DocketNumber: No. CV-93-0523654-S
Citation Numbers: 1994 Conn. Super. Ct. 10263
Judges: AURIGEMMA, J.
Filed Date: 10/31/1994
Status: Non-Precedential
Modified Date: 4/18/2021
The defendant, Peter Panagopoulos, has filed an Answer, Special Defenses and a Counterclaim in which he admits that the plaintiff obtained a default judgment against him, but denies that the judgment is enforceable because the New York court lacked in personam jurisdiction over him. He further claims that the New York court did not have jurisdiction over him because the Agreement was induced by false material representations and misrepresentations made by Colonial Realty Company (Colonial) of which FD knew or should have known. Panagopoulos also claims that the New York judgment is unenforceable because he cannot tell if the signature on the Agreement is his signature and because the default judgment violates his rights to due process of law as guaranteed by Article
Summary judgment "shall be rendered forthwith if the pleadings, affidavits, and other proof submitted show that there is no genuine issue as to any material fact and that the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law." Practice Book § 384;Bartha v. Waterbury House Wrecking Co.,
Under Connecticut statutory and common law a creditor has the right to bring an action to enforce a foreign judgment. See
Connecticut General Statutes §
A successful collateral attack of a foreign judgment "requires proof of the lack of a legally organized tribunal; lack of jurisdiction over the subject matter, the parties, or both; or want of power to grant the relief contained in the judgment." Rathkopfv. Pearson,
Connecticut courts have recognized the validity of agreements in which a party consents to the jurisdiction of a foreign court.United States Trust Co. v. Bohart,
In Fairfield Lease Corp., supra, the Appellate Court affirmed a judgment rendered by the Superior Court in an action to enforce a default judgment rendered by a New York court. Jurisdiction of the New York court over the defendant was based on a forum selection clause in a commercial lease. The Court in FairfieldLease stated:
Parties to a contract may make it part of their arrangement that disputes arising between them shall be determined by a particular tribunal. The parties may agree `to submit to the jurisdiction of a given court, to permit notice to be served by the opposing party, or even to waive notice altogether.' National Equipment Rental, Ltd. v. Szukhent,
375 U.S. 311 ,316 ,84 S.Ct. 411 ,11 L.Ed.2d 354 (1964); see Insurance Corporation of Ireland, Ltd. v. Compagnie Des Bauxites de Guinee,456 U.S. 694 ,703-704 ,102 S.Ct. 2099 ,72 L.Ed.2d 492 (1982); The Bremen v. Zapata Off-Shore Co.,407 U.S. 1 ,10-11 ,92 S.Ct. 1907 ,32 L.Ed.2d 513 (1972). When the court selected is reasonably appropriate, and where there is no indication that `the parties had such greatly disproportionate bargaining power that the agreement could be regarded as unconscionable, the tendency is to give effect to such agreements.' James Hazard, Civil Procedure (2d Ed. 1977) 12.21.
In Clarkson v. Classic Motor Carriages Inc., supra, the court stated that in the absence of a statute limiting forum selection clauses they are now enforced under a reasonableness test unless one of the following situations exists:
(1) the choice of foreign provision is unfair or unreasonable; (2) the provision was obtained by fraud, duress, the abuse of economic power or other unconscionable means, which allows consideration whether the provision is contained in an adhesion or take it or leave it contract which the party was compelled to accept without argument or discussion; (3) the courts of the chosen state are closed to the suit or would not handle it effectively or fairly; or (4) the chosen state is so CT Page 10266 seriously an inconvenient forum that it is unjust to require the plaintiff to bring suit there. Restatement, Conflict of Laws, Sec. 80, comment c.
The United States Supreme Court has also recognized the validity of forum selection clauses. See Scherk v. Alberto-CulverCo.,
In his affidavit in opposition to summary judgment the defendant states that he was induced by a Mr. Giansanti, a frequent customer in the defendant's restaurant, to invest in the Colonial Constitution Limited Partnership. He further states that he is Greek, does not read English very well, is not very sophisticated in financial matters and rarely borrows money. Mr. Giansanti told him that his investment was guaranteed and pressured him to "buy right away." The defendant's affidavit further states that he signed the documents in connection with the Colonial Realty investment in reliance on misrepresentations made by agents, servants, or employees of Colonial, including misrepresentations concerning income projections for the investment property which were known to be unreasonably high or false when made, and misrepresentations concerning the net worth of the principals of Colonial who guaranteed a return on his investment. The affidavit also states that FD was on notice of the aforementioned fraud before it bonded the investor notes such as the one signed by Panagopoulos and that FD knew that its underwriting agent, American Financial Underwriters, was threatened with extinction if it did not close the Colonial Constitution transaction and had "compelling motivation" to bond the Colonial investors' notes notwithstanding the facts and circumstances putting it on notice of the fraud.
In order to defeat a motion for summary judgment, a party must produce admissible evidence which contradicts the evidence produced by the proponent of the motion. S. M. S. Textile v. Brown,Jacobson, etc. P.C.,
By the Court, Aurigemma, J.
Bartha v. Waterbury House Wrecking Co. , 190 Conn. 8 ( 1983 )
Rathkopf v. Pearson , 148 Conn. 260 ( 1961 )
Scherk v. Alberto-Culver Co. , 94 S. Ct. 2449 ( 1974 )
Seaboard Surety Co. v. Waterbury , 38 Conn. Super. Ct. 468 ( 1982 )
Underwriters National Assurance Co. v. North Carolina Life &... , 102 S. Ct. 1357 ( 1982 )
National Equipment Rental, Ltd. v. Szukhent , 84 S. Ct. 411 ( 1964 )
Insurance Corp. of Ireland v. Compagnie Des Bauxites De ... , 102 S. Ct. 2099 ( 1982 )
The Bremen v. Zapata Off-Shore Co. , 92 S. Ct. 1907 ( 1972 )