within the
meaning of the policy. (Internal quotation marks omit-
ted.) Id., 612–13. Whether there was coverage, there-
fore, depended on the meaning of the words ‘‘trade-
marked slogan.’’ Looking to federal case law, the
Second Circuit determined that the overwhelming
majority of courts had concluded that ‘‘trademarked
slogan’’ was unambiguous, which would preclude cov-
erage under the facts of the case. Id., 618–20. The court
noted, however, that one United States District Court
decision from the Southern District of New York had
concluded that ‘‘trademarked slogan’’ was ambiguous.
Id., 620–21 and n.11. The Second Circuit concluded that
this contrary decision ‘‘rendered uncertain the question
of whether the courts would deem the term ‘trade-
marked slogan’ to be unambiguous.’’5 (Emphasis omit-
ted.) Id., 621 n.11.
The court explained that the question of whether ‘‘the
cases governing the insurance policy [would] be read
to impose coverage . . . [would] ultimately be
resolved by [the] courts . . . [perhaps] in favor of the
insurer, thereby precluding coverage and the duty to
indemnify. But until they are, the insurer cannot avoid
its duty to defend.’’ Id., 620. The court continued: ‘‘It
was, therefore, incumbent upon [the insurer] to under-
take a defense of Hugo Boss until the uncertainty sur-
rounding the term [trademarked slogan] was resolved.
Had [the insurer] sought a declaratory judgment imme-
diately upon Hugo [Boss’] filing of its insurance claim,
a court might have eliminated this uncertainty by read-
ing the term as [the insurer] has claimed it should be
read . . . . Moreover, it might have done so before
[the insurer] expended a great deal of money putting
up a defense for Hugo Boss. But until such a ruling
issued, the question of whether [the insurer] might be
held liable to indemnify Hugo Boss was in doubt. And,
given this doubt, [the insurer’s] failure to provide a
defense . . . was a violation of its contractual duties.’’
Id., 622–23.
Similarly, in American Best Food, Inc. v. Alea Lon-
don, Ltd., supra, 168 Wn. 2d 398, the Washington
Supreme Court considered ‘‘whether an insurer
breached its duty to defend as a matter of law when,
relying [on] an equivocal interpretation of case law, it
gave itself the benefit of the doubt rather than give that
benefit to its insured.’’ Id., 402. After a man was shot
nine times by another patron at the plaintiff’s nightclub,
club security guards ‘‘dumped him on the sidewalk.’’
(Internal quotation marks omitted.) Id., 402–403. The
defendant, the club’s insurer, declined to defend the
injured man’s action against the club on the ground
that an ‘‘assault and battery’’ exclusion in the policy
precluded coverage for the incident. Id., 403. Washing-
ton courts had never before interpreted the exclusion,
but many other courts had, finding a distinction
between preassault and postassault negligence. See id.,407–408. Because the complaint in the injured man’s
underlying action against the club alleged both preas-
sault and postassault negligence, if Washington were
to adopt the same distinction, the exclusion would not
apply to all of the alleged injuries. The Washington
Supreme Court concluded that ‘‘[t]he lack of any Wash-
ington case directly on point and a recognized distinc-
tion between preassault and postassault negligence in
other states presented a legal uncertainty with regard
to [the insurer’s] duty. Because any uncertainty works
in favor of providing a defense to an insured, [the insur-
er’s] duty to defend arose when [the injured man]
brought [the action] against [the nightclub].’’ Id., 408.
Applying these principles to the present case, we are
mindful that our inquiry is not whether exclusions k
(5) and (6) actually preclude coverage; nor does this
case require us to determine conclusively what those
exclusions mean. The only question we must answer
is whether there was any possibility of coverage at the
time New Beginnings tendered defense to the defen-
dant.6 See, e.g., Travelers Casualty & Surety Co. of
America v. Netherlands Ins. Co., supra, 312 Conn. 739(‘‘[a]n insurer’s duty to defend is triggered if at least one
allegation of the complaint falls even possibly within the
coverage’’ (emphasis added; internal quotation marks
omitted)); Capstone Building Corp. v. American
Motorists Ins. Co., 308 Conn. 760, 817, 67 A.3d 961(2013) (‘‘the insured is not required to prove actual
liability, only potential liability on the facts known to
the [insured]’’ (internal quotation marks omitted)); Soto
v. Country Mutual Ins. Co., supra, 2015 WL 5307297,
*8 (‘‘[W]e are not determining the ultimate question of
coverage. Instead, we are asked to consider whether,
when the complaint was presented, there was clearly
no potential for coverage under the liability policy.’’
(Emphasis omitted.)); see also R.T. Vanderbilt Co. v.
Continental Casualty Co., supra, 273 Conn. 470–71;
Wentland v. American Equity Ins. Co., supra, 267 Conn.
601; Black v. Goodwin, Loomis & Britton, Inc., supra,
239 Conn. 160; cf. Missionaries of the Co. of Mary, Inc.
v. Aetna Casualty & Surety Co., 155 Conn. 104, 113,
230 A.2d 21 (1967) (because court found insurer
breached duty to defend, court found it ‘‘unnecessary
to reach [the] issue’’ of whether insurer also had
breached its duty to indemnify). More specifically,
because the plaintiff alleged damage to ‘‘the house and
the renovation work therein,’’ we must consider
whether legal uncertainty existed regarding the cover-
age issue in dispute. That is, was it possible, at the time
New Beginnings tendered defense to the defendant, that
this court, if presented with the issue, could construe
‘‘that particular part’’ in exclusions k (5) and (6) to
mean that any portion of the alleged damage would fall
outside the scope of the exclusions?
The plaintiff contends that, under Connecticut law,
either the exclusions must be construed narrowly, so
as not to preclude coverage, or, alternatively, the exclu-
sions are ambiguous and must be construed in favor
of coverage. Under either construction, the plaintiff
argues, there was a possibility of coverage because
the exclusions cover only the defective work on the
foundation and do not exclude coverage for the damage
to the house or interior renovations caused by the defec-
tive work done underneath the house. The defendant
contends that, under the facts of this case—in which
the insured was required to lift the entire house—exclu-
sions k (5) and (6) unambiguously exclude coverage
for all damage to the house caused by the collapse,
which was a foreseeable business risk for a business
that lifts houses.7
Exclusions k (5) and (6) are not unique to the insur-
ance policy in the present case; they are standard exclu-
sions used in policies across the country, and there
has been considerable litigation as to the exclusions’
meaning and applicability. Courts have generally inter-
preted the ‘‘that particular part’’ language in one of
three ways, adopting either a broad or narrow construc-
tion, or concluding that the language is ambiguous.
Under the broad interpretation, ‘‘that particular part’’
excludes all damage to the insured’s work product
caused by the insured’s defective work, even if the
scope of the damage far exceeds the portion of the
property on which the defective work was actually per-
formed. See, e.g., Jet Line Services, Inc. v. American
Employers Ins. Co., 404 Mass. 706, 711, 537 N.E.2d 107(1989) (all damage to tank caused by explosion was
excluded from coverage, even though contractor was
cleaning only bottom of tank at time of explosion).
Under the narrow interpretation, ‘‘that particular part’’
applies only to the specific components on which the
insured performed defective work and not to wider
damage to the insured’s work product caused by the
defective work. See, e.g., Mid-Continent Casualty Co.
v. JHP Development, Inc., 557 F.3d 207, 215, 217 (5th
Cir. 2009) (under Texas law, exclusion applied only to
exterior portions of building that contractor did not
properly water seal, not to interior portions that sus-
tained water damage as result). Finally, courts that
determine that both, or other, interpretations are rea-
sonable conclude that the language is ambiguous and,
as a result, construe the language in favor of the insured.
See, e.g., Cogswell Farm Condominium Assn. v. Tower
Group, Inc., 167 N.H. 245, 249, 252, 110 A.3d 822 (2015).
Consistent with our precedent favoring a narrow
interpretation of insurance policy exclusions; see, e.g.,
Nationwide Mutual Ins. Co. v. Pasiak, 327 Conn. 225,
239, 173 A.3d 888 (2017) (‘‘[w]hen construing exclusion
clauses, the language should be construed in favor of
the insured unless [the court] has a high degree of
certainty that the policy language clearly and unambigu-
ously excludes the claim’’ (internal quotation marks
omitted)); several courts, including the federal Courts
of Appeals for the Fifth and Sixth Circuits, have adopted
the narrow interpretation of ‘‘that particular part.’’ See,
e.g., Fortney & Weygandt, Inc. v. American Manufac-
turers Mutual Ins. Co., 595 F.3d 308, 311 (6th Cir. 2010)
(adopting reasoning and conclusion of Fifth Circuit’s
decision in Mid-Continent Casualty Co. v. JHP Devel-
opment, Inc., supra, 557 F.3d 215, 217, with respect to
k (6)8 and noting that words ‘‘ ‘[t]hat particular part’
. . . are trebly restrictive, straining to the point of awk-
wardness to make clear that the exclusion applies only
to building parts on which defective work was per-
formed, and not to the building generally’’); Mid-Conti-
nent Casualty Co. v. JHP Development, Inc., supra, 218
(under plain reading of policy, exclusions k (5) and (6)
apply only to property damage to particular part of
property that was subject of defective work). These
decisions from federal courts of appeals, combined with
Connecticut’s preference for interpreting exclusions
narrowly and the lack of a Connecticut appellate author-
ity on point, demonstrate that it was possible that this
court could adopt a narrow interpretation of exclusions
k (5) and (6). In doing so, we might have concluded
that ‘‘that particular part’’ of the house on which the
defective work was performed was only that portion
underneath the house that was not properly supported,
leading to the collapse of and damage to the entire
house.
Numerous other courts, including the Supreme
Courts of New Hampshire and Missouri, have con-
cluded that the exclusions are ambiguous and, there-
fore, must be construed in favor of coverage. See
Columbia Mutual Ins. Co. v. Schauf, 967 S.W.2d 74, 80
(Mo. 1998) (‘‘applying the exclusion to real property
. . . is far from easy . . . [because] [h]ouses and
buildings can be divided into so many parts that
attempting to determine which part or parts are the
subject of the insured’s operations can produce several
reasonable conclusions’’); Cogswell Farm Condomin-
ium Assn. v. Tower Group, Inc., supra, 167 N.H. 251–52
(exclusion k (6) was ambiguous because both broad and
narrow interpretations were reasonable). Connecticut
law also requires that ambiguous insurance policy pro-
visions be construed in favor of coverage. See, e.g.,
Nationwide Mutual Ins. Co. v. Pasiak, supra, 327 Conn.
238–39 (‘‘[W]hen the words of an insurance contract
are, without violence, susceptible of two [equally
responsible] interpretations, that which will sustain the
claim and cover the loss must, in preference, be
adopted. . . . [T]his rule of construction favorable to
the insured extends to exclusion clauses.’’ (Internal
quotation marks omitted.)); see also Travelers Casu-
alty & Surety Co. of America v. Netherlands Ins. Co.,
supra, 312 Conn. 740 (‘‘if an ambiguity arises that cannot
be resolved by examining the parties’ intentions . . .
[c]ourts . . . often apply the contra proferentem rule
and interpret a policy against the insurer’’ (internal quo-
tation marks omitted)). These decisions from sister
state supreme courts, combined with Connecticut’s rule
regarding the interpretation of ambiguous policy provi-
sions and the lack of a Connecticut appellate decision
on point, suggest that it is also possible that this court
might have concluded that exclusions k (5) and (6) are
ambiguous and, thus, must be construed against the
defendant. In doing so, we might have concluded that
the exclusions do not cover the full extent of the dam-
ages alleged in the complaint.
Faced with a lack of any Connecticut appellate
authority on point and with numerous state supreme
and federal appellate court cases that have adopted
interpretations of exclusions k (5) and (6) that are con-
sistent with Connecticut law and would favor the plain-
tiff, the defendant was presented with a legal uncer-
tainty with regard to its duty to defend.9 Because such
an uncertainty works in favor of providing a defense
to an insured, exclusions k (5) and (6) did not relieve
the defendant of its duty to defend New Beginnings.
Although our case law does not require it, the pru-
dent, if not ordinary, course would have been for the
defendant to defend its insured under a reservation of
rights and separately pursue a declaratory judgment
action to resolve the legal uncertainty at issue. See,
e.g., Travelers Casualty & Surety Co. of America v.
Netherlands Ins. Co., supra, 312 Conn. 726–27 (‘‘The
purpose of a declaratory judgment action . . . is to
secure an adjudication of rights [when] there is a sub-
stantial question in dispute or a substantial uncertainty
of legal relations between the parties. . . . [O]ur
declaratory judgment statute provides a valuable tool
by which litigants may resolve uncertainty of legal obli-
gations.’’ (Internal quotation marks omitted.)); see also
General Statutes § 52-29; Practice Book § 17-55. When
an insurer declines to defend, it must accept the risk
that a court may conclude that, by doing so, the insurer
breached its duty to defend. See Travelers Casualty &
Surety Co. of America v. Netherlands Ins. Co., supra,
739–40 n.25. As the Appellate Court of Illinois has
explained: ‘‘[The] [d]efendant [insurer] . . . unilater-
ally determined that there was no possibility of cover-
age for the damages alleged by the [plaintiff’s action]
. . . . [The] [d]efendant’s unilateral decision . . . was
simply a calculated gamble; however, under these cir-
cumstances, we conclude that, even if there existed
an exclusion that [the] defendant determined barred
coverage, it improvidently chose to sit back and do
nothing. . . . [When] there [is] a serious dispute . . .
regarding whether [a] claim might possibly fall within
policy coverage and give rise to a duty to defend, the
insurer . . . should . . . seek a declaratory judgment
as to its rights and obligations before or pending trial
or defend the insured under [a] reservation of rights
. . . .’’ (Citation omitted; internal quotation marks
omitted.) Soto v. Country Mutual Ins. Co., supra, 2015
WL 5307297, *10.
The defendant relies on four cases—one from a state
supreme court and three from trial courts—that, it
claims, involve facts and exclusions identical to those
in this case. In each case, the court determined that
‘‘that particular part’’ excluded coverage for damage to
the entire house. See Lafayette Ins. Co. v. Peerboom,
813 F. Supp. 2d 823, 834 (S.D. Miss. 2011) (‘‘[u]nlike the
insureds in [other cases], [the insured] performed work,
not on the foundation only, but on the entire house
. . . and this fact distinguishes the present case from
. . . cases [in which] a contractor undertakes to work
on a discrete part of a structure and defects in his work
cause damage to other property’’); Auto-Owners Ins.
Co. v. Chorak & Sons, Inc., Docket No. 07 C 4454,
2008 WL 3286986, *3 (N.D. Ill. August 8, 2008) (‘‘[T]he
structure on which [the insured] was working was the
entire house . . . that is, [the insured] had to raise the
entire house in order to complete the assigned task.
. . . [Its] work was allegedly incorrectly performed,
and that incorrect performance caused damage to the
house. Thus, the damage to the house caused by the
operations is excluded from coverage . . . .’’ (Cita-
tions omitted.)); Grinnell Mutual Reinsurance Co. v.
Lynne, 686 N.W.2d 118, 125–26 (N.D. 2004) (‘‘We con-
strue ambiguous contract provisions narrowly; how-
ever, this case fits within even a narrow interpretation
of the business risk exclusion. . . . The particular part
of real property on which [the insured] was working
was the house. Thus, damage to the house resulting
from [the insured’s] work will not be covered by the
policy due to the exclusions included in the policy.’’
(Citations omitted.)); see also Barber v. Berthiaume,
Superior Court, judicial district of New Haven, Docket
No. CV-XX-XXXXXXX-S (October 19, 2009) (48 Conn. L.
Rptr. 662, 663) (following Grinnell Mutual Reinsurance
Co. v. Lynne, supra, 126, because it involved ‘‘an identi-
cal fact pattern and issue’’). The defendant argues that,
consistent with these cases, exclusions k (5) and (6)
clearly and unambiguously exclude coverage for all of
the damages alleged in the plaintiff’s complaint against
New Beginnings and, thus, relieve the defendant of its
duty to defend. We are not persuaded.
Although the cases the defendant cites involve similar
facts and identical exclusions to those in the present
case, the cases are procedurally distinguishable, and the
distinction is crucial because the different procedural
postures require fundamentally different inquiries with
respect to the duty to defend. In this case, the defendant
declined to defend the underlying case, and the plaintiff
thereafter won a judgment, which it seeks to collect
from the defendant. On appeal, our inquiry into whether
there was a duty to defend involves a retrospective
examination of whether there was any possibility of
coverage when New Beginnings tendered defense to
the defendant. In contrast, in three of the four cases
that the defendant cites, the insurers did not decline
to defend their insureds; they agreed to defend under
a reservation of rights and then brought declaratory
judgment actions to determine whether they were
required to defend cases that were then pending. See
Lafayette Ins. Co. v. Peerboom, supra, 813 F. Supp. 2d
824; Auto-Owners Ins. Co. v. Chorak & Sons, Inc.,
supra, 2008 WL 3286986, *1; Grinnell Mutual Reinsur-
ance Co. v. Lynne, supra, 686 N.W.2d 120–21. In those
cases, the courts did not consider whether there was a
possibility of coverage; they considered whether there
actually was coverage.10 To determine if there is a duty
to defend, a court considers whether there was uncer-
tainty as to coverage at the relevant time. To determine
if there is a duty to indemnify, as in the cases cited by
the defendant, a court resolves any uncertainty as to
coverage. See, e.g., DaCruz v. State Farm Fire & Casu-
alty Co., 268 Conn. 675, 688, 846 A.2d 849 (2004) (‘‘the
duty to defend is triggered whenever a complaint alleges
facts that potentially could fall within the scope of
coverage, whereas the duty to indemnify arises only if
the evidence adduced at trial establishes that the con-
duct actually was covered by the policy’’ (emphasis in
original)). The insurer’s use of the declaratory judgment
action allows the court directly to address the duty to
indemnify rather than only the duty to defend. But, as
we have explained, the duty to defend is broader than
the duty to indemnify, such that it is possible that, in
a given case, if the duty to indemnify has not been
resolved, an insurer will have a duty to defend, even if
it ultimately has no duty to indemnify. See id. The cases
the defendant cites are unpersuasive because they pro-
vide an analysis—whether there was actually cover-
age—distinct from that which we undertake in this case,
namely, whether there was any possibility of coverage.11
Cf. American Best Food, Inc. v. Alea London, Ltd.,
supra, 168 Wn. 2d 411 (‘‘[The insurer] relies [on] Lein-
gang v. Pierce County Medical Bureau, Inc., 131 Wn.
2d 133, 930 P.2d 288 (1997), which involved . . . the
duty to indemnify, not the duty to defend. We do not
find Leingang helpful because the duties to defend and
indemnify are quite different.’’).
In sum, we conclude that the trial court incorrectly
determined that exclusions k (5) and (6) relieved the
defendant of its duty to defend New Beginnings in the
underlying action that the plaintiff brought against New
Beginnings. At the time New Beginnings tendered
defense of the underlying action to the defendant, there
was a possibility that the damages the plaintiff alleged
were covered by the policy. This possibility existed
because of legal uncertainty as to the meaning and
applicability of exclusions k (5) and (6), which arose
from a combination of the following factors: Connecti-
cut law favors a narrow construction of exclusions and
requires that ambiguous provisions be construed in
favor of the insured, multiple state supreme court and
federal court of appeals decisions have interpreted
exclusions identical to those in the present case in a
manner favorable to the insured, and no Connecticut
appellate authority has interpreted exclusions k (5) and
(6). The defendant was not entitled to summary judg-
ment because exclusions k (5) and (6) do not relieve the
defendant of its duty to defend. Because the defendant’s
summary judgment motion concerned only two of its
special defenses; see footnote 2 of this opinion; we
do not have occasion to consider the merits of the
defendant’s three remaining special defenses. We leave
it to the trial court to evaluate the remaining special
defenses, should the defendant pursue them on remand.
Cf. W. Horton & K. Bartschi, Connecticut Practice
Series: Connecticut Rules of Appellate Procedure
(2019–2020 Ed.) § 61-1, p. 67, authors’ comments (‘‘a
decision by the Appellate Court reversing summary
judgment . . . returns the case to the procedural pos-
ture it would have been in if the trial court denied [the
motion for] summary judgment’’).
The judgment is reversed and the case is remanded
for further proceedings according to law.
In this opinion the other justices concurred.
* The listing of justices reflects their seniority status on this court as of
the date of oral argument.
** September 9, 2020, the date that this decision was released as a slip
opinion, is the operative date for all substantive and procedural purposes.
1
Although the plaintiff’s complaint originally named Main Street America
Assurance Company and Atlantic Casualty Insurance Company as defen-
dants, the plaintiff subsequently withdrew its claim against Atlantic Casualty
Insurance Company, and that entity is not a party to this appeal. We refer
to Main Street America Assurance Company as the defendant.
2
In its special defenses, the defendant alleged that (1) the damages claimed
by the plaintiff were not caused by an ‘‘occurrence,’’ as defined by the policy,
(2) coverage is precluded by the exclusion in § II B 1 k (5) of the policy,
(3) coverage is precluded by the exclusion in § II B 1 k (6) of the policy,
(4) coverage is precluded by the exclusion in § II B 1 l of the policy, and
(5) coverage is precluded by the exclusion in § II B 1 m of the policy. For
convenience, we hereinafter refer to § II B 1 k (5) and (6) of the policy as
k (5) and (6).
3
In granting the defendant’s motion for summary judgment, the trial court
ruled that the defendant had neither a duty to defend nor a duty to indemnify
New Beginnings in the underlying action. Because we conclude that, with
respect to exclusions k (5) and (6), the defendant breached its duty to
defend, we need not consider whether it has a duty to indemnify in order
to reverse the trial court’s judgment as to both duties. Under this court’s
precedent, an insurer that breaches its duty to defend has breached its
contract with the insured, and it may not subsequently argue that the contract
absolves it of its duty to indemnify. See, e.g., Capstone Building Corp.
v. American Motorists Ins. Co., 308 Conn. 760, 817, 67 A.3d 961 (2013)
(recognizing as ‘‘central holding of our cases’’ principle that insurer that
breaches duty to defend is ‘‘estop[ped] . . . from seek[ing] the protection
of [the] contract in avoidance of its indemnity provisions’’ (internal quotation
marks omitted)); see also Black v. Goodwin, Loomis & Britton, Inc., 239
Conn. 144, 149, 156, 681 A.2d 293 (1996) (in action for breach of duty to
defend brought under § 38a-321 by plaintiff against insurer, ‘‘insurer may
not hide behind the language of the policy after the insurer abandons its
insured’’ (internal quotation marks omitted)); Missionaries of the Co. of
Mary, Inc. v. Aetna Casualty & Surety Co., 155 Conn. 104, 113–14, 230 A.2d
21 (1967) (‘‘[t]he [insurer] having, in effect, waived the opportunity which
was open to it to perform its contractual duty to defend under a reservation
of its right to contest the obligation to indemnify the plaintiff, reason dictates
that the [insurer] should reimburse the [insured] for the full amount of the
obligation reasonably incurred by it’’). This is true regardless of whether
the insured brings an action for recovery against the insurer or whether the
judgment creditor brings an action against the insurer under § 38a-321. See
Samelko v. Kingstone Ins. Co., 329 Conn. 249, 262, 184 A.3d 741 (2018)
(pursuant to § 38a-321, ‘‘the plaintiffs ultimately suffered the actual harm
and are thus subrogated to all the rights of the insured’’). For the same
reason, we do not reach the two other issues presented on appeal, namely,
whether the trial court correctly concluded that (1) the phrase ‘‘that particu-
lar part’’ in the policy exclusions is unambiguous, and (2) the plaintiff’s
property damage is excluded from coverage under exclusions k (5) and (6).
4
We do not suggest that the absence of a controlling decision is, in and
of itself, sufficient to give rise to the duty to defend. There must also be
sufficient reason to conclude that the court could construe the policy lan-
guage in favor of coverage. As the Second Circuit explained, ‘‘[t]here are,
of course, cases in which the policy is so clear that there is no uncertainty
in fact or law, and hence no duty to defend. . . . Under some circumstances,
the allegations contained in the complaint against the insured will by them-
selves eliminate all potential doubt and relieve the insurer of any duty to
defend. [When], for example, a complaint alleges an intentional tort, and
the insurance contract provides coverage only for harms caused by negli-
gence, there would be no uncertainty as to the applicability of the policy
exclusion, and hence, no duty to defend the particular [action] brought.’’
(Footnote omitted.) Hugo Boss Fashions, Inc. v. Federal Ins. Co., supra,
252 F.3d 620–21; see also Makarka v. Great American Ins. Co., supra, 14
P.3d 969–70 (‘‘A duty to defend may . . . exist [when] the resolution of a
contested legal question may lead to covered liability against the insured.
. . . [Nevertheless, when] coverage turns solely on the interpretation of
policy language that has never been reviewed by [the Supreme Court of
Alaska], that fact alone is not enough to create a possibility of coverage
that require[s] a defense.’’ (Footnotes omitted.)).
5
We express no opinion as to whether we agree with the Second Circuit
that, when a ‘‘vast majority’’ of courts agree as to the meaning of a policy
provision, one contrary decision creates uncertainty sufficient to trigger an
insurer’s duty to defend. Hugo Boss Fashions, Inc. v. Federal Ins. Co.,
supra, 252 F.3d 618–20, 620–21 n.11. As we explain subsequently in this
opinion, exclusions k (5) and (6) are standard provisions that are common
in insurance policies across the country, and there is a significant split of
authority as to the meaning of the exclusions, which creates a greater
degree of uncertainty here than was present in Hugo Boss Fashions, Inc.
Accordingly, we need not decide whether one contrary case gives rise to
the duty to defend.
6
This approach incentivizes insurers to honor the contractual duty to
defend insureds in cases in which there is a genuine dispute as to coverage
arising from legal uncertainty. If the inquiry in this procedural posture were
whether there was actually coverage, insurers could decline to defend, wait
for judgment or settlement in the underlying action between the plaintiff and
the insured, and then litigate the question of indemnity, thereby effectively
avoiding the duty to defend. This would deprive insureds of a bargained
for contractual right for which insureds pay a premium. It would also be
inconsistent with our well established rule that an insurer that breaches its
duty to defend cannot then use the contract to escape its indemnity obliga-
tions. See Capstone Building Corp. v. American Motorists Ins. Co., 308
Conn. 760, 813 n.58, 67 A.3d 961 (2013).
Nevertheless, we note that, although an insurer who breaches its duty to
defend may not litigate indemnity, the insurer may defend against a claim
of breach of the duty to defend, in an action brought by either the insured
or the injured party under the direct action statute, by establishing that there
is no possibility that coverage existed and no legal uncertainty regarding
the existence of such coverage. See, e.g., Tiedemann v. Nationwide Mutual
Fire Ins. Co., 164 Conn. 439, 444, 324 A.2d 263 (1973) (under predecessor
to § 38a-321, insurer was able to argue that there was no possibility of
coverage as defense to breach of duty to defend).
7
The defendant also argues that the purpose of a commercial general
liability policy is to provide coverage for unforeseeable business risks, not
to protect against foreseeable risks. Because the possibility that the insured
might drop a house while lifting it was a foreseeable risk, the defendant
contends that it would be contrary to the purpose of a commercial general
liability insurance policy to conclude that exclusions k (5) and (6) do not
apply to all damage to the house. We are not persuaded. The general purpose
of a commercial general liability policy does not render other interpretations
of the policy unreasonable. See Cogswell Farm Condominium Assn. v.
Tower Group, Inc., 167 N.H. 245, 251, 110 A.3d 822 (2015); see also Mid-
Continent Casualty Co. v. JHP Development, Inc., 557 F.3d 207, 217 n.3
(5th Cir. 2009) (‘‘[i]f insurers believe that this interpretation expands cover-
age beyond that which commercial general liability insurance policies are
supposed to provide, the . . . exclusion can of course be rewritten to make
clear that it excludes this sort of property damage from coverage’’).
8
In many insurance policies containing identical or very similar exclu-
sions, the exclusions are not lettered and numbered the same as the policy
in this case. To avoid confusion, in discussing other cases construing these
exclusions, we refer to all of these identical or similar exclusions as k (5)
or (6), even if they were not so identified in the cases we discuss.
9
We recognize that these cases do not involve identical factual situations
to the present case. We nevertheless find them instructive because, as we
explained, there need only have been a mere possibility of coverage for the
plaintiff to prevail. Additionally, the insurer bears the burden of proving
that an exclusion applies. E.g., Nationwide Mutual Ins. Co. v. Pasiak, supra,
327 Conn. 239. Because the burden lies with the insurer, the plaintiff need
only sufficiently rebut the defendant’s argument.
10
The fourth case the defendant cites did not involve a declaratory judg-
ment action, but that case dealt with indemnity, not the duty to defend.
Indeed, that case makes no reference to the duty to defend. See Barber v.
Berthiaume, supra, 48 Conn. L. Rptr. 662–63.
11
We note that, in the present case, the trial court’s memorandum of
decision suffers from this same deficiency. See Nash Street, LLC v. Main
Street America Assurance Co., Superior Court, judicial district of Ansonia-
Milford, Docket No. CV-XX-XXXXXXX-S (December 13, 2018) (‘‘the sole issue
to be decided is whether one or both policy exclusions preclude coverage
for the property damage to the entire house that occurred as a result of the
house shifting [off its] cribbing and collapsing at the time that grading and
foundation work was being performed’’).