DocketNumber: File No. X01-CV-04-0183366 S
Citation Numbers: 49 Conn. Supp. 394
Judges: Sheedy
Filed Date: 7/27/2005
Status: Precedential
Modified Date: 9/8/2022
By summons and complaint returnable to the Waterbury judicial district on March 23, 2004, the plaintiff, Catherine Smith, brought a three count complaint, each count asserted under the Product Liability Act (act), General Statutes § 52-572m et seq., against the defendants, Dynamic Cooking Systems, Inc. (Dynamic), Powerhouse Appliances and Television, Inc. (Powerhouse), and SBE Company, Inc. Paragraph three of count one of that complaint alleges that flames shot out of the range she was using and struck her in
As the third party defendant, Bracey has moved to strike the third party complaint and alleges that the common-law indemnification claim is legally insufficient as between codefendants, does not lie as between commercial parties and fails to allege the facts necessary to plead a claim for common-law indemnification. The third party plaintiffs have objected on all grounds. The parties have filed memoranda of law. Although scheduling order number one specifically authorized the filing of a reply memorandum as applicable to dis-positive motions (the case was transferred to the complex litigation docket on January 27, 2005), the third party defendant has declined to do so. The parties have waived oral argument and have consented to the court’s adjudication of the motion on the papers.
APPLICABLE LAW
“A motion to strike challenges the legal sufficiency of a pleading, and, consequently, requires no factual findings by the trial court.” (Internal quotation marks omitted.) Fort Trumbull Conservancy, LLC v. Alves, 262 Conn. 480, 498, 815 A.2d 1188 (2003). It tests whether the complaint states a claim on which relief can be granted. Vacco v. Microsoft Corp., 260 Conn. 59, 65, 793 A.2d 1048 (2002); Practice Book § 10-39. The trial court’s role is to examine the complaint and construe it in favor of the pleader. Suffield Development Associates Ltd. Partnership v. National Loan Investors, L.P., 260 Conn. 766, 772, 802 A.2d 44 (2002). Specifically, the court must “assume the truth of both the specific factual allegations and any facts fairly provable thereunder” and “read the allegations broadly, rather than narrowly.” Craig v. Driscoll, 262 Conn. 312, 321, 813 A.2d 1003 (2003). The requirement of favorable construction does not extend, however, to legal opinions or conclusions stated in the complaint, but only to factual allegations and the facts “necessarily implied and fairly provable under the allegations.” (Internal quotation marks omitted.) Forbes v. Ballaro, 31 Conn. App. 235, 239, 624 A.2d 389 (1993). The motion is to be tested by the allegations of the pleading, which allegations cannot be enlarged by the assumption of any facts not therein alleged. Alarm Applications Co. v. Simsbury Volunteer Fire Co., 179 Conn. 541, 549-50, 427 A.2d 822 (1980). The motion is properly granted if the complaint alleges mere conclusions of law unsupported by the facts alleged. Fidelity Bank v. Krenisky, 72 Conn. App. 700, 720, 807 A.2d 968, cert. denied, 262 Conn. 915, 811 A.2d 1291 (2002); Donar v. King Associates, Inc., 67 Conn. App. 346, 349, 786 A.2d 1256 (2001). “If any facts provable under the express and implied allegations in the plaintiffs complaint support a cause of action . . . the
II
COMMON-LAW INDEMNIFICATION CLAIMS AS BETWEEN CODEFENDANTS
Bracey claims that Kyrtatas v. Stop & Shop, Inc., 205 Conn. 694, 535 A.2d 357 (1988), bars this common-law indemnification claim as inconsistent with the comparative responsibility provisions of the act — specifically, General Statutes § 52-572o (b), (c) and (d) — and with § 52-572o (e) allowing an action for contribution. See Kyrtatas v. Stop & Shop, Inc., supra, 699-701. Bracey cites to that court’s holding that “the product liability act has abrogated common law indemnification principles in this area.” Id., 702. Relevant to that determination, the court, in footnote 2 of its opinion, continued: “Our holding applies to situations in which all potential defendants are parties to the suit. In such a situation, a jury’s findings concerning the relative responsibility of the parties are conclusive, and are entitled to res judicata status. On some occasions, a plaintiff may not sue all potential defendants. A defendant may implead a third party who may be liable for all or part of the plaintiff’s claim against him. Practice Book § 117 [now § 10-11], In this case we need not consider the effect of a jury’s findings concerning comparative responsibility in a subsequent indemnification suit against a joint tortfeasor who had not been made a party in the suit in which the verdict and findings of the jury were rendered.” Kyrtatas v. Stop & Shop, Inc., supra, 702 n.2.
Also relevant is that the Kyrtatas plaintiff sued Stop & Shop, Inc., Shield Packaging Company, Inc., and Crown, Cork & Seal Company, Inc. Cross complaints were filed by Stop & Shop, Inc., and Crown, Cork & Seal Company,
Dynamic and Powerhouse claim this case is controlled by Malerba v. Cessna Aircraft Co., 210 Conn. 189, 554 A.2d 287 (1989). There, the plaintiff sued the defendant airplane manufacturer in negligence, breach of warranty and product liability. Id., 190. The defendant then was granted permission to file a third party complaint against the aircraft’s owner and mechanic (one count for common-law indemnification and one count for contribution as against each). Id., 190-91. The plaintiffs motion to strike the third party complaint (because “it seeks contribution [in a way] . . . not recognized under Connecticut law”; [internal quotation marks omitted]; id., 191;) was granted by the trial court — in part because common-law principles of indemnification had been abrogated by the act. Our Supreme Court reversed the judgment. Id., 199. It did so by harmonizing § 52-572o (e) — which established preconditions to the initiation of a contribution action — with both General
The third party plaintiffs thus urge the application of Malerba because there — as here — the indemnification claims were brought as third party complaints and are in that way “procedurally” similar. That ignores, however, that in the case before this court, Smith, by virtue of having filed an amended complaint, has directly sued not only Dynamic and Powerhouse, but also Bracey. As in Kyrtatas, all parties are before the court as direct parties in this product liability case. Thus, the words of the Kyrtatas court appear applicable: “It is significant that the legislature in the product liability act provides for contribution, but does not mention the possibility of indemnification. General Statutes § 52-572o (e). If the General Assembly had intended to retain common law indemnification principles in the context of product liability suits, it could have explicitly so stated, as it did in our comparative negligence statute. Courts may not read into clearly expressed legislation provisions which do not find expression in its words.” (Internal quotation marks omitted.) Kyrtatas v. Stop & Shop, Inc., supra, 205 Conn. 702.
The Malerba court’s conclusion that its construing § 52-572o (e) as applicable only to situations in which a party elects to bring an independent cause of action for contribution “furthers the salutary purpose of encouraging parties to consolidate the litigation flowing from a given factual circumstance into a single judicial proceeding thereby avoiding multiplicity of actions”; Malerba v. Cessna Aircraft Co., supra, 210 Conn. 195; is frustrated if Kyrtatas governs because the third party plaintiffs’ only remaining remedy would be to bring a later action for contribution.
The third party complaint does not state a legally cognizable claim, and the third party defendant’s motion to strike is granted.
Although the preceding discussion is dispositive of the motion, the court notes the following:
(1) This court does not conclude that an adverse judgment is a loss within the scope of “harm” compensable under the product liability statute. Under § 52-572m (b), a product liability claim includes all claims or actions “brought for personal injury, death or property damage . . . .” General Statutes § 52-572m (b). Section 52-572m (d) defines “harm” as “damage to property” and “personal injuries including wrongful death. . . .” Addressing the kind of pure financial injury resulting from an adverse judgment, our Supreme Court, in Gerrity v. R.J. Reynolds Tobacco Co., 263 Conn. 120, 129-30, 818 A.2d 769 (2003), described such injury as “merely a financial injury ... of a kind that has never been regarded as part of the traditional tort remedy for harm caused by a defective product.” That financial injury cannot reasonably be construed to be a claim for “personal injury, death or property damage . . . .” (Internal quotation marks omitted.) Id., 131, quoting § 52-572m (b).
(2) The third party plaintiffs, to recover as indemnitees, have to prove that (a) Bracey was negligent, (b) Bracey’s negligence was active negligence rather than the moving parties’ passive negligence, (c) Bracey’s active negligence was the direct, immediate cause of the resulting injuries or losses, (d) Bracey was in control of the situation to the exclusion of the moving parties, and (e) the third party plaintiffs did not know of Bracey’s negligence, had no reason to anticipate it and reasonably could rely on Bracey not to be negligent.
(3) The third party plaintiffs do, however, correctly state there is not the need to plead an independent legal relationship between the indemnitee and indemnitor. Atkinson v. Berloni, 23 Conn. App. 325, 580 A.2d 84 (1990), does not impose such a heightened requirement. Although the Appellate Court in Atkinson does note that most Connecticut indemnification cases involve an independent legal relationship between the indemnitorindemnitee; id., 327; whether such a relationship here exists so as to give rise to a duty to indemnify cannot be discerned from the facts pleaded in the third party complaint.
In that amended complaint, Smith also sued (for the first time) Raps Plumbing and Heating, Inc., asserting a claim under the act in count five and a cause of action in negligence in count six.
In general, the claim is that Bracey failed to service, maintain, repair, install or inspect the range properly.
Applying the comparative responsibility provisions of § 52-572o (b), (c) and (d), the jury found Stop & Shop, Inc., and Shield Packaging Company, Inc., each to be 49 percent responsible and the plaintiff to be 2 percent responsible. Crown, Cork & Seal Company, Inc., was not found responsible to the plaintiff. Kyrtatas v. Stop & Shop, Inc., supra, 205 Conn. 697.
The same test was adopted one year later by the Appellate Court in Falkenstein v. Falkenstein, 84 Conn. App. 495, 501, 854 A.2d 749, cert. denied, 271 Conn. 928, 859 A.2d 581 (2004).
See, e.g., General Statutes § 52-572h (j), a provision of our comparative negligence statute, which provides in relevant part: “This section shall not impair any right to indemnity under existing law. . . .”
A claim under the act can, however, coexist with a claim under the Connecticut Unfair Trade Practices Act, General Statutes § 42-110a et seq., for damages alleged to have been caused by a product seller’s deceptive scheme to misrepresent and to conceal the product defect. See Gerrity v. R.J. Reynolds Tobacco Co., 263 Conn. 120, 818 A.2d 769 (2003).