DocketNumber: No. 522748
Citation Numbers: 1995 Conn. Super. Ct. 143-U, 13 Conn. L. Rptr. 247
Judges: AUSTIN, J.
Filed Date: 1/6/1995
Status: Non-Precedential
Modified Date: 4/18/2021
The underlying action began on October 1, 1992 when Kofkoff Feed filed a three count amended complaint against BFS and co-defendant Agway, Inc. ("Agway").
According to the complaint, Kofkoff Feed is a Connecticut Corporation organized to manufacture and supply chicken feed. Kofkoff Feed's main and primary customer is Kofkoff Egg Farms Limited Partnership ("Kofkoff Egg").
In February of 1988, Kofkoff Feed allegedly entered into an agreement with Agway in which Agway agreed to provide nutritional services and quality control advice to Kofkoff Feed. The nutritional services provided by Agway included the formulation and testing of Kofkoff Feed's chicken feed mix which ultimately was sold to Kofkoff Egg. Agway's consulting and nutritional services allegedly continued through March of 1989.
During this same period from February of 1988 until March of 1989, BFS supplied a substance known as lecithin, a fat substitute, to Kofkoff Feed. The lecithin sold by BFS to CT Page 144 Kofkoff Feed was eventually incorporated into the chicken feed mix supervised by Agway.
On or about February 28, 1992, Kofkoff Egg sued Kofkoff Feed seeking damages for Kofkoff Feed's alleged breach of express and implied warranties concerning its chicken feed. In that suit, Kofkoff Egg maintains that Kofkoff Feed's lecithin-mixed chicken feed caused an increase in the mortality rate of its chickens, a decrease in the production and quality of its eggs, poor feathering, and an increase in the amount of wet manure produced by the birds.1
In the complaint now before the court, Kofkoff Feed seeks indemnification from BFS and co-defendant Agway for any damage or liability which might be imposed on KofKoff Feed as a result of the suit brought by its main purchaser, Kofkoff Egg.
Counts one and two of the complaint are indemnification counts for breach of contract and negligence against Agway not directly relevant to the pending summary judgement motion of BFS.
Count three alleges that BFS breached its implied warranty that lecithin was reasonably fit and suitable for its particular purpose as a fat substitute. Count three further alleges that Kofkoff Feed reasonably relied on the expertise of BFS as to the use of lecithin and that any damage incurred by Kofkoff Feed as a result of its sale of the lecithin mixed feed to Kofkoff Egg is the responsibility of BFS.
On February 25, 1994, BFS filed a motion for summary judgement claiming that there are no material facts in dispute and that BFS is entitled to summary judgement as a matter of law. In support of its motion, BFS has filed a memorandum of law, affidavits, and selected answers from Kofkoff Feed in response to BFS's interrogatories.
Kofkoff Feed opposes BFS's motion and claims that there are issues of material fact in dispute. In opposition to BFS's motion, Kofkoff Feed has also filed a timely memorandum of law with supporting affidavits and answers to selected interrogatories along with technical data and specification sheets regarding lecithin.
"Pursuant to Practice Book § 384, summary judgement shall CT Page 145 be rendered forthwith if the pleadings, affidavits, and any other proof submitted show that there is no genuine issue as to any material fact and that the moving party is entitled to judgement as a matter of law. Although the party seeking summary judgement has the burden of showing the nonexistence of a material fact . . . a party opposing summary judgement must substantiate its adverse claim by showing that there is a genuine issue of material fact together with the evidence disclosing the existence of such an issue." Scinto v. Stamm,
"[Summary judgement is] ill adapted to cases of a complex nature or to those involving important public issues, which often need the full exploration of trial." United Oil Co. v.Urban Development Com'n,
Once the moving party has presented evidence in support of the motion for summary judgement, the opposing party must present evidence that demonstrates the existence of some disputed factual issue . . . It is not enough, however, for the opposing party merely to assert the existence of such a disputed issue. Mere assertions of fact . . . are insufficient to establish the existence of a material fact and, therefore, cannot refute evidence properly presented to the court under practice book § 380. . . . To oppose a motion for summary judgement successfully, the nonmovant must recite specific facts in accordance with Practice Book §§ 380 and 381, which contradict those stated in the movant's affidavits and documents." State v. Goggin,
"In deciding a motion for summary judgement, the trial CT Page 146 court must view the evidence in the light most favorable to the nonmoving party. . . . The test is whether a party would be entitled to a directed verdict on the same facts." Suarezv. Dickmont Plastics, Corp. , supra,
"In ruling on a motion for summary judgement, the court's function is not to decide issues of material fact, but rather to determine whether any such issues exist." Nolan v.Borkowski,
"A `genuine issue' has been variously described as a `triable,' `substantial' or `real' issue of fact . . . and has been defined as one which can be maintained by substantial evidence. Hence, the `genuine issue' aspect of summary judgement procedure requires the parties to bring forward before trial evidentiary facts, or substantial evidence outside the pleadings, from which the material facts alleged in the pleadings can warrantably be inferred." United Oil Co.v. Redevelopment Commission,
"A `material fact' is simply a fact which will make a difference in the result of the case . . . and a summary disposition should be rendered in the limited instances where the evidence is such that no room for disbelief could exist in the minds of the jury and in circumstances which would require a directed verdict for the moving party." Yanow v. TealIndustries Inc.,
"`Issues of fact' encompasses not only evidentiary facts in issue but also questions as to how the trier would characterize such evidentiary facts and what inferences and conclusions it would draw from them." United Oil Co. v.Redevelopment Corp. , supra,
1. Liability of a supplier of a component part.
In support of its motion for summary judgement, BFS states that as a matter of law a seller of a component part, not alleged to be defective by itself, can not be held liable for any defects in the final product once the non-defective CT Page 147 component part is incorporated into the final or finished product.
BFS cites many cases from many courts and jurisdictions which so hold, but each and every case that BFS cites are cases regarding causes of action under product liability statutes and not cases concerning the alleged breach of a particular purpose implied warranty under the Uniform Commercial Code ("UCC"). In one of the cases cited in BFS's memorandum of law in support of its motion, Nowak v. E.I.Dupont De Nemours Co., Inc.,
Count three of Kofkoff Feed's complaint states that "BFS impliedly warranted pursuant to Connecticut General Statutes §
BFS has not cited, nor has the court found, any cases regarding the UCC which hold that the implied warranty for a particular purpose is negated once the component part is incorporated into a final good or product. Thus, BFS has failed to demonstrate that it is entitled to summary judgement as a matter of law.
2. Reliance.
General Statutes §
The implied warranty for a particular purpose "requires that the seller have reason to know of a buyer's particular purpose and of the buyer's reliance on the seller's skill and judgement, as well as actual reliance in fact by the buyer."Schenck v. Pelkey,
BFS claims that it is entitled to summary judgement because "there is no doubt" that Kofkoff Feed relied not on BFS, the seller of lecithin, but on Agway, in determining whether or not lecithin was a suitable fat substitute in chicken feed. In support of this proposition, BFS points to Kofkoff Feed's response to certain interrogatories in which Kofkoff Feed states that Agway provided the formulas and tested feeds in which lecithin was mixed (BFS exhibit A), implemented and supervised Kofkoff Feed's quality control program and tested the finished feed (BFS exhibit B), and tested all the feed ingredients that were not directly supplied by Agway. (BFS exhibit D). Further, Kofkoff Feed admits that Agway advised Kofkoff Feed to use lecithin. (BFS exhibit E). Kofkoff Feed, however, disputes the fact that it relied on Agway, and claims that it relied on BFS's advice that lecithin was fit to be used as a fat substitute. In a supporting affidavit, Robert Fortin, vice-president of Kofkoff Feeds, states that he received an unsolicited call from a Mr. Kenneth Mushe of BFS. According to the affidavit, Fortin states that Mushe told him that the previous owner of Kofkoff Feed had used lecithin as a suitable and complete fat substitute and that it would save Kofkoff Feed money. (Kofkoff Exhibit A).
In the affidavit of Dr. Robert Stock of Agway in opposition to BFS' motion, Dr. Stock avers that Agway had never used lecithin in any feed mix before, and that a person from BFS had called Stock directly to state that lecithin was a "good feed ingredient suitable for use as a complete fat substitute." (Kofkoff exhibit D). In the same affidavit, Stock admits that lecithin was tested by Agway to determine if it conformed to the specification sheets provided to Kofkoff Feed by BFS, but it did no further testing as to suitability of lecithin as a fat substitute based on BFS's alleged representations that it was suitable.
Because the buyer's and seller's mental state and credibility are so crucial in determining the nature and extent of reliance under
3. Testing.
An implied warranty that a good is fit for a particular purpose can be excluded with regard to defects that a buyer ought to have discovered "when the buyer before entering into the contract has examined the goods or the sample or model as fully as he desired. . ." General Statutes § 421-2-316(3).
Based on this statute, BFS states that because Kofkoff Feed admits in its answer to interrogatories that Agway tested the lecithin, that any implied warranty of particular purpose is excluded. Based on all of the affidavits and documents presented by both sides, however, there is an issue of material fact as to why and for what purpose Agway tested the lecithin. Dr. Stock states in his affidavit in opposition to the motion for summary judgement that Agway tested only to verify that the lecithin matched the technical specifications provided to KofKoff Feed by BFS. However, in its responses to BFS's interrogatories, Kofkoff Feed states that Agway provided nutritional services and tested the feed for quality control and nutritional purposes. Therefore, the court finds that a genuine issue of material fact exists as to the purpose and scope of Agway's alleged services and testing of lecithin.
Viewing the evidence in a light most favorable to the non-moving party, BFS is not entitled to a motion for summary judgement as a matter of law. The court further finds that there are material facts in dispute as to Kofkoff Feed's reliance and the nature and scope of testing done on the lecithin and chicken feed by Agway.
On May 27, 1994, BFS filed a one count complaint against the Archer Daniel Midland Corporation ("ADM") as a third party defendant. According to the complaint, ADM allegedly manufactured, sold, and distributed the lecithin to BFS that was eventually sold to Kofkoff Feed. BFS thus claims that if BFS is liable to Kofkoff Feed for breach of warranties, then ADM is liable to BFS for damages as a result of its sale of lecithin to BFS. Paragraph 8 of BFS's third party complaint CT Page 150 against ADM specifically states that BFS's indemnification action is brought pursuant to General Statutes §
On September 20, 1994, ADM moved for summary judgement on the ground that BFS's amended third party complaint seeks monies for commercial losses between commercial parties. ADM claims that such a suit is barred under the Connecticut's product liability act.
BFS opposes ADM's motion for summary judgement on the basis that its third party complaint does not seek indemnification for commercial loss but for property damage that it might be held liable for if Kofkoff Egg succeeds in its suit against Kofkoff Feed.
General Statutes §
General Statutes §
While the statute never defines a commercial loss, one court has held that, "commercial loss equals economic injury whether `incidental or consequential, including propertydamages incurred by persons regularly engaged in businessactivities'." (Emphasis added.) Davis v. Acme Pest ControlInc., 11 CONN. L. RPTR. 26 (1994) (Flynn, J.) quotingProducto Machine Co. v. Ajax Manufacturing Corp. ,
In Smith v. Yankee Motor Inn,
The facts of the present case do not differ substantially from that of Yankee Motor Inn. BFS seeks indemnification from ADM for any loss or liability it may incur as a result of the suit brought against it by Kofkoff Feed. Since all of the parties involved are commercial parties, such a suit is barred under Connecticut's product liability act because BFS is merely seeking reimbursement for economic losses — monies that it might have to pay Kofkoff Feed if BFS is found to have breached any implied warranties under the UCC.
For the above stated reasons BFS's motion for summary judgement (#177) against Kofkoff Feed is denied.
ADM's motion for summary judgement (#184) against BFS's third party complaint, however, is granted.