Franco v. City of New Haven

This is an action for a declaratory judgment seeking a determination whether certain bonds which the board of aldermen of the defendant city has voted to issue are valid under our constitution. The bonds were to serve the purpose of defraying "the capital costs . . . involved in the temporary housing program for veterans." The board of aldermen found authority for the action in Public Act No. 3 passed at the special session of the General Assembly held in May, 1946. The provisions of that act so far as material to the inquiry before us are printed in the footnote.¹ The terms of the vote and the absence of the declaration required by 2 before a "housing authority" can function indicate that the board was acting under the provisions of 3 of the act, which is the only section making specific provision for establishing a housing program for veterans. Whether the board was authorized to issue the bonds in question under that provision is a question not presented upon this record. The plaintiff states at the beginning of his brief, as the sole issue to be determined, the question whether the issuance of the bonds specifically to provide housing for veterans constitutes a violation of the provision of 1 of article first of the constitution that "no man, or set of men are entitled to exclusive public emoluments or privileges from the community."

We very recently pointed out in the case of Lyman v. Adorno, 133 Conn. 511, 515, 52 A.2d 702, that this provision of the constitution has a meaning equivalent to that part of the fourteenth amendment to the constitution of the United States which states that no state shall "deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws"; that neither provision prevents legislation applicable only to a particular class of persons, provided there is some material and substantial difference germane to the subject and purpose of the legislation between those within and those without the class; that primarily the question whether there shall be legislation of this character is for the determination of the General Assembly; and that courts cannot interfere unless its action is clearly unreasonable. We held that an act providing for the payment of bonuses to veterans of the late war was not a violation of 1 of article first of the constitution.

The situation before us differs in certain material respects from that we were considering in the Lyman case. The General Assembly did not in the act now under consideration state its purpose but the provisions of the act indicate that it was designed to relieve the untoward conditions resulting from an acute housing shortage as it particularly affected veterans of the late war. That a lack of safe and sanitary dwelling accommodations available at a reasonable rent to low income groups has a harmful effect upon the health, morals and general welfare of the community is in effect admitted in the pleadings and cannot be seriously questioned; and the General Assembly may well have concluded that private initiative would not or could not successfully afford remedial measures. Allydonn Realty Corporation v. Holyoke Housing Authority, 304 Mass. 288, 294,23 N.E.2d 665. The question then is: Can the General Assembly properly regard the situation of veterans coming within the definition in the act as substantially different from that of other members of the community as regards the unfortunate results of an acute housing shortage?

It is a matter of common knowledge that the absence of men and women in the armed forces of the country often resulted in the break-up of homes, and that when they returned they were confronted more acutely than were those who had remained here with difficulty in finding dwelling accommodations where the family might again resume its unity, particularly safe and sanitary living quarters within the range of the low rentals which were all many of them could pay. The General Assembly might reasonably have thought that such a condition would be likely to cause a continued disunity of the family or a manner of living which would prevent a normal family life; that to add to an already existing housing shortage those who, returning, were seeking to reestablish their homes would produce overcrowding and the acceptance of unsafe or unsanitary living conditions; and that the result might well be to break up families or to subject children to conditions adverse to a sound development and tending to increase delinquency. On these and other grounds the General Assembly might have concluded that as regards the need of proper and adequate housing the situation of the veterans substantially differed from that of those members of the community who had remained in the state during the war years, and that it was reasonably justified in making provision for them not afforded to other residents. We cannot hold that such a conclusion is not one which the General Assembly could reasonably reach. It is, no doubt, true that some veterans would have no more need for assistance of this kind than other members of the community, but, again as we pointed out in the Lyman case, such action by the General Assembly is not to be judged by its effect upon individual cases; the test is, could the General Assembly reasonably regard the application of the act to veterans defined in it as best adapted, as a general rule, to accomplish the purpose it had in mind?

The plaintiff relies rather heavily upon Beach v. Bradstreet, 85 Conn. 344, 82 A. 1030. We discussed that case at some length in the Lyman case and pointed out that, in holding invalid, as a use of public moneys for private purposes, an act of the General Assembly providing for annual payments to certain veterans of the Civil War, the basis of the decision was that it required payments to be made to veterans whether or not they resided in Connecticut at the time they went into the service, or even if they were then aliens, and consequently veterans were included who formed no part of the quota of this state in that war. The act before us includes veterans who resided in this state at the time of their induction or enlistment, and, as we pointed out in the Lyman case, furnishing aid to such persons would not be within the limitation established in the Beach case. But the act also includes veterans who have "continuously resided in this state for at least six months next prior to the passage of this act," and such men may not have been a part of the quota of this state in the war. There is not the same reason for denying to them the benefit of the act now before us that there was to hold, as we did in the Beach case, that payments of money might not be made to men who were residents of other states or aliens when they entered service. The evils of an acute housing shortage impinge very directly upon the welfare of the community, and that is due to the residence of veterans within it whether or not they entered service as a part of the quota of this state. The difference in the two situations is well illustrated if we apply the theory suggested by the Supreme Judicial Court of Massachusetts in Allydonn Realty Corporation v. Holyoke Housing Authority, supra, 292, that of balancing public benefit against private gain; in such a balancing the General Assembly may have felt that the public benefit from relieving a housing shortage has much more weight because of the fact of the residence of veterans in the community than that element would bring into the problem where the question was the payment of sums of money to veterans. We cannot hold that the legislature could not reasonably include veterans within the act before us upon the basis of six months' continuous residence in this state before its passage, even though they were not residents here when they entered the service.

We have found no decisions in other jurisdictions which militate against the validity of the provisions of the act before us as proper class legislation, but there are a number which support it directly or in principle. A similar statute was sustained by the Ohio Court of Common Pleas and its decision was affirmed and its opinion approved by the Court of Appeals. Columbus v. Columbus Metropolitan Housing Authority, 33 Ohio O. 212, 67 N.E.2d 338, 350; 68 N.E.2d 108. Examples of analogous laws which have been sustained where it was claimed that they involved improper class legislation will be found in the following cases: Veterans' Welfare Board v. Riley, 189 Cal. 159, 169, 208 P. 678; Hinton v. State Treasurer, 193 N.C. 496, 505, 137 S.E. 669; State ex rel. Reclamation Board v. Clausen,110 Wash. 525, 542, 188 P. 538; Strauss v. Bradley Beach,117 N.J.L. 45, 186 A. 681, aff'd 118 N.J.L. 561,194 A. 160. While the question of improper class legislation seems not to have been presented, the Justices of the Supreme Judicial Court of Massachusetts advised the General Court that a statute similar to the one before us was constitutional; Opinion of the Justices,320 Mass. 773, 67 N.E.2d 588; see also State ex rel. Atwood v. Johnson, 170 Wis. 251, 176 N.W. 224.

To the question propounded in the reservation asking whether the proposed sale of the bonds would be in violation of the constitution of this state, we answer "No." We do not answer the question whether the bonds would be valid obligations of the defendant city, because it goes beyond the scope of the case as presented to us.

No costs will be taxed in this court to either party.

In this opinion the other judges concurred.