Citation Numbers: 7 Indian Terr. 773, 104 S.W. 1174
Judges: Clayton, Gill, Lawrence, Townsend
Filed Date: 9/26/1907
Status: Precedential
Modified Date: 1/1/2022
(after stating the facts as above). The plaintiff in error has filed eight assignments of error, the first of which is as follows: “Whilst defendant in error, the first witness on the stand in the trial of this case, was being cross-examined by counsel, the trial court undertook to' determine the law of the case without ever having heard the facts. The court at that time, amongst other things, stated: ‘The holding of the court will be that, if the negligence of the company put danger in the mine, and this man had to go, or believed he had to go, it makes no difference whether he took the danger route or not the danger route, if it appears as to whether he would have remained here or there, and not have been hurt, that will not prevent his recovery if the negligence of the defendant put the danger in the mine before him so that in fleeing he got hurt, whether he took the right road or the wrong road; like two trains coming to meet, and the passengers in the trains see the trains are going to come together, and in their fright jump out and break their legs, and the trains get right up together, and if a
The plaintiff in error insists that, after the exception had been noted on the record to the above statement of the court, the court said to the jury to pay no attention to his remarks; that the effect of the statement was to prejudice the rights of the plaintiff in error on the trial of the cause; and further insists that the statement did not touch the law of this case in any resp-ct, because he likened the condition of a man voluntarily working in a dangerous place to a passenger upon a railway train, who, upon paying his fare, assumed on risks whatever, but was entitled to the presumption that he would be carried safely to the end of his journey; and that the jury were misled by this erroneous statement of the trial court, and his subsequent direction to the jury to pay no attention to his remarks was of little effect. The plaintiff in error then discusses specifications of error 3, 4, 5, 6, and 7, and insists that the trial court, in giving those instructions, erroneously instructed the jury on the question of the spragger. These five specifications are as follows:
' “If you find by a preponderance of the weight of the testimony that the defendant knowingly employed — and when I say the defendant I mean the manager o-r pit boss, I do no
“The court instructs you, gentlemen of the jury, that if the defendant knew that this boy was acting as spragman, if the pit boss, representing the defendant, knew that he was acting as spragman, although he was employed in some other work, but if they permitted him, knowing that he was working as spragman part of the time, then they would be held liable, if you further find he was an incompetent spragman.
“The court instructs you, gentlemen of the jury, further, that if the danger offered to the plaintiff before his injury by cars rushing on him and these cars coming down were caused by the negligence of the defendant as 1 have instructed you heretofore by reason of the employment of an incompetent spragman, then the plaintiff would not be held and required to take the safest shoot for his safety, but he would only have to exercise care,.reasonable care, at the moment of the danger appearing to him; though it appeared afterwards that he had attempted a dangerous way to extricate himself from a situation, he would not be cut off because he took a dangerous route, when without fault on his part his danger came upon him and was caused by the negligence of the defendant employing an incompetent spragman.
“But, gentlemen of the jury, before you can find for the plaintiff in this case, you must find that the defendant knew
“That.would be the only way that you could find for the plaintiff against the defendant, would be to find from the testimony by a preponderance of the weight of the evidence that the company employed an incompetent man and knew it, or as a reasonable person should have known it, exercising ordinary care would have known his incompetency.”
All those five specifications are separate charges on the subject of the defendant employing an inexperienced spragman, and the defendant's negligence by reason of the employment of an incompetent spragman; and that before the jury could find for the plaintiff they must find that the defendant knew that this incompetent man was working as spragman; and they must, find that the man was an incompetent man, and the defendant knew it, or by exercising ordinaiy care would have known of his incompetence.
Plaintiff in error insists that there ivas absolutely no evidence whatever in this case that an incompetent man acted as spragman. Plaintiff below, defendant in error here, introduced Arthur Jones as a witness, who acted as spragman at the time of the accident in question who testified, among other things, as follows: “Q. 1 will ask you if you spraggecl in the mine No. 4, in March of this year at any day? A. Yes, sir. Q. What day was that? A. The day Isaac got hurt. Q. Did you let a trip of coal cars get away from you that day? A. No, sir; they didn't get away from me. Q. They went down faster than ordinaiy did they? A. No, sir. Q. How many trips of coal cars did jmu sprag that day? A. I don't remember. Q. Tell the jury how many? A. Two or three, I think. Q. Did j'ou let any of those two or three get away
Defendant in error also introduced Jim Calloway as a witness, who testified, amongst other things, as follows: “Q. How did that trip of cars come down that you didn’t sprag (meaning the trip in controversy at the time of the accidént to Boyd)? A. They come pretty fast. Q. You don’t know whether they was spragged or not, do you? A. They were spragged up pretty well. Q. When did you notice they were spragged pretty well? A. I -went back to finish caging them out after vTe carried Isaac out. Q. Do you know -whether they
Plaintiff in error insist that these two witnesses for defendant- In error, as to which there is no contradictory evidence in the record, leaves no controversy upon the proposition that the spragman was not negligent, and made no mistake or error of any kind, and performed the duties of spragman on this particular occasion when Boyd was injured as well as any one could have done; these being the onfy two witnesses who knew of the situation, and testified that the cars were well spragged,. ami that this duty was well performed.
It appears from the record that a man by the name of Toliver, and the defendant, Boyd, were cagemen; that C allow ay was spragman, and Jones pushing empties; that on the day in-question Toliver, one of the cagers, became ill, and with the knowledge of each of the other three men left his work and went out of the mine temporarily, and these three men filled the places of the four, Calloway leaving the spragging and going to assist the defendant in error, Boyd, in caging, and calling-on Jones to do the spragging until such time as one of the pit bosses should come along so they could get word to someone to send them an additional man to take Toliver's place. But plaintiff in error insists that there is absolutely no question of incompetency on the part of Jones who had been doing similar-work for a long time past, as shown in his testimony above quoted, and that the court erred in giving the five charges with
Under the third head, plaintiff in error discusses the second and eighth specifications of error; the second being: “The court instructs the jury to return a verdict for the defendant..” And the eighth that “the trial court erred in overruling plaintiff in error’s motion for a new trial.”
It appears from the record that the defendant in error was an adult, 33 years old, and had worked as a practical miner from five to seven years prior to this accident, and for five or six months immediately prio.r to this accident had been working as eager at the bottom of the particular shaft where he was injured at the time in question. That on the day of the accident there were four men engaged in the work of receiving loaded cars from the different portions of the mine putting them upon the cage, or “caging” them, as they called it, and hoisting them out of the mine, and receiving empty cars returned to the mine and distributing them out on the tracks where they were to be carried back in various portions of 'the mine to be reloaded. That these four persons were defendant in error, Boyd, Hunt, Toliver, Jim Calloway, and Arthur Jones. They were all grown men, except Jones, who was 17 years old. That shortly preceding the accident Boyd and Toliver had been doing the caging at the bottom of the shaft, Calloway had been doing the spragging which'was effected by means of small sticks put in between the spokes and felloes of the wheel in such a way as to operate as ' a brake and slow down the speed of the cars as they approached the bottom of the shaft. Jones had been engaged in pushing empty cars. About noon Toliver became sick and quit work and went out of the mine, and Calloway then took Toliver’s place in assisting Boyd in the work of caging, and also took Jones’ place in pushing empties away from the bottom of the
The plaintiff in this action alleged: First, that the defendant was negligent in employing incompetent labor to sprag strips of cars; and, second, in not using and exercising proper care, caution, and skill in bracing, casing, and timbering said shaft, and providing proper means of escape from danger at the place where plaintiff was at work, and in not properly bracing, casing, and timbering the same so as to prevent accident from injury from improperly handling cars laden with coal, and a proper means of escape from danger at and around the place where the plaintiff was at work.
Defendant in error states in his brief that he abandoned the theory of negligent construction, and relied entirely upon the theory of the negligent operation of the mine and specifically charged defendant with negligence in operating and handling its coal cars and increasing his danger by permitting a boy of tender years to catch and sprag trips of coal cars. Plaintiff in error insists that the theory of defendant in error is completely refuted by the testimony of the defendant in error himself, as well as by the testimony of his co-workers and fellow servants, Jim Calloway and Arthur Jones, who show clearly in their testimony, as it appears in the record in this case, that Jones not only was perfectly competent to do the work of spragging, but on this particular occasion did the spragging well; and while, as testified to by defendant in error himself, cars frequently piled up and- wrecked at and in this sump at the bottom of the shaft, yet on this particular occasion, and with this particular trip of cars, they did not pile up, and did not wreck, but;
Plaintiff in error further insists that Jones was not employed by the plaintiff in error to do the sp’ agging, but ho was put in this position in an emergency by the defendant in error, and bjr Calloway as co-worker and fellow servant of defendant in error, to fill the vacancy which existed by reason of the illness of their fellow servant Toliver, when Calloway, with the knowledge of the defendant in error, directed Jones, also a felloiv servant of the defendant in error, to temporarily do this sprag-ging work. This was all done without the knowledge of the plaintiff in error, or of any representative of the plaintiff in error, for these men were waiting to get in communication with the representative of the plaintiff in error to supply them with a new man to take Toliver’s place, and the accident occurred in the meanwhile. But under the evidence in this case there can be no complaint of incompetency on the part of Jones as to his spragging, for it is shown by the witnesses for the defendant in error that Jones did his work well on this occasion. In the testimony of William Cameron, who stated that ho was United States mine inspector for the Indian Territory, and had on several occasions examined the mine, he testified, amongst other things, as follows: “From your knowledge and experience as a practical operator of mines in this territory, and the experience you have gained by representing the government as mine inspector in this territory for four or five years, will you please kindly state in your examination of this mine near tire time of this accident, before that and after, what, if anything you discovered that was not proper in the construction, maintenance, or timbering, or anything ofthat sort, in the vicinity of this accident. A. I think this is properly constructed, both from a practical and from a theoretical view. Q. Is it provided with proper places for the miners to avoid accidents
The only proposition submitted to the jury by the trial court was on the question of the incompetency and youthfulness of the spragman, and as to this question the court told the jury that the defendant in error must have made out his case of negligence against the plaintiff in error by the preponderance of the testimony. From the record it does not appear that there was a scintilla of evidence in this case to show that the spragman, Arthur Jones, was incompetent in any way; but, on the contrary, the evidence shows that he properly spragged this particular trip of cars in question, and that he was engaged on this work with the knowledge and assent of the defendant in error himself. Plaintiff in error insists that the court, in submitting this single issue to the jury, sought to avoid the responsibility that clearly fell upon him. In Patton vs Railway Co., 179 U. S. 658, 21 Sup. Ct. 276, 45 L. Ed. 361, the court said: “He (the court) is not a mere moderator of a town meeting,
The testimony of the defendant in error himself shows that this unfortunate accident, which afflicted him so severely, was the result of pure thoughtlessness and carelessness on his part,' and in no way attributable to any failure of duty or improper act on the part of any one else. In his cross-examination, he testified as follows: “Q. Now you say you had given the signal yourself to the engineer which caused the east cage to go up, and the west cage to come down? A. Yes, sir. Q. And you ran under the west cage when you had signaled them to come down, and knew it was coming down? A. No, sir. Q. You Didn’t? A. I had been standing their eight or ten minutes. Q. Well, you hadn’t given any other signal to stop it, had you? A. No, sir. Q. Well, you knew the east cage had started up under your signal, hadn’t it? A. Yes, sir. Q. Then you knew the other one must be coming down? A. It hadn’t never come; I was standing there waiting. Q. But when one goes up the other one comes down? A. Yes, sir. Q. So you knew that while one was coming up the other came down? A. Yes, sir. Q. The fact is that you thought you could get through out onto the south side before the west cage came down? A. Yes, sir; it hadn’t never come, and I thought I could cross before it reached the bottom. Q. And you missed your chance, and it caught you before you got up, didn’t it? A. Yes, sir. Q. That is a fact, isn’t it? A. Yes, sir.” As the evidence of Arthur Jones and Calloway, which is uncon-tradicted in the record by any other evidence, shows that the
Counsel for defendant in error, in rebutting the assignment of error that the verdict was not sustained by sufficient evidence, cites the case of Spring Valley Coal Co. vs Chiaventone, 214 Ill. 314, 73 N. E. 420, and quotes the statement made by the court, in the decision of that cause, that the appellant was guilty of gross negligence in permitting loaded coal cars, as disclosed in that case, to run. down an incline by only being spragged. The court said: “There are five1 counts in the declaration, so counsel say in their brief; but, since the declarartion is not abstracted, we take it for granted that the declaration is properly drawn, and will support a verdict upon any theory of the evidence. We are not required to look at the record and see what the declaration says, and no complaint is made of instructions given, or any rulings by the court on the trial, and only one refused instruction is complained of.” It appears that on the 21st day of November, 1902, while engaged in pushing a car of rock out.on what is called the southwest of the north fifth, he was struck by a car of coal coming down the north fifth and killed. This north fifth was a passageway leading from the coal to the southwest entry, leading to the shaft. The allegations in the declaration not being shown, and the circumstances of the accident occurring somewhere in the mine where loaded coal pars were permitted to run down by themselves, make it an entirely different case from the case at bar, where the only complaint is that an inexperienced and incompetent spragman is alleged to have been the cause of the accident to the defendant in error. The defendant in error cites cases.
The defendant in error cites cases to establish the proposition that the law does not require direct or positive evidence of negligence as á cause of action or as a defense. It máy be inférred from circumstances. In Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe Ry. Co. vs Brassfield, 51 Kan. 167, 32 Pac. 814, the court said: “The jury were not permitted to infer négligence from any circumstances related in evidence, but were in effect limited to such circumstances only as justified a reasonable inference of negligence. The instruction might have been elaborated, 'with profit, but no fuller statement of the law upon the subject was requested, and we cannot say the court committed any error in giving the instruction quoted.” In Garrett vs C. & N. W. Ry. Co., 36 Iowa, 122, the court say: “In order to, entitle the plaintiff to recover, she must show, among other facts, that the injury complained of resulted from the negligence of the defendant. The burden of proof is upon her, and the mere fact that the fire was caused by the escape of sparks from its engine does not make a prima facie case of negligence. Gandy vs Chicago, etc., Ry. Co., 30 Iowa, 420, 6 Am. Rep. 682. And, as was said in that case, the plaintiff must aver negligence, and, of course, the burden of proof is upon him, and as the mere fact of injury does not in either case prove negligence or other wrong upon the defendant, so it doés not'in this.”
The defendant in .error cites many cases to establish the proposition that an accident may itself establish a prima facie case of negligence against a defendant, and cast upon him the burden of proof, to show that such accident occurred without his fault, and states this rule has often-been applied in cases of injuries to passengers by railroads .or other common carriers.
Defendant in error cites authorities to establish .the proposition that the law so far recognizes the frailty of human nature as to excuse the plaintiff, under the strain of a great and sudden danger, from a temporary lapse of judgment or discretion, which would have been calculated to lead them to pursue the safest possible course open to them under the circumstances. In Mathews vs Daly-West Min. Co., 27 Utah, 193, 75 Pac. 722, where the plaintiff was employed in defendant's mill as a repairman, and was informed by its superintendent that he was going to shut the mill down for half an hour for repairs, as was the. custom when repairs were being made, and requested plaintiff to perform that duty, plaintiff began working, and leaned over a belt to tighten a cap, when the superintendent gave the order to start the mill, without the customary warning, and plaintiff was injured. The court said: “It is also well settled that the negligence of the master is nq,t among the risks so assumed by the servant. Therefore when the servant, in the discharge of his duties, is in a position which is, under the conditions which then exist, naturally safe, but is suddenly made dangerous by the negligence of the master, and injury to the servant is immediately caused thereby, the master is liable.” It will be readily observed that the statement in the case just cited has no application to the facts in the case at bar, as in the case at bar no order was given by the plaintiff in error, or by its superintendent, foreman, or other, agent or agents of the plaintiff in error. In Stokes vs Saltonstall, 38 U. S. 181, 10 L. Ed. 115, the court said: “The third instruction also announces a principle, which we think stands supported by the soundest reason, and we should therefore adopt it as being
The defendant in error states in his brief that the plaintiff in error attempts to show that Arthur Jones was a competent laborer, and says his age could not be more than 12 years, although he testified he was 17 years of age. In Molaske vs Ohio Coal Co., 86 Wis. 220, 56 N. W. 475, in speaking of the rule in regard to the immaturity of children, the court says: “The rule recognizes the immaturity of children of such tender years, their lack of judgment and will and concentration of .purpose, the existence of which conditions all experience has proved, and fixes the age when the presumption of capacity arises at 14 years. In analogy to that rule, and having due regard to what we deem most persuasive considerations of public policy, we hold that on the proofs in this case the presumption of law is that the boy employed by the coal company to give the signals was.incompetent for that duty, and that the company employed him at its peril of being able to prove, if sued for injuries resulting from his negligence, that he was in fact competent. We hold further that the defendant has not proved conclusively the competency of the boy, and hence that the verdict finding him incompetent cannot be disturbed.” In Grand Trunk Railway Company vs Ives, 144 U. S. 408, 12 Sup. Ct. 679, 36 L. Ed. 485, the court said: “It is only where the facts are such that all reasonable men must draw the same conclusion from them that the question of negligence is ever considered as one of law for the court.”
Defendant in error cites the case of Kaminski vs Tudor Iron Works, 167 Mo. 462, 67 S. W. 221, to establish the proposition that the defense of contributory negligence interposed by the defendant is in the nature of a plea of confession and avoid-
We have endeavored to examine as many of the cases cited by the defendant in error as we could secure, and from none of them do we find any rule or principle of law that will enable us to draw a conclusion that any negligence had been established by the proof in this case, nor are there any inferences that can be drawn from the proof that would bind the defendant. This was an exceedingly unfortunate accident to the defendant in error, but, under the law, can the plaintiff in error be held liable for damages, where there is not a scintilla of evidence that it, or any of its representatives, were responsible for the conditions existing at the time this accident occurred? It was in evidence that Calloway, the fellow servant of the defendant inerror, said: “Lookout:” And it is supposed he was referring toj[the trip of coal cars coming down that were being spragged
The case is therefore reversed and remanded.