Campbell v. District of Columbia

UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA
JENNIFER B. CAMPBELL, :
:
Plaintiff, :
:
v. : Civil Action No.: 12-1769 (RC)
:
DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA, :
:
Defendant. :
MEMORANDUM OPINION
DENYING PLAINTIFF’S REQUEST FOR EQUITABLE RELIEF AND
ENTERING JUDGMENT FOR THE PLAINTIFF
I. BACKGROUND
Dr. Jennifer Campbell, the plaintiff in this case, brought suit against her former employer,
the District of Columbia, in 2012. See Compl., ECF No.1. Dr. Campbell alleged that the District
acted unlawfully when, amidst allegations that Dr. Campbell had steered contracts, the District
terminated her employment as Chief Operating Officer of the District’s Department of Health
Care Finance. See id. ¶¶ 6–99.
After a five-day jury trial held in December 2015, a jury found for Dr. Campbell on her
constitutional claim brought under 42 U.S.C. § 1983. See Verdict Form 2, ECF No. 65.
Specifically, the jury found that, by terminating Dr. Campbell’s employment without due process
and in a manner that “left a stigma on her by having the broad effect of largely precluding her
from pursuing her chosen career,” the District deprived Dr. Campbell of her constitutionally
protected right to pursue her chosen field of employment. See id.; see also Jury Instructions
28–38, ECF No. 66. The jury awarded Dr. Campbell $250,000.00 in compensatory damages. See
Verdict Form 3.
Dr. Campbell’s post-trial memorandum requests equitable relief in the form of an
apology from the District. See Pl.’s Mem. Requesting Equitable Relief, ECF No. 69. The District
opposes such relief. See District of Columbia’s Resp. Pl.’s Mem. Requesting Equitable Relief,
ECF No. 71. Because it is unclear whether the Court has the authority to order the apology—and
because, in any event, the requested apology is not a remedy tailored to fit the constitutional
violation in this case—the Court will deny Dr. Campbell’s request. The Court will nonetheless
enter judgment for Dr. Campbell and award her damages that include the compensatory damages
found by the jury, as well as the financial damages to which the parties stipulated before trial.
See Verdict Form 3; Joint Pretrial Statement 2, ECF No. 41.
II. EQUITABLE RELIEF
When exercising its equitable powers, this Court must look to precedent “no less than”
when it pronounces the law. Holland v. Florida, 560 U.S. 631, 649 (2010) (quoting Lonchar v.
Thomas, 517 U.S. 314, 323 (1996)). Although the Court may flexibly tailor equitable relief to
meet new situations, “courts of equity can and do draw upon decisions made in other similar
cases for guidance.” Id. at 650.
In this case, neither party has pointed to authority justifying or rejecting Dr. Campbell’s
request for an apology. See Pl.’s Mem. Requesting Equitable Relief 1 (establishing only that 42
U.S.C. § 1983 authorizes equitable relief generally); District of Columbia’s Resp. Pl.’s Mem.
Requesting Equitable Relief 1 (citing to case law that alludes to separation of powers principles,
rather than to precedents about this Court’s equitable powers). Absent citation to applicable
precedent, the Court lacks grounds upon which to grant the apology Dr. Campbell wants. And,
based on the Court’s independent inquiry, it is far from clear that the Court has the authority to
order an apology in this case. See Woodruff v. Ohman, 29 F. App’x 337, 346 (6th Cir. 2002)
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(concluding, in a case brought under 42 U.S.C. § 1983, that “the district court abused its
discretion in ordering [the defendant] to issue an apology to [the plaintiff]”); see also McKee v.
Turner, 491 F.2d 1106, 1107 (9th Cir. 1974) (“We are not commissioned to run around getting
apologies.”).
Even if the Court did have the authority to order an apology, doing so would not be
appropriate here. In constitutional cases, “the scope of the remedy is determined by the nature
and extent of the constitutional violation.” Inmates of Occoquan v. Barry, 844 F.2d 828, 841
(D.C. Cir. 1988) (internal quotation mark omitted) (quoting Milliken v. Bradley, 418 U.S. 717,
744 (1974)). In other words, “once a right is established the remedy chosen must be tailored to fit
the violation.” Id.; see also Woodruff, 29 F. App’x at 346 (explaining that an apology is designed
to address a moral wrong rather than a legal wrong).
Here, the constitutional violation originated principally from “the District’s release of
emails to the press.” See Verdict Form 2. To tailor the remedy to fit the violation, therefore, any
apology awarded to Dr. Campbell should come from the persons most responsible for the release
of those emails. Based on the record presented in open court at trial, the evidence showed that
the individuals who initially provided information to the press—and are thus, in the Court’s
view, most culpable for leaks to the press—are not parties to this case and are no longer
employed by the District. The Court thus lacks any direct or indirect authority to order their
apology.
Absent an apology from the most culpable individuals, an apology letter from the District
is not a remedy tailored to fit the constitutional violation in this case. Accordingly, the Court will
deny Dr. Campbell’s request for equitable relief.
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III. DAMAGES
The damages due to Dr. Campbell are straightforward. Because the jury awarded Dr.
Campbell $250,000.00 in compensatory damages for her physical pain, emotional distress,
humiliation, embarrassment, inconvenience, and medical expenses, the Court will enter judgment
against the District in that amount. See Verdict Form 3; see also Jury Instructions 39–40
(instructing the jury to award monetary damages for physical pain, emotional distress,
humiliation, embarrassment, inconvenience, and medical expenses, but not for lost wages or
other benefits). And because the parties stipulated before trial that Dr. Campbell suffered
$304,823.00 in financial damages resulting from the reputational harm caused by the District, the
Court will also enter judgment against the District in that amount.1 See Joint Pretrial Statement 2.
In sum, therefore, the Court will enter judgment against the District in the amount of
$554,823.00.
IV. CONCLUSION
For the foregoing reasons, Plaintiff’s request for equitable relief (ECF No. 69) is
DENIED. As for damages, the Court will enter judgment against the District in the amount of
$554,823.00. A judgment consistent with this Memorandum Opinion is separately and
contemporaneously issued.
Dated: January 20, 2016 RUDOLPH CONTRERAS
United States District Judge
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The District’s objection that a portion of these damages should not be attributed to the
District’s constitutional violation came far too late in the proceedings to disavow the prior
concession upon which the trial presentation proceeded.
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