DocketNumber: File No. CV-00 0503146S
Citation Numbers: 48 Conn. Supp. 170
Judges: Aronson, Hon
Filed Date: 7/10/2003
Status: Precedential
Modified Date: 9/8/2022
JUDGE TRIAL REFEREE. The plaintiff, Dell Catalog Sales, L.P. (Dell Catalog Sales), filed this appeal pursuant to General Statutes § 12-422 from a decision by the defendant, the commissioner of revenue services (commissioner), sustaining assessments of sales and use tax against Dell Catalog
Dell Catalog Sales claims that it conducts a national mail order business that operates exclusively through interstate commerce and, therefore, it cannot be compelled to collect a sales or use tax on mail order sales made to residents of a state in which the seller has no physical presence. Dell Catalog Sales cites Quill Corp. v. North Dakota, 504 U.S. 298, 112 S. Ct. 1904, 119 L. Ed. 2d 91 (1992), National Bellas Hess, Inc. v. Dept. of Revenue, 386 U.S. 753, 87 S. Ct. 1389, 18 L. Ed. 2d 505 (1967), and SFA Folio Collections, Inc. v. Bannon, 217 Conn. 220, 585 A.2d 666, cert. denied, 501 U.S. 1223, 111 S. Ct. 2839, 115 L. Ed. 2d 1008 (1991), in support of its claim of nontaxability. Dell Catalog Sales claims that the commissioner concedes that Dell Catalog Sales has no physical presence in Connecticut and that the commissioner’s nexus argument is premised solely on the physical presence in Connecticut of a company called BancTec.
As used in the present case, nexus means the connection or physical contacts which an out-of-state vendor has with a state to justify that state’s imposition of a duty on the out-of-state vendor to collect a use tax from purchasers. 2 J. Hellerstein & W. Hellerstein, State Taxation (3d Ed. 2000) ¶ 19.02 [1], p. 19-7; see also Quill Corp. v. North Dakota, supra, 504 U.S. 298.
The issue here is whether Dell Catalog Sales, as an out-of-state vendor of computers, with no physical contacts within the state of Connecticut, can be said to have a nexus to Connecticut by having BancTec provide
Dell Corporation is a holding company with subsidiaries that carry on its day-to-day business. Three of the subsidiaries involved in the present case are Dell Products, L.P., the aforementioned Dell Catalog Sales and Dell USA, L.P. Dell Products, L.P., manufactures computers. Dell Catalog Sales sells the computers manufactured by Dell Products, L.P., and Dell USA, L.P., provides the administrative support for both Dell Products, L.P., and Dell Catalog Sales. Together, these three entities are known as the Dell affiliates.
From 1992 to 1994, Dell, through a subsidiary, Dell Marketing, L.P., sold computers to the government and to businesses at retail. This was not profitable. At the beginning of the 1990s, the personal computer market began exploding. Dell saw that individual consumers had a need from different corporate business users. Dell had a segmented strategy to form new entities to service specific customers. Dell split sales to large business entities from sales to the individual consumer. The reason for this split of business was that the individual consumer was interested in games, graphics and high fidelity audio in addition to normal computer uses. Large business customers wanted to pay for computers on invoices and discounted bills, and individual consumers wanted to pay with credit cards.
The early individual consumers in the computer field were knowledgeable about using computers. In the
Dell recognized that in order to enhance its sales, it had to stand behind its product and to provide service to its customers when needed. The ability to provide service to its individual customers was one factor in Dell’s growth in the early 1990s. At this point, it is important to set forth additional facts in the present case based on the stipulation of the parties. Dell Catalog Sales was organized in October, 1993, and is a Texas limited partnership with its principal place of business in Round Rock, Texas. As a limited partnership, Dell Catalog Sales has no subsidiaries. Dell is a national mail order business that operates through interstate commerce. Dell sells computers and related products nationwide from outside the state of Connecticut. Dell purchases computers, computer peripherals and
During the audit period from November 1, 1993, to December 31, 1998, Dell Catalog Sales conducted and coordinated all of its activities exclusively from Texas. It solicited orders through national media advertising and by sending catalogs to prospective customers nationwide, including customers in Connecticut. These catalogs were not designed, prepared, printed, published or mailed from Connecticut. Customers placed orders by contacting Dell Catalog Sales directly in Round Rock, Texas, through the Internet or by telephone, facsimile, mail or e-mail. Customer orders are accepted by Dell Catalog Sales in Round Rock and then shipped from Texas by common carrier or the United States Postal Service. Dell Catalog Sales made no local deliveries in Connecticut, nor did it drop ship merchandise from Connecticut manufacturers. Dell Catalog Sales did not own or operate retail stores anywhere, including Connecticut. Dell Catalog Sales did not have or maintain within the state of Connecticut, directly or by a subsidiary, an office, distribution house, sales house, warehouse or other place of business. Dell Catalog Sales did not own or lease real or personal property in Connecticut. Dell Catalog Sales did not conduct credit investigations or collections in Connecticut.
Dell Catalog Sales had no employees in Connecticut, nor did it solicit sales by employees, independent contractors, agents or other representatives in Connecticut. Dell Catalog Sales did not solicit orders for tangible personal property by means of telephone, telegraph, computer data base, cable, optic, microwave or other communication system located in Connecticut. Dell
Dell Catalog Sales did not have bank accounts in Connecticut; its credit card clearinghouse is located in Florida. Dell Catalog Sales did not retain security interests in any products sold to Connecticut residents. Dell Catalog Sales did not use Connecticut vendors to design, prepare, print, store or mail catalogs. Dell Catalog Sales did not enter Connecticut to purchase, place or display advertising for itself or others. Dell Catalog Sales did not advertise, pursuant to a contract with radio or television media or a newspaper or magazine publisher located in Connecticut. Dell Catalog Sales did not send orders to a Connecticut manufacturer, processor, repairer or printer to be processed and stored in completed form awaiting shipment to customers. Dell Catalog Sales did not have local telephone service in Connecticut with local listings, nor did it have any franchisee or licensee operating under its trade name in Connecticut.
Since Dell Catalog Sales is not a manufacturer, it does not provide any warranties on its sales of computers and related products. The manufacturers of computer and related products such as Dell Products, L.P., Hewlett-Packard and Iomega provide their own manufacturers’ warranties.
In addition to the warranty by the manufacturer, customers of Dell Catalog Sales are given the opportunity to purchase, through Dell Catalog Sales, a service contract to be performed by BancTec USA, Inc., a Delaware corporation with its principal place of business in Dallas, Texas. During the audit period, BancTec was a wholly owned subsidiary of BancTec, Inc., a New York Stock Exchange company headquartered in Dallas, Texas. Neither Dell Catalog Sales nor any other Dell
BancTec was a small, unknown service company with prior experience servicing bank automated teller machines and repairing computers, looking for national exposure. Dell was a company that could provide Banc-Tec national exposure as well as give it credibility. BancTec wanted the exclusive right to repair Dell computers, but also wanted the right to service computers of other companies besides Dell. Dell, however, wanted the exclusive services of BancTec. Dell did not want BancTec to contract with its competitors in the market. Both BancTec and Dell worked out an agreement to deal with each other’s concerns expressed in service contract sales brokerage agreements entered into in 1991, 1995 and 1998.
BancTec performed on-site service repairs made under a service contract sold by Dell Catalog Sales throughout the United States and upon dispatch from Dell Tech Support.
Dell Catalog Sales customers were not required to purchase a service contract. Approximately 75 percent of its customers, however, did purchase such contracts. A Dell Catalog Sales customer who wanted to purchase a service contract could do so at the same time the customer purchased a Dell computer or, for an increased price, purchase a service contract from Dell Catalog Sales at any time after the purchase of a computer. When a Connecticut customer decided to purchase the service contract, Dell Catalog Sales added the price of the service contract to the customer’s invoice, calculated Connecticut sales tax thereon, and collected the price and tax from the customer. Dell Catalog Sales remitted the sales tax on the sale of the service contract to the department of revenue services.
Pursuant to the terms of the service contract sales brokerage agreements of December 18, 1991, July 1, 1995, and September 1,1998, Dell Catalog Sales retained as a commission the difference between the net revenue and the retail price charged to the customer for each service contract sold. “Net revenue” means the amount of money that is payable to BancTec from the proceeds of the sale of a service contract to a customer on Banc-Tec’s behalf, net of credits. “Net of credits” means returned computer merchandise (on which BancTec service contracts were purchased) or canceled BancTec service contracts.
Dell Catalog Sales did not sell service contracts as a stand-alone product. Customers could only purchase such contracts when buying a Dell Catalog Sales computer product.
The parties have also stipulated that the service contract sales brokerage agreements provided that the amount of revenue received by BancTec on each service contract sold was determined by a Dell formula, which, among other things, took into account the number of on-site service calls actually made by BancTec during the previous ninety day period. After Dell USA, L.P., calculated this amount, Dell USA, L.P., provided such amount to BancTec in a monthly lump sum payment. For the period from January, 1996, through December, 1997, BancTec received approximately 10 to 11 percent of the gross revenue collected by Dell Catalog Sales, and Dell Catalog Sales received approximately 90 percent of the gross revenue collected.
Although Dell Catalog Sales was licensed to do business only in Texas, Florida, Kentucky and Nevada, the commissioner took it upon himself to register Dell Catalog Sales for a tax registration number and had a tax registration number assigned to Dell Catalog Sales in Connecticut. Dell Catalog Sales protested the involuntary registration by the commissioner and has never voluntarily registered itself to do business in Connecticut.
The sales and use tax assessment made by the commissioner for the entire audit period was an estimate based on sales figures for Connecticut obtained from Dell Catalog Sales for approximately one month from December 28, 1996, to January 25, 1997.
The commissioner’s position is supported by the stand taken by the multistate tax commission. “At the end of 1995, the Multistate Tax Commission . . . working together with 26 states, issued Nexus Program Bulletin 95-1. The bulletin set forth the position that an out-of-state vendor of computers generally has nexus for sales and use tax and income tax purposes with the market state if the vendor contracts with a third party to provide the purchasers with repair services for their computers under the vendor’s warranty.” R. Pomp & M. McIntyre, “State Taxation of Mail-Order Sales of Computers After Quill: An Evaluation of MTC Bulletin 95-1,” 2 State and Local Taxation (R. Pomp & O. Oldman eds., 3d Ed. Rev. 2000) p. 9-58.
Professors Pomp and McIntyre see the issue posed by the stand of the multistate tax commission as “whether an independent enterprise constitutes a service representative of a seller of computers if that enterprise provides repair services for the seller’s in-state customers under a contractual arrangement with the seller.” Id.
Two United States Supreme Court cases, Scripto, Inc. v. Carson, supra, 362 U.S. 207, and Tyler Pipe
In Scripto, Inc. v. Carson, supra, 362 U.S. 211, the plaintiff, Scripto, Inc., had ten “wholesalers, jobbers, or ‘salesmen’ conducting continuous local solicitation in Florida and forwarding the resulting orders from that State to Atlanta for shipment of the ordered goods. The only incidence of this sales transaction that is nonlocal is the acceptance of the order.” As in the present case, the contract between Scripto, Inc., and the “salesmen” specifically provided that the intention of the parties was to create the relationship of independent contractor. Id., 209. The Scripto, Inc. court found the nexus requiring Scripto, Inc., to pay a use tax to Florida to be the activities of the ten “salesmen,” even though the “salesmen” were considered independent contractors. Id., 211. Whether the ten were salesmen or independent contractors, the Scripto, Inc. court concluded “that such a fine distinction is without constitutional significance. ... To permit such formal ‘contractual shifts’ to make a constitutional difference would open the gates to a stampede of tax avoidance.” Id.
The interaction between Dell Catalog Sales and Banc-Tec was based on service contract sales brokerage agreements. Under these agreements, Dell Catalog
Although it appears that BancTec was operating in Connecticut on Dell’s behalf, the parties have, in fact, stipulated that BancTec was an independent computer service provider throughout the United States and that on-site service was performed solely by BancTec or its subcontractors. This stipulation of the parties negates
In the actual operation of the service contract, the fulfillment of the contract required a significant effort by Dell Tech Support to correct the consumer’s problem. For this effort, Dell received a major portion of the charge for the contract. BancTec, on the other hand, received a small portion of the charge for the contract, indicating that BancTec’s effort in going on-site in Connecticut to service the consumer’s computer had to be minimal. No evidence was presented as to the number of service calls, if any, that were made by BancTec’s representatives on direction from Dell Tech Support. The court cannot assume that BancTec had a Connecticut representative in Connecticut or that the representative resided in another state and made service calls in Connecticut when directed.
The court notes that Dell provides service to the consumer under the terms of the service contract only by telephone in Texas, and BancTec, for its part, performs only on-site service to the consumer in Connecticut. The court notes further that Dell markets and sells the service contract to its own customer at the time that it sells the customer a computer; that Dell sets the price of the contract to the consumer; that Dell earns a substantial portion of the cost of the contract; and,
The Kansas Supreme Court, in deciding In re Tax Appeal of Intercard, Inc., 270 Kan. 346, 14 P.3d 1111 (2000) (Intercard), did an extensive review of the following United States Supreme Court cases and state
The Intercard court, after analyzing the aforementioned cases, stated: “In summary, the Commerce Clause requires a taxing state to have substantial nexus with an out-of-state business to impose use tax collection and remittance duties. See Complete Auto [Transit, Inc. v. Brady, supra, 430 U.S.] 279. Substantial nexus requires a finding of physical presence in the taxing state. [National Bellas Hess, Inc. v. Dept. of Revenue, supra, 386 U.S.] 758. The continuous physical presence of offices and employees in a taxing state is sufficient to impose a use tax collection duty even though the instate presence is unrelated to the transaction being taxed. National Geographic [Society v. California Board of Equalization, supra, 430 U.S.] 560. Mail-order sales without more are a ‘safe harbor’ for out-of-state vendors. [National Bellas Hess, Inc. v. Dept. of Revenue Services, supra, 386 U.S.] 758. A slightest presence is
In Intercard, Intercard’s technicians made eleven visits to Kinko’s stores in Kansas to install electronic data card readers purchased from Intercard. The eleven contacts occurred during a three month period and totaled forty-four hours. The court in Intercard noted that “]t]he parties stipulated that Intercard was not incoipo-rated or registered as a foreign corporation doing business in Kansas; all contracts and sales occurred outside of Kansas; and Intercard had no offices or employees in Kansas.” Id. The Kansas Supreme Court agreed with the findings of the Kansas board of tax appeals in Intercard, that the eleven “incursions to install card-readers in Kansas were isolated, sporadic, and insufficient to establish a substantial nexus to Kansas.” Id.
The Kansas Supreme Court recently came to a contrary conclusion to that in Intercard and reversed the board of tax appeals’ finding of no nexus in a commerce clause case. In re Tax Appeal of Family of Eagles, Ltd., 275 Kan. 479, 66 P.3d 858 (2003) (Family of Eagles).
In Family of Eagles, two subsidiaries operated as selling branches for Family of Eagles, Ltd., a wholesaler. The wholesaler did not own property in Kansas and had no physical presence in Kansas except independent service representatives who were Kansas residents. The wholesaler purchased coins, jewelry, and other products at wholesale and resold these items through commissioned independent service representatives. There
The Kansas Supreme Court in Family of Eagles found that the facts in that case were similar to the salesmen in Scripto who took orders in Florida for a Georgia corporation. In re Tax Appeal of Family of Eagles, Ltd., supra, 275 Kan. 490.
While Intercard was decided on the fact that eleven incursions into Kansas by Intercard technicians to install cardreaders were not sufficient to establish a substantial nexus under Quill, substantial nexus was found in Family of Eagles, even though “the record lacks clarity regarding the extent or amount of sales by Kansas [independent service representatives] to Kansas residents [and] no one has suggested that the Kansas [independent service representatives] never sell to Kansas residents. The [independent service representatives] do sell to Kansas residents and in doing so help to develop [the wholesaler’s] Kansas market.” Id., 488. The court in Family of Eagles did not explain how the wholesaler could develop a market in Kansas without knowing the extent or amount of sales it said was lacking from the record. It would seem that the Kansas court in Family of Eagles considered a sales force of independent service representatives in Kansas to be comparable to the sales force of independent service representatives in Florida under Scripto as the linchpin for finding nexus.
The present case is akin to the facts in Intercard in which the issue was whether the eleven service contacts during a three month period were sufficient to establish a substantial nexus. For the most part, the facts in the present case were developed by a stipulation of the parties. The stipulation of facts contains no information regarding the extent of BancTec’s activities in Connecticut. One may infer, however, that because Dell earned 90 percent of the price of the service contract and BancTec earned 10 percent in Connecticut, the number of on-site calls must have been minimal.
Under Quill v. North Dakota, supra, 504 U.S. 317, the bright line test is substantial physical presence in the taxing state. A slight presence is not sufficient to establish a substantial nexus. National Geographic Society v. California Board of Equalization, supra, 430 U.S. 556. Isolated and sporadic physical contacts are insufficient to establish a substantial nexus to Connecticut. In re Tax Appeal of Intercard, Inc., supra, 270 Kan. 364. This leads to the question of who has the burden to show the frequency of on-site service calls in Connecticut.
Accordingly, judgment may enter in favor of the plaintiff sustaining this appeal without costs to either party.
An “affiliate” has been defined as “a company effectively controlled by another or associated with others under common ownership or control.” Lombardo’s Ravioli Kitchen, Inc. v.Ryan, 47 Conn. Sup. 540, 547, 815 A.2d 302 (2003).
In those situations in which a product manufactured by Dell Products, L.P., did not work properly, the customer was directed to call Dell Customer Technical Support in Round Rock, Texas.
Although not raised by the parties, it does appear that the service contract sales brokerage agreements were, in general concept, an outsourcing agreement. “Outsourcing agreement” is defined as “[a]n agreement to handle substantially all of a party’s business requirements, esp. in the areas of data processing and information management.” Black’s Law Dictionary (7th Ed. 1999).