Ferrigino v. Keasbey

The reasons of appeal assign error in the court's refusal to charge the jury as requested, in the charge as given, and in submitting certain interrogatories to the jury. One assignment of error is based upon the alleged failure of the trial court to instruct the jury, as requested by the defendants, as to the liability of Mrs. Keasbey by contract. It appears that in this connection the plaintiff offered evidence to prove and claimed to have proven that "the goods and services mentioned in the bill of particulars were furnished and rendered to the defendants on a contract made between the plaintiff and the defendants." This the defendants offered evidence to disprove, and they also offered evidence to show that "during all the time covered by the bill of particulars, the plaintiff was employed by the defendant Roland P. Keasbey and not by the defendant Minna W. Keasbey." This question was properly submitted to the jury by the trial judge, who, among other things, instructed the jury as follows: "The defendants, however, claim that he was never hired by Mrs. Keasbey. Here you have the first question which you must solve. Was the plaintiff an employee of Mrs. Keasbey, as well as of Mr. Keasbey? Of course, if he was, she is liable for his services. There might, of course under some states of fact, have been a liability of Mrs. Keasbey under an implied contract, but, if I understand plaintiff's testimony, he claims a very definite express contract between himself on the one side and both Keasbeys on the other."

Complaint is made of one portion of the charge relating to the alleged payment of the plaintiff's claim by notes, in which the court said: "Now, providing you have found a liability against Mr. Or Mrs. Keasbey, or both, you will recall and consider the evidence about the giving of these notes, none of which, it appears, has been paid. You will remember that Mrs. Keasbey says she didn't know anything about it; that whatever was done about the notes was done between Mr. Keasbey and the plaintiff. The plaintiff says that in the spring of 1914 he, after urging the payment of the amount due to him, received the two notes mentioned in the first defense of the defendants; that is, each for $650, one coming due in four months and the other in six. The question is, then, whether he accepted these notes in payment of all of his claims up to that time. As I have stated, the burden is on the defendants to prove that he did so. The presumption of law is that they were not taken in payment." This, in substance, is in accord with the repeated statements of this court. "The mere giving of a negotiable note does not, in the absence of any special agreement to that effect and while the note is held by the payee, merge or extinguish the original indebtedness or cause of action which formed the consideration of the note." Cummings v. Gleason, 72 Conn. 587, 589, 45 A. 353. And further than this, in this case the burden of proof, upon the question of payment, was upon the defendants. They raised this question in their answers, which was met with a denial by the plaintiff in his reply. Stephen's Digest of Evidence (Conn. Notes) page 266; 16 Cyc. 926 "B"; Baxter v. Camp, 71 Conn. 245, 252,41 A. 803.

One reason of appeal recites a long passage in the charge which occupies almost four pages of the printed record. No particular error is pointed out and it is not distinctly indicated what mistakes are claimed to have been made, as required by the provisions of § 5833 of the General Statutes. Nevertheless, we have examined this portion of the charge in connection with certain of the defendants' requests, in the latter of which we find this proposition of law: "If you find that the feed for the horses and dogs was furnished under a contract made between the plaintiff and Mr. Keasbey, and that Mrs. Keasbey had not made herself a party to this contract, then you will find that Mrs. Keasbey is not liable for the items for such feed charged in the bill of particulars." As to the dogs, the jury were instructed in effect, that they should not allow against Mrs. Keasbey any of the items for food or transportation of the dogs, or any other items which they could distinguish as belonging to the dogs. As to the horses, the jury were told, in substance, that the family required transportation from place to place about their business, or for their reasonable pleasure, and that the horses existed on the place for their special benefit. Indeed, it is particularly testified by Mrs. Keasbey that two of the horses were for her use, that she called them her own, although she did not legally own them; and the other two were for the use of her daughter.

It is to be noticed that this request of the defendants made no reference to the wife's liability under the provisions of § 5275 of the Revision of 1918, which provides that "all purchases made by either husband or wife in his or her own name, in case of marriages on or after April 20, 1877, shall be presumed, in the absence of notice to the contrary, to be on his or her private account and liability; . . . and both shall also be liable when any article purchased by either shall have in fact gone to the support of the family, or for the joint benefit of both, or for the reasonable apparel of the wife, or for her reasonable support, while abandoned by her husband." The decisive question here involved is not necessarily whether the articles in question went to "the support of the family." There is a clear distinction between the words of the statute, "the support of the family," and the words, "for the joint benefit of both." The latter have a more extended application than the former. 1 Words Phrases, page 751. The word "support" is defined thus: "Sustenance; maintenance." Anderson's Law Dictionary, 994. "Support" is also generally used to mean articles for the sustenance of the family. 3 Bouvier's Law Dictionary (Rawle's Revision) page 3189. "Benefit" is defined in Worcester's Dictionary as "advantage; gain; profit." In Webster's New International Dictionary, the word "benefit" is defined to be "whatever promotes prosperity and personal happiness; advantage; profit; good." See also Bouvier's Law Dictionary, page 338, and 7 Corpus Juris, page 1136, note C.

The statement of facts upon which the trial court based the instructions just referred to, was not in any way questioned or excepted to, and for the purpose of this case the statements may be taken as true. Facts which are uncontroverted may properly be assumed to be proven. McCaffrey v. Groton Stonington StreetRy. Co., 85 Conn. 584, 594, 84 A. 284.

The controlling question here involved was whether the money which the plaintiff had expended for feed for the horses, was for the joint benefit of both husband and wife. This question was one of law, upon facts which were not disputed. Under these undisputed facts it is apparent that the money which the plaintiff paid for the horse feed was properly considered by the court below as being for the benefit of both husband and wife, and using the synonym of the word "benefit," it was expended by the plaintiff for their "advantage, profit and gain."

The statute of 1877 (§ 5275) is a wide departure from the common law, and we have been called upon to construe and enforce this law in two or three cases as they have arisen. One under this statute was Buckingham v. Hurd, 52 Conn. 404. This was for a bill of goods purchased by the husband upon his credit at the plaintiff's store. These goods were used in the management of a farm upon which Hurd and his wife were residing and which belonged to the wife, who was carrying on the business of farming, and for a part of the time selling milk. The goods were purchased in the management of the business, either for the benefit of the business or for the property, for the support of the farm, and were used for these purposes with the knowledge and consent of the wife. After stating these facts, this court said (p. 406) that the law does not make "the wife a guarantor, requiring diligence or any effort, as a condition precedent to her liability, to collect the debt of her husband. It makes her primarily liable and calls it a ``joint liability.' The theory and effect of the statute is, that it raises an implied promise from the use of the goods in the support of the family, or for the joint benefit of both." The case of Fitzmaurice v. Buck, 77 Conn. 390, 59 A. 415, upon which the defendant relies, is not inconsistent with our conclusions in the present case. The question there presented was as to the liability of a husband married since 1877 for shoes bought by the wife for herself and children. The trial court, in the Fitzmaurice case, instructed the jury that the husband was not liable provided he had made reasonable provision for their support, even though the fact was unknown to the vendor. This we held was error. In referring to this proposition, this court, on page 393, stated in part that this statute "was in its pertinent provisions designed in no small measure for the protection of third parties who might have dealings with married persons. It was first enacted in 1877 as one of the features of the reform Act of that year, which dealt with the property rights of married persons, and as a natural corollary of the radical change in public policy then introduced. It had its foundations in the new conceptions of marital property rights and relations which underlay the reform, and in the new conditions created by it. The scope of the agency created, and the extent of the corresponding liability imposed, are carefully defined in the statute. There is no hint at a limitation to necessaries or things reasonable, with respect to articles which in fact go to the family support. The reason for the absence of such limitation is apparent, and none can be fairly read into the Act." The language of the opinion above quoted indicates and makes it certain that there is no limitation of the liability of husband and wife with respect to articles which in fact go to the family support, or for the joint benefit of both.

It does not appear that the court erred in stating to the jury that "Mrs. Keasbey admitted on the stand that she had no criticism to make as to the correctness of his account [the plaintiff's], but only claimed that she was not liable for it. In fact, as far as I know, there is no testimony attacking the correctness of the account." The evidence is not before us, and we have the right to assume that the facts referred to by the trial court upon this point were unquestioned by the defendants. Where the evidence is not in the record, and the instruction assumes the existence of a fact, it will be presumed that such fact was either admitted on the trial by the parties, or was established by uncontradicted evidence. 4 Corpus Juris, 770.

The defendant complains of the action of the trial court in submitting to the jury the following interrogatories: "Is Mrs. Keasbey liable to the plaintiff by contract? A. Yes. If Mrs. Keasbey is not liable by contract, is she liable by statute, on the ground that Mr. Keasbey purchased of the plaintiff articles which, in fact, went to the support of the family, or for the joint benefit of both? A. Yes." These questions, the defendants contend, were objectionable in form as calling for a conclusion of law. But the defendant made no objection to these interrogatories when they were presented, and it now appears that she was in no way injured thereby. These interrogatories, as they were submitted and answered, are consistent with each other, with the issues presented, with the instructions of the court as given, and with the general verdict which was rendered by the jury. Such a verdict must stand, although there may have been an irregularity in the form of the written interrogatories.

There is no error.

In this opinion the other judges concurred.