Keyes v. Pennsylvania General Accident Ins. Co.

On August 31, 1995, the defendant, Pennsylvania General Accident Insurance Company (General Accident), filed a motion to confirm the award of an arbitration panel in the above-captioned matter. On September 8, 1995, the plaintiff, Daniel Keyes, Jr. (Keyes), filed a motion to vacate the award. That motion was supported by a memorandum filed on September 11, 1995. On September 21, 1995, General Accident filed a memorandum in support of its motion to confirm and in opposition to the plaintiff's motion to vacate. A hearing on the motions was held before this court on September 29, 1995.

The relevant facts in the present case, as presented in the parties' briefs, are uncontested. On August 23, 1989, the plaintiff was a passenger in an automobile owned by Carol Mason (Mason) and operated by Frank DeFelice (DeFelice).¹ As a result of DeFelice's negligent operation of the vehicle, the vehicle veered off the road way and hit a stone wall. The plaintiff suffered a severe spinal cord injury that has rendered him a quadriplegic.

At the time of the accident, the vehicle was insured by General Accident. The policy provided liability coverage of $300,000 and uninsured/underinsured motorist coverage in the amount of $300,000 per vehicle insured under the policy. The policy insured three vehicles, including the vehicle involved in the accident. The plaintiff and DeFelice were neither residents of the Mason household nor were they relatives of the Masons.

The plaintiff commenced litigation against DeFelice in negligence² and against Mason in her capacity as owner of the vehicle. General Accident stipulated to a judgment for the amount of liability coverage on the Mason vehicle, $300,000 minus collateral sources.

Thereafter, the plaintiff sought coverage under the underinsured motorist provisions of the Mason policy. Pursuant to the terms of the insurance policy, the plaintiff filed a motion to compel arbitration of his claim. The plaintiff claimed that the policy provided $900,000 of stacked underinsured motorist coverage.

The majority of the arbitrators concluded that the plaintiff was not entitled to underinsured motorist coverage on the basis of the Connecticut Supreme Court's decision in Lowrey v. Valley Forge Ins. Co.,224 Conn. 152, 617 A.2d 454 (1992).

In compulsory arbitration cases, the reviewing court must conduct a de novo review of the arbitrators' interpretation and application of the law. Ceci v. NationalIndemnity Co., 225 Conn. 165, 168 n. 3, 622 A.2d 545 (1993). A policy providing that a decision agreed to by two of the arbitrators will be binding supports a conclusion that the parties participated in compulsory arbitration pursuant to General Statutes § 38a-336(c).³ See Hartford Accident Indemnity Co. v. Sena,42 Conn. Super. Ct. 336, 337, 619 A.2d 489 (1992) (Flynn, J.). The arbitration clause in the subject policy contains such a provision. It states that "[a] decision agreed to by two of the arbitrators will be binding as to: 1. Whether the `insured' is legally entitled to recover dam ages. . . ." Accordingly, in this memorandum, the court will review the arbitrators' interpretation and application of the law.

"[C]onstruction of a contract of insurance presents a question of law for the court. . . ." Aetna Life Casualty Co. v. Bulaong, 218 Conn. 51, 58,588 A.2d 138 (1991).

A review of the policy provisions at issue is helpful in addressing the parties' arguments. The relevant policy provisions are as follows.⁴ Part C, the uninsured motorist coverage section of the policy, states that "[w]e will pay damages which an `insured' is legally entitled to recover from the owner or operator of an `uninsured motor vehicle' because of `bodily injury'; 1. Sustained by an `insured'; and 2. Caused by an accident."

An "insured" is defined as "1. You or any `family member.' 2. Any other person `occupying' `your covered auto.' 3. Any person for damages that person is entitled to recover because of `bodily injury' to which this coverage applies sustained by a person described in 1. or 2. above."

Under the endorsement amending the policy, "uninsured motor vehicle" is defined, in relevant part, as a vehicle "[f]or which the sum of the limits of liability under all bodily injury liability bonds or policies applicable at the time of the accident is less than the sum of the limits of liability for Uninsured Motorists Coverage applicable to each vehicle insured for this coverage under this policy." This policy contains an exception to the definition of "uninsured motor vehicle." It states that "`uninsured motor vehicle' does not include any vehicle or equipment: 1. Owned by or furnished or avail able for your regular use." Under the definitions section of the policy, "you" and "your" refer to the "named insured" shown in the declarations and the spouse, if a resident of the same household.

The limit of liability section of part C, as amended by endorsement PP 01 54 12 86, states that "[t]he maximum limit of our liability for Uninsured Motorists Coverage in any one accident is the sum of the Uninsured Motorists Coverage limits shown in the Declarations applicable to each vehicle. This is the most we will pay regardless of the number of . . . . [v]echicles involved in the accident. . . . The limit of liability shall be reduced by all sums: 1. Paid because of the `bodily injury' by or on behalf of persons or organizations who may be legally responsible. This includes all sums paid under Part A. . . . Any payment under this coverage will reduce any amount that person is entitled to recover under Part A."

The plaintiff moves to vacate the award on the ground that at the time the policy was written, General Accident expected that a claimant in the position of himself would be entitled to $900,000 of underinsured motorist coverage, less a credit for any sums paid under part A, the liability section of the policy. The plaintiff contends that the language of the policy supports his argument.

First, the plaintiff argues that the policy does not contain an exclusion for underinsured motorist coverage for this vehicle. Second, the plaintiff argues that part C provides underinsured motorist coverage to an insured, and that, he, as a person occupying the vehicle, falls within the definition of an insured. Third, the plaintiff argues that the definition of underinsured motor vehicle does not exclude vehicles insured under the policy, but appears to include them within the definition.⁵ Fourth, the plaintiff argues that the exception to the definition of uninsured motor vehicle does not apply to him because he is not a "you" or a "your," as defined in the policy. Fifth, the plaintiff points out that part C states that the limit of liability provided is the most General Accident will pay, regardless of the number of vehicles involved in the accident. In addition, the plaintiff notes that part C provides that the limit of liability is to be reduced by all sums paid under part A, implying that coverage is available under both part A and part C of the policy. The plaintiff contends that the clause giving the carrier a credit under part C would never be operable unless it is applied in the circumstances of the present case.

The plaintiff claims that these terms and conditions of the policy would lead a reasonably prudent person to believe that, under the factual scenario of the present case, $900,000 of underinsured motorist coverage is available to a claimant, less any amount received under part A. The plaintiff submits that this position is in accordance with the plain language of the policy. He contends that, on the basis of Lowrey, a denial of coverage in the present case would constitute a reformation of the contract, and would violate sound principles of law and equity.

General Accident maintains that the decision of the arbitrators denying coverage was correct and should be confirmed. With respect to the plaintiff's argument that General Accident knew at the time the policy was written and issued that underinsured motorist coverage would be available under the facts of the present case, General Accident argues that such parol evidence is inadmissible and, in any event, no such evidence was offered by the plaintiff. General Accident maintains that the provisions of part C, which require an offset for sums paid under part A, do not require the application of underinsured motorist benefits in a one vehicle accident.

The arbitrators found that Lowrey v. Valley ForgeIns. Co., supra, 224 Conn. 152, controls the outcome of the present case. In Lowrey, the plaintiffs appealed from a judgment of the trial court denying their application to vacate a compulsory arbitration award that denied them underinsured motorist coverage. Id., 153. The plaintiffs were passengers in a car owned and operated by Alfreda Kozlowski. Id., 154. The plaintiffs suffered injuries as a result of a one car accident. Id. The plaintiffs recovered under the liability section of the policy and then sought payment under the underinsured motorist provisions. Id. The defendant, however, refused to pay the claim. Id.

On appeal, the court addressed the "validity of a policy exclusion from underinsured motorists coverage of a motor vehicle that is owned by, or furnished or available for the regular use of, the named insured." Id., 153. The court held that "[t]he plain language of the policy exclusion makes it clear that the exclusion applied to the Kozlowski vehicle. The vehicle involved in the accident was owned by Kozlowski, who was the named insured under the policy issued by the defendant. Thus, the vehicle was not an `uninsured motor vehicle' under the policy." Id., 156.

The policy exclusion in Lowrey is identical to the policy exclusion in this action. The exclusion, as interpreted in Lowrey, denies coverage "for any vehicle that is owned by the named insured . . . or that is furnished or available for the regular use of the named insured or any such relative." Id., 157. In the present action, the vehicle involved in the accident was owned by Carol Mason, the named insured.⁶ Thus, according to the language of the exclusion, the Mason vehicle cannot be an underinsured motor vehicle. The contract of insurance in the present case states clearly that General Accident will only pay damages that an insured would be entitled to recover from the owner or operator of an underinsured motor vehicle. See also Quinn v. Allstate Ins. Co., 37 Conn. App. 188, 655 A.2d 787 (1995);⁷ Gallagher v. Covenant Ins. Co., Superior Court, judicial district of Ansonia-Milford, Docket No. CV93044908S (August 18, 1994) (Skolnick, J.); Samele v. Masucci, Superior Court, judicial district of Hartford-New Britain at Hartford, Docket No. CV890700438S (August 21, 1992) (7 C.S.C.R. 1054) (Spada, J.).

The plaintiff argues that the exclusion does not apply to him because the vehicle was neither owned by him nor furnished to him nor made available for his regular use. This argument is unavailing, however, since the exclusion applies to the vehicle, not to the class of claimant. See Lowrey v. Valley Forge Ins. Co., supra,224 Conn. 158-59; Quinn v. Allstate Ins. Co., supra,37 Conn. App. 193.

The foregoing notwithstanding, the plaintiff argues that unless underinsured motorist coverage is available under the facts of the present case, the terms of the policy are inconsistent.⁸ In support of this argument, he relies on the policy provision that any payment under part C is offset by sums paid under part A. He contends that this clause would never be operable unless it applied in the circumstances of the present case.

Here, the policy provisions are consistent in a situation where a passenger in a car is injured in a two car accident. The passenger may be entitled to bodily injury liability coverage under part A of the owner's policy and may be able to collect underinsured motorist coverage under part C of the owner's policy.⁹ "The rules of construction dictate giving effect to all the provisions of a contract, construing it as a whole and reconciling its clauses. . . . Where two clauses which are apparently inconsistent may be reconciled by a reasonable construction, that construction must be given, because it cannot be assumed that the parties intended to insert inconsistent and repugnant provisions." (Citations omitted; internal quotation marks omitted.) DaintyRubbish Service, Inc. v. Beacon Hill Assn., Inc.,32 Conn. App. 530, 534, 630 A.2d 115 (1993).

Despite the tragic events of the present case, the court is constrained by the law as clearly annunciated in Lowrey.¹⁰ In upholding the validity of the exclusion which denied coverage to passengers of an insured vehicle the court noted that: "Liability insurance is purchased by an owner of a vehicle to protect passengers in that vehicle from the negligent driving of the owner or another driving the vehicle. Underinsured coverage, however, is intended to protect against a different type of risk, the risk that a negligent driver of another vehicle will have failed to purchase adequate liability insurance; that is, it is intended to protect the named insured and other additional insureds from suffering an inadequately compensated injury caused by an accident with an inadequately insured automobile. . . . An insured wishing to provide greater protection from his own negligence for himself and his passengers should purchase additional liability insurance coverage . . . ." (Citations omitted; internal quotation marks omitted.)Lowrey v. Valley Forge Ins. Co., supra,224 Conn. 157-58.

The Lowrey court also stated that "[u]nderinsured motorist coverage is first-party coverage and, in that sense, the coverage follows the person not the vehicle. Here, however, the [plaintiff has] . . . already collected under the liability coverage of the insurer of the . . . car. To now collect further under the same insurer's underinsured motorist coverage would be to convert the underinsured motorist coverage into third-party insurance, treating it essentially the same as third-party liability coverage. The policy definition defining an underinsured motor vehicle to exclude a vehicle owned by or regularly furnished or available to the named insured properly prevents this conversion of first-party coverage into third-party coverage." (Internal quotation marks omitted.) Id., 158.

Furthermore, it is well settled that underinsured motorist coverage applies when the insured vehicle is compared against a tortfeasor's vehicle. In AmericanUniversal Ins. Co. v. DelGreco, 205 Conn. 178,530 A.2d 171 (1987), the court stated that the bodily injury liability bonds and policies referred to in General Statutes § 38-175 (b)(2) (now General Statutes § 38a-336[e])¹¹ are those which cover the tortfeasor's motor vehicle. Id., 194. "That subsection mandates that, in determining whether a motor vehicle is `underinsured' for purposes of [§ 38a-336 (e)], the aggregate of the limits of all such bonds and policies on the tortfeasor's motor vehicle is compared against the amount of uninsured motorist coverage of the insured." (Emphasis in original.) Id.

This court has no choice but to find that the arbitrators correctly determined that the plaintiff is not entitled to underinsured motorist coverage. The defendant's motion to confirm the award of the arbitrators, therefore, is granted and the plaintiff's motion to vacate the award of the arbitrators is denied.