DocketNumber: No. CV-99-058059
Citation Numbers: 1999 Conn. Super. Ct. 12683
Filed Date: 9/9/1999
Status: Non-Precedential
Modified Date: 4/17/2021
In the alternative, the defendant moved for a stay of these proceedings until the pending litigation in Italy, brought by the defendant against the plaintiffs and their related corporate entities was resolved.
For the reasons that follow, the motion to dismiss is denied; the motion to stay is granted.
Pursuant to the terms of the distribution agreement, Illva, the manufacturer of a liqueur known as Amaretto di Saronno, granted to IDV-London the exclusive right to distribute Amaretto di Saronno in the United States and its territories and possessions, including Puerto Rico, the U.S. Virgin Islands and duty free outlets in that territory. The Paddington Corporation (Paddington), a New Jersey-based subsidiary of IDV-London, was appointed the sole source of Amaretto di Seronno in the United States. In 1991, Heublein International (Heublein) d/b/a International Distillers Duty Free, a Connecticut-based subsidiary of IDV-London, began distributing Amaretto di Saronno in duty free outlets and, in 1993, in Puerto Rico and the U.S. Virgin Islands.
In 1997, a series of mergers involving the above mentioned CT Page 12685 distributors occurred. On or about July 1, 1997, Paddington merged into Heublein, and Heublein changed its name to IDV North America, Inc. (IDV-NA). IDV-NA is a corporation organized and existing under the laws of Connecticut with its principal place of business located in Hartford, Connecticut. Additionally, on or about December 15, 1997, Grand Met, of which IDV-London, IDV-NA and Indivined were a part, merged with Guinness Plc. (Guinness) to form a corporation known as Diageo Plc.
Illva perceived that these mergers so changed the size, ownership, organizational structure, and product focus of IDV-London and the original distributing subsidiaries in the United States that Amaretto di Saronno's marketing position and competitiveness were jeopardized. By registered letter dated December 23, 1997, and addressed to IDV-London, Indivined, Heublein and International Distillers Duty Free, Illva gave notice that it was terminating the agreement, effective immediately, for the stated reason that "[t]he change of control of the Grand Met Plc. and its group following merger with Guinness Plc. constitutes a termination event for the purposes of . . . the Distribution Agreement . . ."
Nevertheless, over the ensuing months, the parties continued to communicate in an effort to address Illva's concern that the "substantial changes that occurred . . . by consequence of the merger [between Grand Met and Guinness] . . . are not compatible with our distribution agreement and in particular with the fiduciary and personal nature of this relationship. " Specifically, IIIva requested detailed information regarding the merger between Grand Met and Guinness, clarification of the ownership and organizational structure of the resulting entity, and an explanation of its consequences on the distribution of Amaretto di Saronno in the U.S. In addition to a meeting between the parties in London on or about February 24, 1998, Illva received written correspondence, in particular two letters dated March 9, 1998, and March 10, 1998, in response to its request for information.
On March 13, 1998, Illva commenced litigation by Writ of Summons in the Court of Milan, Italy ("the Italian action"), naming IDV-London, Indivined, Heublein and International Distillers Duty Free ("the distributors") as parties and seeking a determination of the performance and termination of the distribution agreement.2 Illva petitioned the Italian court "to ascertain and declare the distribution contract automatically CT Page 12686 terminated" due to the irremediable breach by the distributors of various terms of the agreement, or alternatively to declare the contract terminated upon a finding that the defendants are in "violation of the fiduciary nature of the relationship and the principle of good faith in executing the contract." (Lombardi Affidavit, ¶ 9 and Exhibit B, p. 11.)
On March 18, 1998, Illva sent a registered letter to IDV-London, Indivined, Heublein and International Distillers Duty Free. The distributors were notified that the information concerning the merger provided in response to Illva's request was completely generic, not clear and not to [Illva's] satisfaction" and that Illva was terminating the contract. (Horowitz Affidavit, Exhibit 10.)
Approximately two months later, on May 21, 1998, while the Italian action was pending, IDV-NA3 and Indivined, the plaintiffs here brought this action ("the Connecticut action") against Illva alleging that Illva's termination of the distribution agreement was without any good faith basis, was intentionally and willfully calculated to deprive the plaintiffs of the benefits of the agreement, and constituted a material breach of the agreement. The plaintiffs seek money damages (count one), a declaration that Illva does not have cause to terminate the agreement and that the distribution agreement remains in full force and effect (count two), and an injunction requiring lIlva to perform pursuant to the agreement and enjoining Illva from granting distribution rights to any other entity (count three).
Presently before the court is the defendant's motion to dismiss the Connecticut action on the grounds that (1) the agreement contains a forum selection clause designating the Court of Milan, Italy, as the exclusive forum within which to bring this action; (2) the common law doctrine of forum non conveniens warrants dismissal; and (3) the court lacks personal jurisdiction over the defendant. Alternatively, the defendant moves to stay the Connecticut action pending resolution of the Italian action. Additional facts will be set forth as needed.
"When a defendant files a motion to dismiss challenging the court's jurisdiction, a two part inquiry is required. The trial court must first `decide whether the applicable state long-arm statute authorizes the assertion of jurisdiction over the [defendant]. If the statutory requirements [are] met, its second obligation [is] then to decide whether the exercise of jurisdiction over the [defendant] would violate constitutional principles of due process.' Frazer v. McGowan,
The defendant claims that the requirements of §
The plaintiffs dispute the defendant's claim that the court lacks personal jurisdiction over the defendant pursuant to §
The court agrees with the plaintiffs. "In determining whether personal jurisdiction is proper pursuant to [§
The existence of the agreement is not disputed. Additionally, while it is clear that the agreement must contemplate or encompass some performance in Connecticut, that performance need not be by the defendant. "The phrase `to be performed in this state' does not require performance in this state by the party over whom jurisdiction is sought. . . . Jurisdiction is appropriate where the contract in question clearly contemplated and required performance in this state by the [plaintiffs] . . .Litterbug v. McCann Real Equities Development, Superior Court, judicial district of New Haven at New Haven, Docket No. 379974 (February 21, 1996, Freedman, J.), citing Bowman v. GrolscheBierbrouwerij B. V.,
Here, the agreement clearly contemplated and required performance by the plaintiffs in Connecticut. Pursuant to the terms of the agreement, the plaintiffs agreed to distribute and promote Amaretto di Saronno in the United States, its territories and possessions, including Puerto Rico and the U.S. Virgin Islands, and duty free outlets located in the territory. CT Page 12690 Connecticut certainly is a part of the contemplated territory. In fact, pursuant to its obligations under the contract, the plaintiff IDV-NA employed a Distributor Manager whose primary responsibility was to oversee and promote sales of the liqueur in Connecticut.
Thus, the court finds as a factual matter that the defendant entered into a contract which clearly contemplated substantial performance in this state. This is sufficient to satisfy the long-arm statutory requirements for establishing personal jurisdiction over the defendant. Because the court finds that §
"Either `specific' jurisdiction or `general' jurisdiction can CT Page 12691 satisfy the constitutional requirement of sufficient minimum contacts between the defendant and the forum. A state court will have `specific' jurisdiction over a nonresident defendant whenever the defendant "has purposefully directed [its] activities at residents of the forum, . . . and the litigation [has] result[ed] from alleged injuries that arise out of or relate to those activities. . . .'" (Citations omitted; emphasis omitted; internal quotation marks omitted.) Thomason v. ChemicalBank, supra,
The defendant offers the affidavit of Augusto Reina, Managing Director of ILLva Saronno, S.p. A., who attests: "Illva Saronno does not transact business in Connecticut. IIIva Saronno does not maintain any office or employee in Connecticut, owns no real or personal property located in Connecticut, has no telephones or telephone listings in Connecticut, maintains no Connecticut post office box or street address, is not authorized to do business in Connecticut, does not advertise in Connecticut, does not pay Connecticut taxes, has appointed no agents in Connecticut for service of process, has never been party to a lawsuit or legal proceedings in Connecticut, has filed no papers with any agency of Connecticut, has no bank account located in Connecticut, and has neither negotiated or executed any written contracts in Connecticut, or is a party to any contracts that call for Illva Saronno's performance in Connecticut." (Affidavit of Augusto Reina, November 1998, ¶ 4.)
The court nevertheless finds several significant contacts of the defendant with Connecticut. First and foremost, the defendant entered into a contract which clearly contemplated substantial performance in the United States, including Connecticut. The defendant consented to the appointment of an exclusive United States distributor, which, through a series of mergers, is now IDV-NA, a Connecticut corporation with its principal place of business in Hartford, Connecticut. Under the contract, it was the defendant's purpose and intent that the product which it manufactured be widely distributed in the United States, CT Page 12692 including Connecticut. The liqueur manufactured by the defendant was, in fact, distributed in Connecticut. See The Travelers Ins.v. Par Industries, Inc., supra, Superior Court, Docket No. 394427 (distribution of defendant's product in Connecticut a factor considered by court in determining that defendant had sufficient contacts with the state in breach of insurance contract case);Margolin v. Specialty Publishers, Superior Court, judicial district of Fairfield at Bridgeport, Docket No. 306754 (March 14, 1995, Hauser, J.) (partial performance of contract and distribution of defendant's product in Connecticut, as well as fact that representatives of defendant sent to Connecticut to conduct various activities, were factors considered by court in determining that defendant had sufficient contacts with the state in breach of employment contract case).
In addition, representatives or employees of the defendant regularly met in Connecticut with representatives or employees of IDV-NA. For example, Mike D'Arienzo, a New York-based Illva employee charged with overseeing the distribution of Amaretto di Saronno in Connecticut and other northeastern states, met on a monthly basis in Connecticut with Ron Melillo, IDV-NA's Connecticut Distributor Manager, "to review sales figures, discuss suggested pricing for the state, and suggest ways to promote the brand in the state." (Melillo Affidavit, ¶¶ 5-6.) D'Arienzo met with Connecticut wholesalers "so that he could develop a personal rapport with the principals and get a feel for how sales were going in the state." (Melillo Affidavit, ¶ 6.) In addition to his monthly visits, D'Arienzo "came to Connecticut on other occasions during the year, such as for `holiday' trade shows in which wholesalers and retailers in the state would display their products . . . to ensure that Amaretto di Saronno was being properly displayed and promoted." (Melillo Affidavit, ¶ 7.) Finally, D'Arienzo often suggested and provided funding for promotions that were local to the Connecticut market.
In addition, John Milstead, an Illva consultant based in California who was responsible for overseeing the distribution of Amaretto di Saronno in duty free outlets, met in Connecticut with representatives or employees of Heublein, now IDVNA, d/b/a/ International Distillers Duty Free, a Connecticut corporation with its principal place of business in Hartford, Connecticut, to discuss the distribution of Amaretto di Saronno in duty free outlets. Milstead and the vice president of International Distillers Duty Free met in Connecticut "three to four times per year for a comprehensive business review covering sales, pricing, CT Page 12693 shipments to customers, and marketing plans and budget." (Affidavit of Chase F. Donaldson, December 21, 1998, ¶ 4.)
The court concludes that Illva's contacts with Connecticut pursuant to its obligations under the agreement and relating to the promotion and distribution of its product in the state are sufficient for Illva to have reasonably anticipated being haled into court in Connecticut for an alleged breach of the agreement. These contacts demonstrate that the defendant has purposefully availed itself of the advantages of conducting activities in this state. See, e.g., Burger King Corp. v. Rudzewicz, supra,
The plaintiffs do not dispute that forum selection clauses are valid and enforceable. They argue, however, that the forum selection clause in the present case merely expresses the parties' consent to the Italian forum. The plaintiffs argue that consent to the jurisdiction of a particular court does not foreclose suit in another court otherwise having jurisdiction unless the forum selection clause contains express language indicating the parties' intent to make such jurisdictionexclusive. Thus, relying on Boutari and Son, Wines and Spirits v.Attiki Importers and Distributors, Inc.,
The defendant replies that, in addition to the forum selection clause, the contract contains a choice of law provision designating Italian law as the applicable law. The defendant argues that under Italian law, Article 17 of the Brussells Convention applies and requires that the forum selection clause be interpreted as conferring exclusive jurisdiction to the Court of Milan. Article 17 provides in relevant part: "If the parties, one or more of whom is domiciled in a Contracting State, have agreed that a court or the courts of a Contracting State are to have jurisdiction to settle any disputes which have arisen or which may arise in connection with a particular legal relationship, that court or those courts shall have exclusive jurisdiction."
The plaintiffs' response is that, although Italian law applies and the parties are subject to the Brussells Convention, Article 17 merely authorizes contracting parties to "contract out" of the general rules for determining jurisdiction but does not preclude them from creating a non-exclusive forum selection clause such as the parties did in this case. The plaintiffs rely on All-Tech Industries v. Freitag Electronic, GmbH, 1988 WL 84719 (N.D. ILL.), to buttress their contention that Article 17 does not operate to override the well-established rule that a forum selection clause will not be interpreted as exclusive unless it contains clear language to that effect.
Specifically regarding international transactions, the U.S. Supreme Court has commented that "uncertainty will almost inevitably exist with respect to any contract touching two or more countries, each with its own substantive laws and conflict-of laws rules. A contractual provision specifying in advance the forum in which disputes shall be litigated and the law to be applied is, therefore, an almost indispensable precondition to achievement of the orderliness and predictability essential to any international business transaction." Scherk v. Alberto-CulverCo.,
The existence of a forum selection clause raises the issue, not of subject matter jurisdiction, but of whether a contract provision should be enforced. See Total Telecommunications, Inc.v. Target Telecom, Inc., Superior Court, judicial district of Ansonia-Milford at Milford, Docket No. 53516 (March 11, 1997,Corradino, J.). "`Under this more modern view, the courts treat the [forum selection] contractual provision not as one which seeks to oust the court of jurisdiction, but rather as a provision which will allow the court to decline jurisdiction if it is reasonable to do so. Where no additional expense is created, the witnesses are available at either location, the party will not lose his [sic] remedy, and the provision was freely bargained for, the courts have declined jurisdiction and enforced the contract. . . . On the other hand, where the party seeking to avoid the clause has satisfied his [sic] burden of proof and shown that enforcement of the clause will cause undue hardship or has not been freely bargained for, the courts have refused to enforce it.'" Id., quoting 31 ALR 4th 395, 409.
Two examples are frequently given by courts of circumstances under which a court should decline to enforce a forum selection clause despite the fact it was freely bargained for and the lack of any evidence tending to show fraud or overreaching. First, CT Page 12696 "[a] contractual choice-of-forum clause should be held unenforceable if enforcement would contravene a strong public policy of the forum in which suit is brought, whether declared by statute or by judicial decision. The Bremen v. Zapata Off-ShoreCo., supra,
Connecticut courts generally uphold the validity of forum selection clauses. "[I]n commercial transactions, parties often consent to resolve disputes in a particular jurisdiction by incorporating forum selection clauses into their contracts. Connecticut case law is clear that the courts will uphold an agreement of the parties to submit to the jurisdiction of a particular tribunal." Phoenix Leasing, Inc. v. Kosinski,
The court in Total Telecommunications, Inc. v. TargetTelecom, Inc., supra, Superior Court, Docket No. 53516, in an extensive opinion applied a two-step analysis in determining whether to enforce a forum selection clause. First, the court determined that there was no fraud, deception, or disparity of bargaining power in the formation of the contract or the inclusion of the forum selection clause. Second, the court addressed the question of whether, even in the absence of fraud or overreaching, enforcement of the clause would be so inconvenient to the resisting party that it would be unfair to dismiss the action based on the clause. The court pointed out that "the inconvenience' necessary to persuade a court to decline to enforce a forum selection clause that has been found to be CT Page 12697 valid must be serious inconvenience, such inconvenience as would effectively deprive a plaintiff . . . of a forum in which to pursue its claim against [the defendant]. The added expense and time of litigating in the selected forum falls far short of meeting that standard." Id. Notably, with respect to foreign forum selection clauses the court stated that "while it recognized the hardship that would be imposed on a party forced to litigate in a foreign country because of a forum selection clause the alternative of using depositions provided adequate opportunity for the litigant to have its "fair day in court.'" Id.
In the present action, the plaintiffs do not contest the general validity of forum selection clauses nor do the plaintiffs resist enforcement of the particular clause at issue here based on fraud or serious inconvenience. Rather, the dispute is over whether the language of the clause is sufficient to confer exclusive jurisdiction upon the Italian court. Thus, I turn to a discussion of the requirement of exclusivity.
Connecticut case law also appears to impose the requirement that the language of the clause indicate that the forum choice is exclusive. See Dan Perkins Chevrolet v. Auto Tell Services, Inc., Superior Court, judicial district of Ansonia-Milford at Milford, Docket No. 36508 (March 17, 1992, Flynn, J.); Copelco LeasingCorp. v. Fox, Superior Court, judicial district of New Haven at New Haven, Docket No. 324266 (February 7, 1992, DeMayo, J.).
In the present case, the agreement contains a choice of law CT Page 12698 provision providing that the agreement is to be governed by the laws of Italy. Under Connecticut choice of law rules, adopted from the Restatement (Second) of Conflict of Laws, §§ 187 and 188, "parties to a contract generally are allowed to select the law that will govern their contract, unless either:" (a) the chosen state has no substantial relationship to the parties or the transaction and there is no other reasonable basis for the parties' choice, or (b) application of the law of the chosen state would be contrary to a fundamental policy of a state which has a materially greater interest than the chosen state in the determination of the particular issue and which, under the rule of § 188, would be the state of the applicable law in the absence of an effective choice of law by the parties.'"4Elgar v. Elgar,
The parties to this action have not contested the choice of law provision. The parties have not raised any argument demonstrating that Italy lacks a substantial relationship to the parties or the transaction. In fact, Italy has a substantial relationship to this action in that (1) one of the parties, the defendant, is an Italian corporation with its principal place of business in Italy; (2) the contract was negotiated and made in Italy and provides that the Italian translation of the contract is exclusively valid'; (3) the subject matter of the contract, the liqueur, is manufactured in Italy; and (4) performance of the contract, at least in part, occurred in Italy.
In addition, the parties have not raised any argument demonstrating that the application of Italian law to this controversy will defeat some materially greater interest of Connecticut. Although there exists contacts with Connecticut; i.e., (1) one of the named plaintiffs is a Connecticut corporation and maintains its principal place of business in Connecticut; (2) performance of the contract, at least in part, occurred in Connecticut; and (3) the subject matter of the contract, the exclusive distributorship, is located in the United States, including Connecticut; I conclude that these contacts with Connecticut are not "materially greater" than those of Italy so as to trigger an inquiry into the relative policy interests. See Elgar v. Elgar, supra,
Therefore, Italian law applies to determine the proper interpretation of the forum selection clause. See Elgar v. Elgar,
supra,
In addition, as requested by the court, both parties were given the opportunity to provide copies to the court of English translations of the various Italian authorities cited in support of their respective positions. The court received translations and synopses in English of selected Italian authorities.
After careful consideration of the briefs, affidavits and other supporting materials submitted by the parties, the court concludes that, the defendant has failed to show that under Italian law, the language of the forum selection clause confers exclusive jurisdiction on the Italian court. See Italian Supreme CT Page 12700 Court, December 20, 1995, no. 12971 (English language synopsis: "The agreement which provides which Court, different from the territorial competent Court established by the law, shall be competent does not mean the exclusive competence of such Court, unless it results a mutual will of the parties aiming at excluding the competence of the ordinary Courts."); Italian Supreme Court, March 25, 1994, no. 2915 (English language synopsis: "The clause providing which Court shall be competent for all disputes concerning the performance of a contract (art. 29 Italian Civil Procedure Code), even though it is approved in writing pursuant to art. 1341 Italian Civil Code, does not mean declaration of exclusive competence and does not exclude the ordinary competence, since for such effect the parties must declare the mutual will both to exclude the jurisdiction of the Court established by the law and to exclude the concurrence of the chosen Court with the ordinary competent Court). Nor is the court persuaded that the Italian courts interpret Article 17 of the Brussells Convention as operating to transform any choice of forum into an exclusive one.
In short, the court declines to dismiss the plaintiffs' action on the ground that the language of the forum selection clause as interpreted by Italian law manifests the parties' intent that the jurisdiction of the Court of Milan, Italy, be exclusive. Therefore, the defendant's motion to dismiss the plaintiffs' action on this ground is denied.
"[T]he central principle of the forum non conveniens doctrine [is] that "unless the balance is strongly in favor of thedefendant, the plaintiff's choice of forum should rarely bedisturbed.'" (Emphasis in original.) Picketts v. InternationalPlaytex, Inc., supra,
With regard to the first and second factors, both sides offer a list of expected witnesses, with the plaintiffs' witnesses primarily residing in Connecticut and the defendant's in Italy or Great Britain. In addition, while the plaintiffs argue that the bulk of relevant documentary evidence is located in Connecticut, the defendant argues that such evidence is located in Italy.
In terms of the accessibility of witnesses and documentary evidence the balance does not weigh more heavily in favor of either forum. In fact, particularly with regard to the accessibility of foreign witnesses, this factor has become significantly less important in light of Picketts v.International Playtex, Inc., supra,
The only other private interest factor addressed by the parties is the fourth factor, the enforceability in Italy of any Connecticut judgment obtained by the plaintiffs. The defendant CT Page 12704 offers the affidavit of Laura Salvaneschi who attests that Italian law governing the recognition of foreign judgments imposes certain preconditions to recognition, one of which is that "there are no cases pending before an Italian judge for the same subject matter and between the same parties which were commenced before the foreign proceeding." (Salvaneschi Affidavit, ¶ 25.) Thus, the defendant argues that, in this case, because of the suit already pending in Italy to determine the same issues between the same parties involved in this action, the plaintiffs fail to satisfy the precondition and likely would be unable to enforce any judgment rendered by an American state court in Italy.
The plaintiffs' ability to enforce a Connecticut judgment in Italy is particularly important in this case because the affidavit of Augusto Reina states that the defendant "owns no real or personal property located in Connecticut" and "has no bank account located in Connecticut." (Reina Affidavit, ¶ 4.) Thus, the plaintiffs may be required to reach the defendant's assets abroad to satisfy such a judgment, unless they could garnish debtors of the defendant located in the United States.
Nevertheless, the court assumes that the plaintiffs were cognizant of this potential difficulty in enforcing abroad any judgment obtained here when they first chose this forum in which to bring this action. Apparently, the benefits gained by choosing this forum outweighed the potential risk of difficult enforcement. Thus, the concerns raised by the fourth factor are insufficient to tip the scales in favor of the Italian forum against the strong presumption in favor of the plaintiffs' choice of forum.
Finally, under the sixth factor, the court is aware of the practical problem presented by the fact that the agreement provides that the Italian language version of the contract isexclusively valid. This provision most likely was inserted by the parties in recognition of the problem that writings in one language cannot always be translated to another with exactitude. In the event a material difference in translation exists, obviously a court fluent in the Italian language may be in a superior vantage point to determine the issue. However, on the state of this record, I am unable to determine how heavily the sixth factor tends to weigh in favor of the Italian forum, if at all. CT Page 12705
The first factor is the most relevant as it cannot be said with regard to the remaining three factors that the Italian community has any stronger relation to or interest in this litigation than Connecticut's community. Connecticut's choice of law rules, as discussed previously, require the court to respect the parties' contractual choice of Italian law as applicable to this dispute. The plaintiffs correctly point out that" it is well established that considerations arising out of conflicts of law are not dispositive for the purpose of dismissals for forum non conveniens. . . . [T]he mere fact that the court is called upon to determine and apply foreign law does not present a legal problem of the sort which would justify the dismissal of a case otherwise properly before [it]. . . . Connecticut courts are quite capable of applying foreign law when required to do so and it would be improper to invoke the doctrine of forum non conveniens solely to avoid a choice of law analysis." (Citations omitted; internal quotation marks omitted.) Picketts v.International Playtex, Inc., supra,
On the other hand, considerations beyond the mere fact that the applicable law is that of a foreign country, however, indicate that application of Italian law in this case may be difficult, time-consuming and burdensome for both the court and the litigants. The defendant offers the affidavit of Giuseppe Lombardi who attests that in civil law systems, such as in Italy, "case law analysis is much less highly developed than in common law systems. Civil law decisions are less detailed and elaborate than common law decisions. Many opinions are exceedingly CT Page 12706 brief. . . . Previous decisions are not analyzed in detail, even in the very rare instances where prior decisions are actually cited." (Lombardi Affidavit, ¶ 18.) Lombardi continues: "In contrast to the United States, where important decisions are typically printed in official and unofficial reporters, the reporting system in Italy . . . is far less complete and much more selective. Often only abstracts of decisions are printed." (Lombardi Affidavit, ¶ 19.)
Nevertheless, "[t]he mere fact that the court is called upon to determine and apply foreign law does not present a legal problem of the sort which would justify the dismissal of a case otherwise properly before [it]. . . . Connecticut courts are quite capable of applying foreign law when required to do so and it would be improper to invoke the doctrine of forum non conveniens solely to avoid a choice of law analysis." Picketts v.International Playtex, Inc., supra,
Where the plaintiffs' action in Connecticut and the CT Page 12707 defendant's action in Italy are materially duplicative, "[i]t makes little sense . . for two actions for the same relief to be litigated in parallel, with "the plaintiff in each seeking to rush to judgment.'" Sauter v. Sauter,
The plaintiffs oppose the defendant's motion to stay this action, alleging that the defendant's institution of the suit in Italy was a classic "preemptive filing" designed to "forestall the domestic suit." The plaintiffs base this allegation on the fact that IIIva filed the Italian action on March 13, 1998, "even before it gave [the distributors] notice that it was terminating the Distribution Agreement" on March 18, 1998, thus assuring itself of winning the "race to the courthouse."
The court disagrees with the plaintiffs that the Italian action was instituted merely to forestall the domestic suit. As early as December 23, 1997, the plaintiffs were put on notice that Illva considered their actions to be in breach of the distribution agreement and that IIIva was terminating the contract "effective immediately." (Horowitz Affidavit, Exhibit 4.) That the parties attempted to avoid litigation and resolve their differences over the ensuing months is certainly commendable, but there is no indication that Illva ever retreated from its position that it considered the plaintiffs to be in breach of the contract and that the contract was terminated. Indeed, by registered letter dated February, 9, 1998, IIIva notified the distributors of its decision to stop filling their orders for the product. By letter dated February 16, 1998, the Chief Executive Officer of IDV-London responded, "I am particularly concerned about your statement that you have unilaterally decided to stop filling our orders for U.S. product. I urge you to reconsider this decision, which we consider to be a completely unwarranted, material breach of our Agreement that is CT Page 12708 causing daily harm to our organization. Please be advised that we reserve the right to take all appropriate remedies unless this situation can be rectified at once." (Horowitz Affidavit, Exhibit 6.) Thus, it is simply not true, as the plaintiffs claim, that it was not until Illva sent its termination letter dated March 18, 1998, that they knew they would have to sue Illva.
The court is satisfied that the filing of the Italian action was not an improper, preemptive filing designed to forestall suit here. Nor do the plaintiffs make any argument that their opportunity to obtain satisfactory resolution of their claims is not as good in Italy.
A stay leaves the court in a position to monitor the progress in the parallel litigation, and to reassert its juridiction over the parties' dispute if the interests of justice so dictate or require. It is abundantly clear that allowing parallel actions to proceed will require needless additional expenditures of time and resources of the litigants, counsel and the courts, will not further or promote judicial economy, and, may tend to encourage forum shopping and condone procedural gamesmanship at the expense of the interest of justice.
I conclude that the concept of judicial economy and the conservation of resources is overarching and must control. A stay would allow the parties to concentrate their time and energies in one form, thereby avoiding duplication of pleadings and discovery, confusion, expense, and perhaps, inconsistent rulings.
Teller, J.
John Boutari and Son, Wines and Spirits, S.A. v. Attiki ... , 22 F.3d 51 ( 1994 )
valley-juice-ltd-inc-v-evian-waters-of-france-inc-evian-waters-of , 87 F.3d 604 ( 1996 )
docksider-ltd-lyndle-r-mcconnell-doris-l-mcconnell-eugene-m-lemelle , 875 F.2d 762 ( 1989 )
Hunt Wesson Foods, Inc. v. Supreme Oil Company , 817 F.2d 75 ( 1987 )
Lombard Brothers, Inc. v. General Asset Management Co. , 190 Conn. 245 ( 1983 )
Miller v. United Technologies Corporation , 40 Conn. Super. Ct. 457 ( 1986 )
Scherk v. Alberto-Culver Co. , 94 S. Ct. 2449 ( 1974 )
International Shoe Co. v. Washington , 66 S. Ct. 154 ( 1945 )
World-Wide Volkswagen Corp. v. Woodson , 100 S. Ct. 559 ( 1980 )
Gulf Oil Corp. v. Gilbert , 330 U.S. 501 ( 1947 )
The Bremen v. Zapata Off-Shore Co. , 92 S. Ct. 1907 ( 1972 )
Burger King Corp. v. Rudzewicz , 105 S. Ct. 2174 ( 1985 )
Helicopteros Nacionales De Colombia, S. A. v. Hall , 104 S. Ct. 1868 ( 1984 )