Zilkha v. Zilkha

******************************************************
The ‘‘officially released’’ date that appears near the
beginning of each opinion is the date the opinion will
be published in the Connecticut Law Journal or the
date it was released as a slip opinion. The operative
date for the beginning of all time periods for filing
postopinion motions and petitions for certification is
the ‘‘officially released’’ date appearing in the opinion.
In no event will any such motions be accepted before
the ‘‘officially released’’ date.
All opinions are subject to modification and technical
correction prior to official publication in the Connecti-
cut Reports and Connecticut Appellate Reports. In the
event of discrepancies between the electronic version
of an opinion and the print version appearing in the
Connecticut Law Journal and subsequently in the Con-
necticut Reports or Connecticut Appellate Reports, the
latest print version is to be considered authoritative.
The syllabus and procedural history accompanying
the opinion as it appears on the Commission on Official
Legal Publications Electronic Bulletin Board Service
and in the Connecticut Law Journal and bound volumes
of official reports are copyrighted by the Secretary of
the State, State of Connecticut, and may not be repro-
duced and distributed without the express written per-
mission of the Commission on Official Legal
Publications, Judicial Branch, State of Connecticut.
******************************************************
KAREN ZILKHA v. DAVID ZILKHA
(AC 36499)
Lavine, Prescott and Pellegrino, Js.
Argued March 9—officially released August 11, 2015
(Appeal from Superior Court, judicial district of
Stamford-Norwalk, Shay, J.)
Edward N. Lerner, for the appellant (defendant).
Norman A. Roberts II, with whom, on the brief, was
Antony L. Cenatiempo, for the appellee (guardian ad
litem).
Opinion
PELLEGRINO, J. The defendant, David Zilkha,
appeals from the judgment of the trial court, dispersing
escrow money held from settlement funds received
from his former employer to pay postjudgment fees to
the guardian ad litem, the attorney for the minor chil-
dren, and a custody evaluator.1 On appeal, the defendant
claims that the court (1) lacked authority to distribute
the funds because the judgment of dissolution was
never opened, and (2) improperly prohibited the defen-
dant from testifying about his observations of the guard-
ian ad litem’s alleged improper conduct. We reverse
the judgment in part with regard to the portion of the
order requiring the distribution of the escrow money,
and affirm it in all other respects.
The following facts and procedural history are rele-
vant to our resolution of the defendant’s claims. The
plaintiff, Karen Zilkha, and the defendant were married
on June 7, 1998. The plaintiff brought an action for
dissolution of the parties’ marriage, and a judgment of
dissolution was rendered on May 31, 2005, incorporat-
ing by reference a separation agreement and a stipula-
tion of the parties.
On November 14, 2008, the plaintiff filed a motion
to open and set aside the dissolution judgment. The
plaintiff’s motion alleged that, during the pendency of
the dissolution action, the defendant fraudulently failed
to disclose a claim that he had against his former
employer.2 At the time the motion was filed, the defen-
dant had already received $1,400,000 as a part of a
settlement with his former employer regarding this
claim, and a final payment of $700,000 was due to be
paid to him in April, 2009. On April 9, 2009, the plaintiff
filed an amended motion, requesting that the court
order the defendant to escrow the $700,000 final
payment.
On April 24, 2009, the plaintiff filed an ex parte motion
for a temporary injunction to ‘‘[restrain] [the defendant]
from moving, or in any way transferring the money set
to be transferred to him on April 30, 2009 . . . .’’ The
court denied the ex parte motion, but held a hearing
on April 28, 2009, to permit all parties to be heard. At
this hearing, the court granted the plaintiff’s motion,
ordering that $250,0003 of the April 30, 2009 payment
be held in escrow pending the outcome of the plaintiff’s
postjudgment motion to open. As of the April, 2009
hearing, the court had not held an Oneglia hearing4 on
the plaintiff’s motion to open.5 The court explained the
purpose of putting the funds in escrow, and the amount
of the funds, by stating that it ‘‘wanted to at least pre-
serve what [it] think[s] would be a sufficient portion, so
that if [the plaintiff] prevails, ultimately, then there’s
something at the end of that particular process.’’
(Emphasis added.)
On February 3, 2010, and February 4, 2010, the court
held an Oneglia hearing in connection with the plain-
tiff’s 2008 motion to open. At the hearing, each side
presented evidence as to whether the defendant had
committed fraud. Following the hearing, the court con-
cluded that there was more than a mere suspicion that
the defendant committed fraud on the basis of the testi-
mony and evidence presented. Accordingly, the court
granted the plaintiff permission to conduct discovery
to gather more information on the defendant’s alleged
fraud before a decision would be made on the postjudg-
ment motion to open. The plaintiff does not challenge
the defendant’s representation that, despite the court’s
order, she took no further action in regard to discovery.
On the basis of our review of the record, the 2008 motion
to open remains pending, and no decision has been
made as to whether the defendant committed fraud,
which would warrant opening the judgment.
On September 10, 2012, the attorney for the minor
children filed a postjudgment motion for fees and retain-
ers in order to compel the payment of present and
future fees for himself, as well as for the guardian ad
litem and the custody evaluator.6 The court held a hear-
ing on the motion over the course of six days, conclud-
ing on September 25, 2013. The court issued its
memorandum of decision on November 19, 2013. In it,
the court stated: ‘‘In general, in a family matter, an
award of attorney’s fees is within the discretion of the
court, and in making a determination as to whether or
not to grant such a request, the court must look at the
financial abilities of the parties and apply the criteria
set forth in General Statutes §§ 46b-62 and 46b-82.’’7
The court ordered that both the defendant and the plain-
tiff each pay the following fees: $500 for the attorney
for the minor children, $1500 for the guardian ad litem,
and $500 for the custody evaluator. It further ordered
the following disbursements from the court-ordered
escrow: $40,000 to the attorney for the minor children,
$62,577.95 to the guardian ad litem, and $9000 to the
custody evaluator, as well as an additional $15,000 each
for the attorney for the minor children and the guardian
ad litem as retainers for upcoming litigation.8 The defen-
dant appeals from the court’s order that disbursed from
the escrow funds the fees of the guardian ad litem,
attorney for the minor children, and the custody evalua-
tor, and he appeals the court’s ruling on his right to
testify concerning his observations of the guardian ad
litem’s conduct. Additional facts will be set forth as nec-
essary.
I
The defendant first claims that the court lacked
authority to distribute the escrow funds because the
judgment of dissolution had not been opened. The
defendant argues that the court’s ruling at the conclu-
sion of the Oneglia hearing only permitted the plaintiff
to conduct limited discovery, following which, the court
would consider the plaintiff’s motion to open. The
guardian ad litem argues in response that the record is
insufficient for this court to review the defendant’s
claim. Additionally, she contends that, because the
defendant did not appeal or file an amended appeal
from the court’s subsequent order on December 4, 2013,
which awarded attorney’s fees from the escrow account
to two other individuals, he waived this claim and ren-
dered his appeal moot on this issue.9 We agree with
the defendant.
We begin by setting forth the applicable standard of
review. The defendant in this case presents a situation
in which he claims the court acted without authority.
‘‘[O]ur review of challenges to the authority of the court
to act is plenary.’’ Hogan v. Lagosz, 147 Conn. App.
418, 433, 84 A.3d 434 (2013); see also Brody v. Brody,
153 Conn. App. 625, 630, 103 A.3d 981, cert. denied, 315
Conn. 910 (2014).
‘‘Pursuant to General Statutes § 52-212a, a civil judg-
ment or decree rendered in the Superior Court may not
be opened or set aside unless a motion to open or set
aside is filed within four months following the date on
which it was rendered or passed. . . . An exception
to the four month limitation applies, however, if a party
can show, inter alia, that the judgment was obtained
by fraud. . . .
‘‘A marital judgment based upon a stipulation may
be opened if the stipulation, and thus the judgment, was
obtained by fraud.’’ (Citation omitted; internal quotation
marks omitted.) Reville v. Reville, 312 Conn. 428, 441,
93 A.3d 1076 (2014); see also Billington v. Billington,
220 Conn. 212, 217–18, 595 A.2d 1377 (1991); Spilke v.
Spilke, 116 Conn. App. 590, 595, 976 A.2d 69, cert.
denied, 294 Conn. 918, 984 A.2d 68 (2009); Mattson v.
Mattson, 74 Conn. App. 242, 245, 811 A.2d 256 (2002).
We conclude that the court lacked authority to order
distributions from the escrow account to pay the attor-
ney for the minor children, the guardian ad litem, and
the custody evaluator. General Statutes § 46b-81 (a)
provides in relevant part: ‘‘At the time of entering a
decree . . . dissolving a marriage . . . pursuant to a
complaint under section 46b-45, the Superior Court may
assign to either spouse all or any part of the estate of
the other spouse.’’ The court can redistribute assets
pursuant to a motion to open. See General Statutes
§ 52-212a; see also Dougherty v. Dougherty, 109 Conn.
App. 33, 38–39, 950 A.2d 592 (2008). Nevertheless,
‘‘[u]ntil a motion to open has been granted, the earlier
judgment is unaffected . . . .’’ Bruno v. Bruno, 146
Conn. App. 214, 230, 76 A.3d 725 (2013). In this case,
although the court was free to order that the defendant
pay some or all of the fees to the attorney for the minor
children, guardian ad litem and custody evaluator, it
lacked the authority to direct that these payments be
made from the escrowed funds. We are aware of no
authority, and the guardian ad litem has cited none,
that a court is authorized to choose which of a party’s
assets must be used to pay that party’s share of fees
for service rendered by a guardian ad litem, attorney for
the minor children, or other individuals.10 Consequently,
the court could not make orders for funds to be dis-
bursed from the escrow account because those funds
belonged solely to the defendant, until and unless, the
court opened the judgment and distributed the
escrowed funds, if at all.11 Accordingly, the court was
without authority to disburse funds from the escrow
account. The judgment is reversed as to the order to
disburse the escrow funds to the guardian ad litem,
attorney for the minor children, and the custody evalua-
tor, and that portion of the order is vacated.
II
The defendant next claims that the court improperly
prohibited him from testifying as to his observations
regarding the guardian ad litem’s alleged improper con-
duct.12 The defendant argues that the court improperly
denied him an opportunity to testify about relevant and
material conduct on the part of the guardian ad litem
as part of his effort to reduce the amount of fees she
was to receive. The guardian ad litem contends that
the defendant did not adequately preserve or brief this
claim. Alternatively, the guardian ad litem argues that,
if the merits of the claim are reached by this court,
the testimony was restricted properly and the court
therefore did not abuse its discretion. Reaching the
merits of the claim, we agree with the guardian ad
litem.13
The following additional facts are relevant to our
resolution of this claim. In the defendant’s direct exami-
nation during the hearing on the attorney for the minor
children’s motion, on July 17, 2013, the defendant’s
counsel asked the defendant for his opinion on what
the guardian ad litem had done that he thought was
improper since January, 2012. The defendant responded
that ‘‘[the guardian ad litem] could have done more
. . . .’’ The court then interjected and stated: ‘‘No, no.
Not could have. [The question] is what did she do that
was improper.’’ The defendant responded: ‘‘I believe,
it’s been improper not to do more to get me back with
my children. I mean, essentially, she’s done nothing to
get me back with my children.’’ After this statement by
the defendant, the court explained at length the roles
of the guardian ad litem and the attorney for the minor
children, specifically articulating that they do not work
for the parties, they work for the court and the children,
respectively. The court further explained that ‘‘just
because you believe [that] they are not advocating for
you to exercise your visitation rights with your children,
that’s not improper conduct. And I just want that on
the record. And it’s important that litigants understand
that. . . . [I]f it bears repeating, then I will repeat it.
They are not advocates for you and your position. I
know how heartfelt your position is. I know you want
to have a relationship with your children. I understand
that. I get it. But they’re here to assist your children,
and they make the call that they think is in the children’s
best interest, and if they do anything other than that,
and if they trample on your toes, too bad.’’
The court then stated that the original question by
the defendant’s counsel asking for the defendant’s opin-
ion on the guardian ad litem’s alleged improper conduct
was ‘‘out of line’’ and ‘‘ludicrous.’’ On the record, the
court explained the proper way in which to produce
such evidence: ‘‘[T]o ask a witness who, obviously, has
a bias toward his position—and who is very frustrated
with a ten year old case, as I would be too—to ask him
to opine and to say that this attorney did something
improper I think that that is really pushing the bound-
aries. . . . [W]e all should know better than that and
that’s improper. But there’s a proper way to get that.
So if your client feels that for some reason that [the
guardian ad litem] or [the attorney for the minor chil-
dren] for whatever reason did not . . . comply with
the terms or if they were part and parcel of that
agreement, then you know the proper way to do it. But
this [is] totally improper and it’s unacceptable and it’s
not right. I will not tolerate it.’’
On September 23, 2013, the defendant filed a cor-
rected motion for an articulation regarding the court’s
conclusions at the July 17, 2013 hearing concerning the
alleged improper conduct of the guardian ad litem and
the court’s reference to the guardian ad litem as a ‘‘con-
summate professional.’’14 In this motion, the defendant
set forth seven acts of the guardian ad litem that he
believed were improper and that fell below the standard
necessary to qualify as sufficient performance.15 The
court heard argument on the motion on September 24,
2013, and denied the motion for articulation. The court
then issued its memorandum of decision on November
19, 2013, finding that the fees of the guardian ad litem
and the attorney for the minor children were rea-
sonable.
We first set forth the applicable standard of review.
‘‘Unless an evidentiary ruling involves a clear miscon-
ception of the law, the [t]rial court has broad discretion
in ruling on the admissibility . . . of evidence. . . .
The trial court’s ruling on evidentiary matters will be
overturned only upon a showing of a clear abuse of the
court’s discretion. . . . We will make every reasonable
presumption in favor of upholding the trial court’s ruling
. . . .’’ (Internal quotation marks omitted.) Dinan v.
Marchand, 279 Conn. 558, 567, 903 A.2d 201 (2006).
‘‘The principal distinction between lay and expert wit-
nesses is that the former is restricted, with limited
exceptions, to providing factual testimony, while the
latter is permitted to testify as to his or her opinion.’’
Kronovitter v. Doyle, 135 Conn. App. 157, 164, 41 A.3d
1108 (2012). ‘‘Because of the wide range of matters on
which lay witnesses are permitted to give their opinion,
the admissibility of such evidence rests in the sound
discretion of the trial court, and the exercise of that
discretion, unless abused, will not constitute reversible
error.’’ (Internal quotation marks omitted.) State v. Mor-
ocho, 93 Conn. App. 205, 223, 888 A.2d 164, cert. denied,
277 Conn. 915, 895 A.2d 792 (2006).
Here, the trial court properly precluded the defen-
dant’s counsel from eliciting testimony regarding the
defendant’s opinion as to the propriety of the conduct
carried out by the guardian ad litem. Section 7-1 of the
Connecticut Code of Evidence provides: ‘‘If a witness
is not testifying as an expert, the witness may not testify
in the form of an opinion, unless the opinion is rationally
based on the perception of the witness and is helpful
to a clear understanding of the testimony of the witness
or the determination of a fact in issue.’’ The defendant,
as a lay witness, did not have any requisite level of
special knowledge regarding the duties of a guardian
ad litem. Moreover, his statement that the guardian
ad litem ‘‘could have done more’’ because ‘‘she’s done
nothing to get me back with my children’’ is not helpful
to garner a clear understanding of a determination of
a fact in issue. The defendant’s statements regarding
the guardian ad litem’s conduct were not factual in
nature; they were his opinion that the guardian ad litem
had not done enough to advocate his interest. Yet, the
role for the guardian ad litem is to ‘‘be heard on all
matters pertaining to the interests of any child, includ-
ing the custody, care, support, education and visitation
of the child, so long as the court deems such representa-
tion to be in the best interests of the child. . . .’’
(Emphasis added.) General Statutes § 46b-54 (e). The
role of the guardian ad litem is not, as the court correctly
pointed out, to be an advocate for the defendant. This
is not to say that there could never be a proper challenge
to the fees or performance of a guardian ad litem, but
here, the defendant could not opine as to the propriety
of the alleged improper conduct by the guardian ad
litem by stating that he felt the guardian ad litem ‘‘could
have done more.’’ Therefore, the court did not abuse
its discretion by restricting the defendant’s testimony
regarding the guardian ad litem’s alleged improper
conduct.
The judgment is reversed only as to the disbursement
of funds from the escrow account and that portion of
the order is vacated. The judgment is affirmed in all
other respects.
In this opinion the other judges concurred.
1
In this appeal, only the guardian ad litem and the defendant have filed
briefs. The attorney for the minor children adopted the brief filed by the
guardian ad litem pursuant to Practice Book § 67-13. This court notified the
plaintiff, Karen Zilkha, that ‘‘[t]he appeal will be considered on the basis of
the defendant-appellant’s brief and appendix and the brief of the guardian
ad litem unless the plaintiff-appellee files her brief on or before November
3, 2014.’’ Subsequent to this notification, the plaintiff failed to file a brief.
2
The trial court found that, during the pendency of the dissolution action,
the defendant had retained an attorney to pursue the claim against his
former employer.
3
Ultimately, $246,000 was placed into escrow.
4
Under Oneglia v. Oneglia, 14 Conn. App. 267, 269, 540 A.2d 713 (1988),
a party seeking to open a judgment of dissolution on the basis of allegations
of fraud does not have a right to conduct discovery based only on its filing
of a motion to open. Instead, a hearing is held to determine if the party can
substantiate the allegations of fraud beyond a mere suspicion. See id., 276.
If so, the court opens the judgment for the limited purpose of discovery,
and later issues an ultimate decision on the postjudgment motion to open
after discovery is completed and another hearing is held. See id., 270; see
generally Brody v. Brody, 153 Conn. App. 625, 630–34, 103 A.3d 981 (dis-
cussing underlying principles and procedure followed in Oneglia hearing),
cert. denied, 315 Conn. 910, 105 A.3d 901 (2014).
5
The court stated at the April, 2009 hearing: ‘‘I think this is a fairly close
call. . . . I guess what’s bothering me is that I don’t have enough of a factual
basis to make a clear finding of fraud. And I had kind of hoped that the
Oneglia hearing would at least be an orderly presentation of the evidence
from both sides as to what happened and then the discovery would take
its course.’’
6
The custody evaluator was appointed by the court at the request of the
parties to determine whether the minor children were ready for reunification
with the defendant and to recommend steps to effectuate reunification.
7
General Statutes § 46b-62 provides: ‘‘(a) In any proceeding seeking relief
under the provisions of this chapter and sections 17b-743, 17b-744, 45a-257,
46b-1, 46b-6, 46b-212 to 46b-213w, inclusive, 47-14g, 51-348a and 52-362, the
court may order either spouse or, if such proceeding concerns the custody,
care, education, visitation or support of a minor child, either parent to pay the
reasonable attorney’s fees of the other in accordance with their respective
financial abilities and the criteria set forth in section 46b-82. If, in any
proceeding under this chapter and said sections, the court appoints counsel
or a guardian ad litem for a minor child, the court may order the father,
mother or an intervening party, individually or in any combination, to pay
the reasonable fees of such counsel or guardian ad litem or may order the
payment of such counsel’s or guardian ad litem’s fees in whole or in part
from the estate of the child. If the child is receiving or has received state
aid or care, the compensation of such counsel or guardian ad litem shall
be established and paid by the Public Defender Services Commission.’’
Section 46b-62 was amended by No. 14-3, § 5, of the 2014 Public Acts. Those
changes to the statute are not relevant to this appeal, and for purposes of
clarity we refer to the current revision of the statute.
8
The attorney for the minor children moved for the retainers to be paid
‘‘for ongoing and future services to be rendered and costs to be incurred.’’
Additionally, the court, in its memorandum of decision, stated that there
was further litigation scheduled affecting the best interests of the minor
children that required the continued services of the guardian ad litem and
the attorney for the minor children.
9
On December 4, 2013, during a status conference on the record, the
court ordered, by agreement, that fees to doctors David Israel and Linda
Smith were to be paid from the escrow account. Israel was paid his outstand-
ing balance, and Smith was to be paid her retainer and past fees. The
defendant’s counsel stated at this conference: ‘‘That portion could be allo-
cated to him but at least we have—I don’t want to prejudice my legal position
on the other money. So what I’m saying is you say it’s coming from [the
defendant], and it’s paid out of that escrow, we don’t object at all.’’
We disagree with the guardian ad litem that the defendant was obligated
to appeal or file an amended appeal from other escrow distributions in order
to withstand a mootness challenge to this appeal. ‘‘The test for determining
mootness of an appeal is whether there is any practical relief this court can
grant the appellant. . . . [I]t is not the province of appellate courts to decide
moot questions, disconnected from the granting of actual relief or from the
determination of which no practical relief can follow. . . . If no practical
relief can be afforded to the parties, the appeal must be dismissed.’’ (Internal
quotation marks omitted.) Taylor v. Zoning Board of Appeals, 71 Conn.
App. 43, 46, 800 A.2d 641 (2002). The defendant arguably, having not appealed
the December 4, 2013 order, does not challenge the award of fees to Israel
and Smith to be paid from the escrow account. This does not affect whether
the defendant can obtain practical relief in his appeal from the November
19, 2013 judgment of the court as discussed in this opinion.
10
In other words, the court could not direct the defendant to sell his home
so that he could pay the fees from the proceeds. It should be left to the
defendant to decide how to order his financial affairs in light of his rightful
obligation to pay these fees.
11
On December 4, 2013, the court stated on the record that the funds in
escrow were, as of December, 2013, the defendant’s property.
12
Although we reverse the trial court’s judgment in part on the defendant’s
first claim, because this issue is likely to reoccur in the ongoing litigation
of this case, we address his evidentiary claim. See Fox v. Fox, 152 Conn.
App. 611, 614, 99 A.3d 1206, cert. denied, 314 Conn. 945, 103 A.3d 977 (2014).
13
Although we agree with the guardian ad litem that the testimony was
properly precluded and that the court did not abuse its discretion, we
disagree that the defendant did not preserve this claim. This claim was
preserved by the defendant through his testimony at the July 17, 2013 hearing
and his filing of a motion to articulate following the hearing. The motion
to articulate dealt directly with the testimony he was precluded from giving,
namely, the ability to explain the certain acts by the guardian ad litem that
he felt were improper.
14
Due to a scrivener’s error, the motion states that the hearing was on
June 17, 2013.
15
The seven acts are as follows: ‘‘(1) [c]ommitting fraud on [the defendant]
by misleading him early on in the case that all young fathers have supervised
visitation; (2) [t]ricking him into hiring Attorney Louise Truax without notify-
ing him that she ran a supervision agency; (3) [t]hreatening [the defendant]
that he would not see his child[ren] unless certain bills were paid; (4)
[s]kipping court when a motion was on for the children to be able to go to
[the defendant’s] nephew’s bar mitzvah; (5) [g]etting supervisors fired for
pointing out that supervision with [the defendant] wasn’t necessary during
2006 and 2007; (6) [t]rying to deplete [the defendant] of all of his financial
resources by having a supervision structure that was absolutely expensive
and in many cases unworkable; [and] (7) [n]ot properly or professionally
dealing with issues of reunification.’’