DocketNumber: SC 15906
Citation Numbers: 246 Conn. 638
Judges: Berdon, McDonald
Filed Date: 9/1/1998
Status: Precedential
Modified Date: 9/8/2022
Opinion
In this appeal, the sole issue is whether the defendant, the city of New Haven, had notice of a highway defect that injured the plaintiff, Christopher Prato, and, consequently, could be held liable to the plaintiff under General Statutes § 13a-149.
The plaintiffs complaint alleged a violation of Connecticut’s highway defect statute. General Statutes § 13a-149.
A bonfire at the intersection of Clark and Pleasant Streets just before midnight on the night of July 3 had been a neighborhood custom for the previous fifteen years. New Haven fire department records showed that firefighters responded to calls about this intersection between 10 p.m. and 1 a.m. on July 3 and 4 for the seven years preceding 1992. In addition, there was evidence that the defendant retained extra firefighters and public works employees on the night of July 3, 1992.
After a trial to the court, the trial court found for the defendant. The trial court concluded that, while the bonfire was a highway defect within the meaning of § 13a-149, the plaintiff failed to prove that the defendant had actual or constructive notice of the defect and a reasonable opportunity to remedy such defect. The trial court held that notice of the custom of annual bonfires was “not sufficient notice for purposes of [§ 13a-149].” Because the actual bonfire had existed for only ninety seconds before the accident, and the authorities had not been notified of its existence prior to the plaintiffs injury, the trial court concluded that the defendant did not have the requisite notice of the specific defect under § 13a-149.
On appeal, the plaintiff argues that a history and pattern of annual bonfires at this intersection on July 3 established actual or constructive notice that someone would light a bonfire there on July 3, 1992. The plaintiff argues that the defendant’s retention of extra firefighting personnel on July 3,1992, indicates that it had actual notice that this pattern would continue and that a bonfire would be lit that night. The plaintiff argues, further, that the defendant had a duty to anticipate and prevent this highway defect, given the inherently dangerous nature of a fire in the middle of a crowded city street.
The defendant argues that it is not liable under § 13a-149 because it did not have notice, actual or constructive, of the specific fire set on July 3, 1992, until after the plaintiff was injured. The defendant argues that § 13a-149 requires it to have notice of the specific bonfire that caused the plaintiffs injury, not merely notice that there was a likelihood that a fire would be ignited in continuance of this Independence Day tradition. The defendant contends that the duty claimed by the plaintiff, if it existed, would arise out of negligence or failure to prevent the crime of lighting such a bonfire in a public street.
The trial court concluded that the defendant did not have the requisite notice of this highway defect under § 13a-149 as a matter of law. “When the trial court draws conclusions of law, our review is plenary and we must decide whether its conclusions are legally and logically correct and find support in the facts that appear in the record.” (Internal quotation marks omitted.) Jaworski v. Kiernan, 241 Conn. 399, 405, 696 A.2d 332 (1997).
This court previously has held that “[t]he notice, actual or implied, of a highway defect causing injuries which a municipality must receive as a condition precedent [to] liability for those injuries, is notice of the defect itself which occasioned the injury, and not merely of conditions naturally productive of that defect and subsequently in fact producing it. Notice of another defect, or of the existence of a cause likely to produce the defect, is not sufficient.” (Emphasis added; internal quotation marks omitted.) Carl v. New Haven, 93 Conn. 622, 628, 107 A. 502 (1919). The case of Jainchill v. Schwartz, 116 Conn. 522, 165 A. 689 (1933), illustrates this principle. In Jainchill, the plaintiff slipped on a Hartford sidewalk that was covered with a slippery substance caused by the defendant Schwartz’ practice of unpacking fish near the sidewalk. Id., 523, 524. The plaintiff had also sued the city of Hartford. This court held that the city was not liable because it did not know of the slippery condition on the sidewalk that day. Id., 525-26. While there was evidence that the city knew
Similarly, the predictability of a future defect is insufficient to prove that a municipality had notice of a defect. In Aaronson v. New Haven, 94 Conn. 690, 110 A. 872 (1920), a silent policeman was placed in the roadway to regulate traffic. Id., 692. The silent policeman had toppled over into the lanes of travel on numerous occasions. Id., 693. It was dislodged and rolled into the travel lanes at approximately 6:30 p.m. one evening, and someone had notified the police by 7 p.m. Id. It, nevertheless, still remained in the travel lanes at 7:30 p.m., when the plaintiffs car collided with it. The plaintiff sued the city of New Haven. We held that the city could be held liable because its officials had actual notice of the highway defect and ample time to remedy it. Id. This court was careful to point out, however, that its decision rested on the one-half hour lapse between the notice and the accident, and not on the fact that the silent policeman had toppled over in the past and had a propensity to topple over in the future. See generally id., 695-96. Despite the other occasions on which it had toppled over into the travel lanes, we indicated that the city did not receive actual or constructive notice
The plaintiff argues that the defendant had constructive notice of the defect because of the annual custom of setting bonfires at this particular intersection on July 3. The defendant’s knowledge that Independence Day celebrations at this intersection would create conditions likely to produce a defect, however, does not suffice as constructive notice of the defect itself. The defendant did not have notice of the bonfire until after it was ignited and the authorities were notified of the plaintiffs injury. While a municipality does have a duty to inspect its streets and discover defects as they occur, ninety seconds was not enough time for the defendant to discover the defect through a reasonable inspection of its streets. The situation would be quite different if the bonfire had burned for some period of time before the plaintiff was injured. Then, the defendant could be charged with constructive notice of the defect if it had failed to discover the existence of the bonfire after an unreasonable length of time had elapsed. See, e.g., Zeidwig v. Derby, 129 Conn. 693, 697, 31 A.2d 24 (1943) (fence that city was charged with maintaining was defective for such length of time that city knew or should have known of condition). The facts of this case make clear, however, that the defect existed for only a few minutes before the injury occurred. This length
The plaintiff argues, further, that, under principles of negligence, the city had a duty to inspect the intersection to discover defects. This argument confuses liability under § 13a-149 and general principles of negligence. Our cases clearly hold that a cause of action under § 13a-149 is not based upon negligence. “It is settled law in this state that the liability of the defendant under § 13a-149 is purely for breach of statutory duty and does not arise from negligence.” Lukas v. New Haven, supra, 184 Conn. 212. This does not mean, however, that negligence principles are wholly inapplicable. See White v. Burns, 213 Conn. 307, 322-23, 567 A.2d 1195 (1990) (under state highway liability statute, highway defect claim is not action in negligence, but principles of negligence are instructive); Sullivan v. Norwalk, 28 Conn. App. 449, 457, 612 A.2d 114 (1992) (upholding use of jury instruction in which “the court referred to common law negligence principles as a foundation for determining whether the defendant breached its duty under § 13a-149 . . . [b]ecause of the close parallel between negligence and § 13a-149”).
The plaintiff argues that the city had constructive notice of the bonfire because it would have discovered it, and even might have prevented it, upon a reasonable inspection of the intersection on July 3, 1992. Under negligence principles, municipalities must use reasonable care in discovering the existence of a defect, and negligent ignorance of a defect may support a finding that the municipality should have discovered the defect. See Hall v. Burns, 213 Conn. 446, 479, 569 A.2d 10 (1990) (liability under state highway liability statute). That duty to make a reasonable inspection “depends
Although principles of negligence are instructive in applying § 13a-149, they do not eliminate the express requirements of the statute. Before one can rely upon the principles of reasonableness and ordinary care to infer notice of a defect under § 13a-149, the claimed highway defect must actually exist. Municipalities are not liable under § 13a-149 for failure to inspect and discover a potential defect, or a defect that might arise at some future time. We have held that, under the highway defect statutes,
Historically, the state and its municipalities enjoyed immunity for injuries caused by defective highways under common law, due in good part to the miles of streets and highways under their control. “We can, of course, take judicial notice of the fact that this state has a state highway program that includes thousands of miles of state highways to which it appropriates substantial sums of money.” White v. Bums, supra, 213 Conn. 330. Municipalities similarly have a large number of sidewalks and streets to inspect. See Bazinet v. Hartford, 135 Conn. 484, 488, 66 A.2d 117 (1949) (“[w]hen
The highway defect statute is one legislative exception to such immunity; Martin v. Plainville, 240 Conn. 105, 109, 689 A.2d 1125 (1997); and statutes in derogation of sovereign immunity must be strictly construed. E.g., White v. Burns, supra, 213 Conn. 312. Section 13a-149 is a very narrow exception to municipal immunity from suit, and the statutory requirements necessarily limit a plaintiffs ability to recover when he or she is injured on a public highway. “Were it otherwise, and municipalities were charged with notice of defects which the future should develop upon the strength alone of their knowledge of such conditions as were calculated to produce them, the expansion of municipality liability for highway defects would be enormous, the burden of repair and remedy cast upon them be vastly enlarged, and a wide field of uncertainty opened up in which triers might wander comparatively unrestrained in speculations as to causes and anticipated results.” Carl v. New Haven, supra, 93 Conn. 628-29.
This court has consistently interpreted § 13a-149 in such a fashion, a construction that has never been rejected by the legislature. “[W]e presume that the legislature is aware of our interpretation of a statute, and that its subsequent nonaction may be understood as a validation of that interpretation.” (Internal quotation marks omitted.) White v. Burns, supra, 213 Conn. 333. After decades of interpreting § 13a-149 to require notice of an actual defect, and not merely notice of potential defects or conditions likely to create a defect, the legislature has not amended § 13a-149 in this respect.
Accordingly, we hold that the trial court properly found that the defendant did not have actual or constructive notice of the specific highway defect that led
The judgment is affirmed.
In this opinion CALLAHAN, C. J., and BORDEN and PALMER, Js., concurred.
General Statutes § 13a-149 provides in relevant part: “Any person injured in person or property by means of a defective road or bridge may recover damages from the party bound to keep it in repair. ...”
Although the plaintiff also alleged common-law negligence, the trial court held that the negligence claim was precluded by § 13a-149. The negligence claim is not before us on appeal.
The court in Jainchill stated: “The evidence goes no further than to justify the inference that the officers of the city might have known that the defendant Schwartz was accustomed to unpacking] fish in front of his market twice a week. This, at the most, would charge the city with a knowledge of conditions likely to produce defects on the walk.” Jainchill v. Schwartz, supra, 116 Conn. 525.
The state highway liability statute can be found at General Statutes § 13a-144.