DocketNumber: 14813
Citation Numbers: 41 Conn. App. 476
Judges: Heiman, Hull
Filed Date: 5/28/1996
Status: Precedential
Modified Date: 9/8/2022
The state appeals from a judgment of acquittal
The factual findings of the court, which are not challenged in this appeal, are as follows. The work offered to be done comes within the definition of the Home Improvement Act, General Statutes § 20-419 et seq. The defendant did not have a certificate of registration. The state introduced sufficient evidence to sustain a conviction for violation of § 20-427 (b) (5). The offer prohibited by the statute was made on August 24,1993. In addition, the parties agree that a warrant was issued on August 22, 1994, although the warrant was not served and the defendant was not arrested until August 25, 1994, one day after the statute of limitations ran.
On the first issue, we reverse the judgment of the trial court and remand the case to the trial court for further proceedings. Because the judgment is set aside, we need not reach the state’s second issue.
I
The state claims that the statute of limitations was satisfied because the warrant was issued within one year of the offer to perform a home improvement without a certificate as prohibited by the statute, and that it was not necessary for the warrant to be delivered to a proper officer for service or actually served within the one year period, provided that it was executed without unreasonable delay. General Statutes § 54-193, entitled “Limitation of prosecutions for various offenses,” provides in relevant part: “(b) No person maybe prosecuted for any offense, except a capital felony, a class A felony or a violation of section 53a-54d, for which the punish
The trial court determined that the defendant’s motion for acquittal raised the question of the meaning of the word “prosecuted” in § 54-193 (b). To answer this question, the court relied on State v. Crawford, 202 Conn. 443, 521 A.2d 1034 (1987), and concluded that both issuance of a warrant and delivery to a proper-officer for service are necessary to toll the statute of limitations. The court then considered the evidence concerning delivery of the warrant to the Ridgefield police. Because the offer prohibited by the statute occurred on August 24, 1993, and the warrant was not delivered to a proper officer for service until August 25, 1994, one day after the statute expired, the court concluded that the defense had met its burden on its special defense of the statute of limitations. The court did not consider the date of execution of the warrant in its analysis, but relied solely on the date of delivery of the warrant to a proper officer. We disagree with the court’s reading of State v. Crawford, supra, 443.
A statute of limitations is the primary safeguard by which a citizen is protected from stale prosecutions. United States v. Marion, 404 U.S. 307, 322, 92 S. Ct. 455, 30 L. Ed. 2d 468 (1971); United States v. Ewell, 383 U.S. 116, 122, 86 S. Ct. 773, 15 L. Ed. 2d 627 (1966); State v. Baker, 164 Conn. 295, 296, 320 A.2d 801 (1973); State v. Cordova, 38 Conn. Sup. 377, 379, 448 A.2d 848 (1982). “The purpose of a statute of limitations is to
The first Connecticut case concerning a criminal statute of limitations is Newell v. State, 2 Conn. 38 (1816). The information against Newell alleged that he committed an offense in September, 1814. Id. “The information was exhibited to a justice of the peace, and a warrant issued, in August, 1815. In May, 1816, the defendant was arrested, examined, and a recognizance taken for his appearance at the next superior court. At the superior court, the defendant pleaded, that the information was not exhibited within” the one year limitation. (Emphasis in original.) Id. The pertinent statute provided: “ ‘[T]hat no person shall be indicted, prosecuted, informed against, complained of, or compelled to answer, before any court, assistant, or justice of the peace, within this state, for the breach of any penal law, or for other crime or misdemeanor, by reason whereof a forfeiture belongs to any public treasury, unless the indictment, presentment, information, or complaint, be made and exhibited within one year after the offence is committed.’ ” Id., 39.
We next fast-forward to State v. Cordova, supra, 38 Conn. Sup. 377-78, in which the Appellate Session of the Superior Court considered a prior version of General Statutes (Rev. to 1979) § 54-193 which, although not identical to the statute in this case, contained the relevant language concerning “prosecution” for an offense involved in this case. The defendant was accused of failure, on July 1, 1979, to grant the right-of-way to an emergency vehicle in violation of General Statutes § 14-283. Id. An arrest warrant was signed by a judge of the Superior Court on September 27, 1979, and the defendant was arrested on March 9, 1981. Id., 378. The defendant moved to have the charges dismissed on the ground that he was being prosecuted beyond the one year limitation prescribed by § 54-193. The motion was denied, and the defendant was convicted, from which conviction he appealed. Id.
The Appellate Session stated that “[t]he first issue presented involves the meaning of the word ‘prose
In considering the issue, the court stated that “[t]he general rule is that When an arrest warrant is used to charge the commission of a criminal offense, the mere issuance of the warrant commences prosecution. 1
We next consider State v. Crawford, supra, 202 Conn. 443,
The court further expatiated on the controlling law as follows: “Although the purpose of a statute of limita
The court specifically “adopt[ed], what we think is the sensible approach of the model penal code, and conclude[d] that, in order to toll the statute of limitations, an arrest warrant, when issued within the time limitations of § 54-193 (b), must be executed without unreasonable delay. We do not adopt a per se approach as to what period of time to execute an arrest warrant is reasonable.” (Citation omitted.) Id., 450-51. Thus,
As in the preceding cases, State v. Saraceno, 15 Conn. App. 222, 545 A.2d 1116, cert. denied, 209 Conn. 823, 824, 552 A.2d 431, 432 (1988), did not involve whether the delivery to a proper officer tolled the statute of limitations. Saraceno cited Crawford, however, for the proposition that “[although General Statutes § 54-193 (b) provides that ‘[n]o person may be prosecuted for any offense . . . for which punishment is or may be imprisonment in excess of one year, except within five years next after the offense has been committed,’ our Supreme Court has held that the issuance of an arrest warrant tolls the running of the statute of limitations for a crime charged. State v. Crawford, [supra, 202 Conn. 447].” State v. Saraceno, supra, 239.
In State v. Ali, 233 Conn. 403, 660 A.2d 337 (1995), the court applied the model penal code two level inquiry. There the defendant claimed that the trial court improperly failed to instruct the jury as to his affirmative defense that the prosecution on the charge of threatening was commenced beyond the statute of limitations set forth in § 54-193 (b). A warrant for the defendant’s arrest was issued on July 19, 1991. On July 5, 1993, the defendant was arrested in Watertown, New York. Id., 409-10. For various reasons, Connecticut police did not press this warrant and notified the New York authorities to release the defendant. A second warrant was issued on August 19, 1993, and the defendant was arrested on August 23, 1993. The Supreme Court stated: “We disagree with the state that the issuance of the initial warrant unequivocally satisfied the statute
The most recent case addressing this issue is State v. Figueroa, 235 Conn. 145, 665 A.2d 63 (1995). In Figueroa, the defendant claimed that the trial court improperly denied his motion to dismiss on the grounds that service or execution of the arrest warrant had been unreasonably delayed and that the prosecution had not been initiated within the applicable statute of limitations. Id., 175. The warrant for the arrest of the defendant was secured in September, 1984, but was not served until 1990 because the defendant was considered a fugitive by the police. The trial court had denied the motion to dismiss, finding that the service of the arrest warrant had not been unreasonably delayed. Id., 176-77. In overruling the defendant’s claim, the Supreme Court cited the controlling law. “ ‘The issuance of an arrest warrant is sufficient “prosecution” to satisfy the statute of limitations only if the warrant is executed with due diligence.’ State v. Ali, [supra, 233 Conn. 416]; see State v. Crawford, supra, 202 Conn. 447. ‘ “A reasonable period of time is a question of fact that will depend on the circumstances of each case. If the facts indicate that an accused consciously eluded the authorities, or for
The defendant, in his brief and at oral argument, and the dissent claim that the holding of State v. Crawford, supra, 202 Conn. 452, is that delivery to a proper officer for service is the triggering event in determining whether a statute of limitations has been tolled. We disagree with the defendant and the dissent. Our conclusion is based on the clear language of the concluding paragraph of Crawford-. “The timely issuance of [an] arrest warrant toll[s] the statute of limitations in the absence of an evidentiary showing of unreasonable delay in its service upon [a] defendant. [1 A.L.I., Model Penal Code and Commentaries, supra, § 1.06 (5)].” State v. Crawford, supra, 452.
Our case law has consistently followed the model penal code. The model penal code provides that a prosecution begins when an arrest warrant is issued, provided it is executed or served without unreasonable delay. Although the trial court in its memorandum of decision did not find the date of issuance of the warrant, the parties agree that it was issued on August 22, 1994, within the one year statute. The court found that the warrant was served or executed on August 25, 1994, one day after the statute ran. We conclude, as a matter of law, that this one day delay was not an unreasonable delay vitiating the tolling of the statute of limitations.
II
The state’s second claim is that a second trial is not barred by the double jeopardy clause of the fifth amend
The judgment granting the motion for acquittal is reversed and the case is remanded for further proceedings.
In this opinion DUPONT, C. J., concurred.
On May 3, 1995, the trial court granted the defendant’s oral motion for judgment of acquittal on the basis that the state did not institute its prosecution within the period of limitations. On May 12, 1995, the state filed a motion for articulation as to whether the court acquitted the defendant or dismissed the information on the basis of the statute of limitations defense. The record reveals no formal action of the court on the motion for articulation. Because the memorandum of decision concludes, “[t]he motion for a judgment of acquittal is, accordingly, granted,” we treat the matter as an appeal from a judgment of acquittal. The state was granted permission to appeal from the judgment. See State v. Avcollie, 178 Conn. 450, 452, 423 A.2d 118 (1979), cert. denied, 444 U.S. 1015, 100 S. Ct. 667, 62 L. Ed. 2d 645 (1980).
General Statutes § 20-427 provides in relevant part: “Holder to exhibit and advertise certificate, when. Prohibited acts. Penalties. Certificates not transferable. Expiration. Renewal. Restoration. Building permits, (a) Each person engaged in making home improvements shall (1) exhibit his certificate of registration upon request by any interested party, (2) state in any advertisement the fact that he is registered, and (3) include his registration number in any advertisement.
“(b) No person shall ... (5) offer to make or make any home improvement without having a current certificate of registration under this chapter .. . .”
The court noted that “[t]he due process clause of the fifth amendment also protects an accused against oppressive pre-indictment delay. Such a claim, which was not made in [the Cordova case or in the present case], requires a showing that the right to a fair trial has been actually and substantially prejudiced, or that the government intentionally delayed in order to gain an advantage.” State v. Cordova, supra, 38 Conn. Sup. 380 n.3.
It is also possible that a defendant’s right to a speedy trial might be implicated where there is an inordinate delay between the issuance of a warrant and its execution or delivery. See Doggett v. United States, 505 U.S. 647, 112 S. Ct. 2686, 120 L. Ed. 2d 520 (1992) (defendant denied right to speedy trial where, due to government’s negligence, his arrest occurred eight and one-half years after he was indicted).
State v. Crawford, supra, 202 Conn. 443, is the subject of an extensive annotation in 71 A.L.R.4th 543 (1989).