New Haven v. State Board of Labor Relations

This is an appeal by the city of New Haven and the New Haven board of education (both hereinafter referred to as the municipal employer) from a decision and orders of the Connecticut state board of labor relations (the labor board). Four labor unions (unions) which represent some of the employees of the municipal employer had filed complaints¹ with the labor board, alleging that the municipal employer had unilaterally and without good faith bargaining enacted an amended residency ordinance requiring its prospective employees and those employees transferred in the future to positions outside their bargaining units to become residents of the city of New Haven. The labor board held that the municipal employer, by adopting the ordinance without first bargaining in good faith with the unions, violated § 7-470 of the General Statutes, part of the municipal employee relations act.

The labor board found the following facts which are not disputed. Since February 24, 1966, the municipal employer has by ordinance required its employees to live within the greater New Haven area, which is defined as New Haven and those six towns and cities which are contiguous to New Haven. On March 15, 1976, a petition was filed to amend the residency ordinance to require employees to reside within the city. A public hearing was held on the proposed amendment at which time the unions argued against it, claiming that its adoption would be in violation of state labor laws. The issue of whether the residency requirement was a mandatory subject for good faith bargaining was clearly raised at the public hearing.²

The union heard nothing further on the proposed amendment until April 21, 1977, when a revised draft was again submitted. On November 15, 1977, the legislation committee submitted the majority and minority reports on the issue to the board of aldermen. On November 29, 1977, an informal hearing was held on the revised proposal and the unions again protested its adoption. On December 5, 1977, the board of aldermen enacted, and on December 19, 1977 the mayor approved, the amendment to the residency ordinance which became effective January 1, 1978. The pertinent parts of the amendment to the residency ordinance provided that "as a condition for employment" all persons employed after January 1, 1978 must become residents within six months of employment, and that those who were employed before January 1, 1978 and who are appointed, transferred or promoted outside their bargaining units must comply with the ordinance in the same manner as those who were hired after January 1, 1978.³

At no time while the amendment to the residency ordinance was in the legislative process, including that period of time during which the parties negotiated new collective bargaining agreements,⁴ did the unions or the municipal employer ever request to bargain as to the change in residency requirements. In the current collective bargaining agreements, there is no residency requirement.

The labor board concluded the following: that requiring those employed after January 1, 1978 and those employed before January 1, 1978 who are permanently appointed, transferred or promoted into a bargaining unit to establish residence in the city within six months thereafter is a condition of employment and therefore a mandatory subject of collective bargaining; that the unilateral change of such a condition of employment without collective bargaining is a practice prohibited by § 7-470 of the General Statutes; and that the failure of the unions to request bargaining on the residency requirement while the matter was in the legislative process did not constitute a waiver of their statutory right to bargain over the subject in good faith.⁵ Pursuant to the jurisdiction conferred upon it under § 7-471 of the General Statutes, the labor board issued appropriate remedial orders.⁶

I ISSUES The municipal employer in this administrative appeal raises two issues, to wit: whether the residency requirement for new and transferred employees was a condition of employment and therefore a mandatory subject of collective bargaining; and if it was, whether the unions, by failing to demand that the municipal employer bargain on the issue during the twenty-one months it took to adopt the ordinance, waived their right to have the municipal employer bargain in good faith with them over the subject. II JURISDICTION In deciding this administrative appeal, the limit of the court's jurisdiction is set by statute. The Uniform Administrative Procedure Act; General Statutes §§ 4-166 et seq.;⁷ provides in part for the following: "The court shall not substitute its judgment for that of the agency as to the weight of the evidence on questions of fact. The court may affirm the decision of the agency or remand the case for further proceedings. The court may reverse or modify the decision if substantial rights of the appellant have been prejudiced because the administrative findings, inferences, conclusions or decisions are: (1) In violation of constitutional or statutory provisions; (2) in excess of the statutory authority of the agency; (3) made upon unlawful procedure; (4) affected by other error of law; (5) clearly erroneous in view of the reliable, probative, and substantial evidence on the whole record; or (6) arbitrary or capricious or characterized by abuse of discretion or clearly unwarranted exercise of discretion." General Statutes § 4-183 (g). If the labor board's findings are supported by substantial evidence,⁸ they cannot be disturbed. Madow v.Muzio, 176 Conn. 374, 376. III MUNICIPAL EMPLOYEE RELATIONS ACT The labor board acted on the unions' complaints pursuant to the jurisdiction conferred upon it by the municipal employee relations act (the MERA); §§ 7-467 et seq. of the General Statutes; which was adopted in 1965 by the legislature. Public Acts, 1965, No. 159. The MERA extended the rights and obligations of collective bargaining to employees of local government. The act was designed to accomplish the salutary purpose of promoting harmony between local governments and their employees. The basic theme of this type of legislation "was that through collective bargaining the passions, arguments, and struggles of prior years would be channeled into constructive, open discussions leading, it was hoped, to mutual agreement." H.K.Porter Co., Inc. v. N.L.R.B., 397 U.S. 99, 103; WestHartford Education Assn., Inc. v. DeCourcy,162 Conn. 566, 584-85. "[L]abor relations acts are remedial enactments and as such should be liberally construed in order to accomplish their objectives . . . ." Connecticut State Board of LaborRelations v. Board of Education, 177 Conn. 68, 74. "In furtherance of that principle, exemptions or exclusions are to be strictly construed." SuccessVillage Apartments, Inc. v. Local 376, 175 Conn. 165,168.

To effectuate these principles of collective bargaining, the MERA makes it mandatory for local governmental employers and their employees "to meet at reasonable times . . . and confer in good faith with respect to wages, hours and other conditions of employment . . . ." General Statutes § 7-470 (c). The duty to bargain collectively and in good faith takes on more important dimensions in the public sector of employment because employees of government are denied the right to strike. General Statutes § 7-475.

The language of the MERA regarding the duty to confer in good faith with respect to wages, hours and conditions of employment is similar to that contained in the National Labor Relations Act. This federal act provides that it shall be an unfair labor practice for an employer to refuse to bargain collectively with the representatives of its employees "in respect to rates of pay, wages, hours of employment, or other conditions of employment."29 U.S.C. § 158 (a)(5), 159(a). "For this reason, the judicial interpretation frequently accorded the federal act is of great assistance and persuasive force in the interpretation of our own act." ImperialLaundry, Inc. v. State Board of Labor Relations,142 Conn. 457, 460; New Canaan v. State Board ofLabor Relations, 160 Conn. 285, 291; Windsor v.Windsor Police Department Employees Assn., Inc.,154 Conn. 530, 536.

The legislature has assigned to the labor board the primary task of construing the provisions of the MERA. General Statutes § 4-178; Local 1219 v. Connecticut Labor Relations Board, 171 Conn. 342,351. Accordingly, great weight must be given to the labor board's construction of the act. SeeFord Motor Co. v. N.L.R.B., 441 U.S. 488, 496;Connecticut State Board of Labor Relations v.Board of Education, supra. Of course, notwithstanding this deference to the decisions of the agency charged with the responsibility of administering the law, the court will judicially review the agency's decisions to determine if it acted arbitrarily, unreasonably, or contrary to law. Seattle FirstNational Bank v. N.L.R.B., 444 F.2d 30, 33 (9th Cir.); Norwich v. Norwich Fire Fighters, 173 Conn. 210,214.

A requirement of residency at the time of or during employment has passed constitutional muster.⁹ It has been held that an ordinance requiring police officers to maintain a particular residence during the period they are employed is not irrational and therefore does not violate the equal protection clause of the fourteenth amendment. DetroitPolice Officers Assn. v. City of Detroit, 385 Mich. 519, appeal dismissed, 405 U.S. 950. In McCarthy v. Philadelphia Civil Service Commission, 424 U.S. 645, the United States Supreme Court held that such an ordinance does not violate the constitutionally recognized right to travel. Indeed, the United States District Court for the district of Connecticut found that this ordinance did not violate the fourteenth amendment when it was challenged on several grounds.¹⁰ Lorenz v. Logue,481 F. Sup. 173. A finding that the imposition of such a residency ordinance is constitutional does not, however, relieve the municipal employer from its obligation of good faith bargaining under the MERA.

IV CONDITION OF EMPLOYMENT The court turns to the issue of whether the residency requirement enacted by the municipal employer is a condition of employment within the meaning of the MERA and therefore a mandatory subject of bargaining. "The use of the phrase `conditions of employment' reflects a judgment that the scope of negotiations should be relatively broad, but sufficiently flexible to accommodate the changing needs of the parties." West Hartford EducationAssn., Inc. v. DeCourcy, 162 Conn. 566, 581-82. A condition of employment within the meaning of the MERA must have a material effect on the employment; a condition of employment does not include those matters which are only indirectly, incidentally or remotely related to employment.Westinghouse Electric Corporation v. N.L.R.B.,387 F.2d 542, 547 (4th Cir.). This area of negotiability has been consistently expanded in order to serve the purpose of the MERA. Darcy, Foy, James Kingston, "Connecticut Labor Relations Statutes and Decisions: Differences from Federal Law," 9 Conn. L. Rev. 515, 537-38.

It has been held that when a failure by an employee to meet or comply with a requirement maydirectly result in the termination of employment, it is a condition of his employment.¹¹ "The broad statutory term `conditions of employment' may be construed to include the question whether a person shall continue in employment . . . ." Board ofPolice Commissioners v. White, 171 Conn. 553, 559 (1976); Fibreboard Corporation v. Labor Board,379 U.S. 203, 222 (Stewart, J., concurring). In the present case, if an employee fails to become a city resident within six months of employment, he will, except in unusual cases,¹² have his employment terminated. Therefore, it clearly follows that the residency clause is a condition of employment for those employed before as well as those employed after January 1, 1978. Any other conclusion would torture the intent of the legislation.¹³ The interpretation of the residency ordinance as a condition of employment is consistent with the labor board's prior holdings and is therefore entitled to great weight. City of Bridgeport, Conn. Labor Board, Decision No. 1500 (1977); City of Hartford, Conn. Labor Board, Decision No. 1353 (1975).

It is further clear that the residency ordinance as it applies to future employees is a subject for mandatory bargaining with the collective bargaining agent of the present employees. "The duty to bargain is a continuing one, and a union may legitimately bargain over wages and conditions of employment which will affect employees who are to be hired in the future." N.L.R.B. v. Laney DukeStorage Warehouse Co., 369 F.2d 859, 866 (5th Cir.).

Not everything which may be of general interest to the employee is a subject matter of compulsory bargaining under the MERA. It is clear there is no "duty to bargain collectively regarding such managerial decisions, which lie at the core of entrepreneurial control." Fibreboard Corporation v.Labor Board, 379 U.S. 203, 223. This management prerogative is equally applicable to the public sector.West Hartford Education Assn., Inc. v.DeCourcy, 162 Conn. 566, 583. The residency ordinance does not, however, reach the core of entrepreneurial control envisioned by Justice Stewart in Fibreboard. Its purposes are clearly stated by the legislative body in the ordinance, namely, to aid the city's declining tax base and economy.

The Michigan Supreme Court had no difficulty in finding that such a residency requirement was a condition of employment. Detroit Police OfficersAssn. v. City of Detroit, 391 Mich. 44; annot., 84 A.L.R.3d 242, 281-82. Other jurisdictions have come to the same conclusion. "[T]he public employer who wishes to initially establish or modify a residency requirement that touches upon incumbent employees (present or future) must expect to bargain in good faith over the issue with the representative union." Hyford Durkee, "Residency Requirements in Local Government Employment: The Impact of the Public Employer's Duty to Bargain," 29 Labor L.J. 343, 351.

The municipal employer in this case argues that the residency requirement is a continuing precondition for employment and therefore is not subject to mandatory bargaining. The Supreme Court of Michigan adequately answered this argument when it held: "We are not persuaded that the residency requirement, regulating as it does the conduct of police officers throughout their years on the force, may be correctly labeled a `continuing recruiting requirement.' In addition, we expressly reject the City's argument that any term or condition of employment may be so labeled. A recruiting requirement, whether it is age, mental competency, physical characteristics or residency, focuses on that point in time at which a candidate for employment is hired. At that moment the new recruit must meet established standards. Once an applicant has met these standards and has been hired as an employee, the `recruiting requirements' as such do not continue to regulate his or her right to hold the job. Employment standards are, of course, lawful, but they must be treated as a term and condition of employment." Detroit Police Officers Assn. v. City of Detroit, 391 Mich. 44, 61.

V WAIVER The second issue raised by the municipal employer is whether the failure of the unions to request bargaining while the ordinance was in the legislative process constituted a waiver. It is true that not all unilateral actions on the part of an employer or employee concerning matters which are subject to mandatory bargaining are violations of the MERA. The employer and employee are only required to bargain in good faith. General Statutes § 7-470. "To determine the question of good faith the totality of the party's conduct throughout the negotiations must be considered." Norwich v. Norwich Fire Fighters, 173 Conn. 210, 216; West HartfordEducation Assn., Inc. v. DeCourcy, 162 Conn. 566,591.

The municipal employer argues that the unions were under an obligation to demand that it bargain before the adoption of the ordinance. It is correct that the MERA does not require the employer to seek out its employees and request them to participate in negotiations over mandatory subjects of collective bargaining. "To put the employer in default . . . the employees must at least have signified to . . . [the employer] their desire to negotiate."N.L.R.B. v. Columbian Co., 306 U.S. 292,297-98; Alaska Roughnecks Drillers Assn. v.N.L.R.B., 555 F.2d 732, 735 (9th Cir.). In the present case, however, the labor board correctly found that there was no duty on the part of the union to request bargaining during the period of time the amendment to the residency clause was in the legislative hopper.¹⁴ There was no obligation on the part of the unions to anticipate that the ordinance would survive the political process and become law. This is particularly so in the present case, since the original proposal to amend the residency ordinance emerged in a substantially changed form following the twenty-one month legislative process.

It makes sense not to require a union to request bargaining on every proposal made in a legislative body of a municipality that may affect wages, hours and conditions of employment when the subject of that proposal could not be enforced unless adopted into law. If bargaining were required on every proposal affecting wages, hours and conditions of employment, it would place an onerous burden upon both the municipal employer and the employee. In recognition of this, the labor board has ruled that a complaint alleging a unilateral change of condition of employment on the basis of a proposal pending before a legislative body or charter revision commission is premature. City of Bristol, Conn. Labor Board, Decision No. 1578 (1977); City ofHartford, Conn. Labor Board, Decision No. 1353 (1975).

The cases relied upon by the municipal employer in claiming that the unions were under a duty to demand bargaining are readily distinguishable. InNorwich v. Norwich Fire Fighters, 173 Conn. 210, the municipality had put the condition of employment into effect by executive decision for a period of two years before the union made its complaint. In the present case the condition was not effective until enacted into law. No single legislator or member of the executive branch of government of the municipal employer had the authority to require municipal employees to become residents of the city of New Haven; nor was it ever represented or made clear that the adoption of such an ordinance was a certainty.

The remaining cases relied upon by the municipal employer come from the private sector. In N.L.R.B. v. Spun-Jee Corporation, 385 F.2d 379 (2d Cir.), it was found that the union was clearly put on notice of the intended shutdown of the plant and its removal to a different state and that the union had thus waived its right to bargain. In addition, when it is within the power of the employer to put into effect its intention without legislative action, as it is in the private sector, then it may be sufficient under all of the circumstances to obligate the union to demand bargaining; but when the legislature is required to make changes in the wages, hours or other conditions of employment, the mere intention of one or more legislators should not be sufficient to put the union on notice that it must request bargaining. The case of U.S. Lingerie Corporation, 170 N.L.R.B. 750, is similar to Spun-Jee, supra; there the union was also put on notice of the move.

In sum, the requirement of residency for employees of a municipality is clearly a condition of employment within the meaning of the municipal employee relations act. It therefore follows that the municipal employer was under an obligation to bargain in good faith on the issue. By unilaterally requiring its employees to maintain their residence in New Haven, without good faith bargaining, the municipal employer violated § 7-470 of the General Statutes. It is further clear that the failure of the union to demand bargaining prior to the enactment of the ordinance did not constitute a waiver of their right to bargain.

Accordingly, the appeal of the city of New Haven and the New Haven board of education is hereby dismissed.