Bronner v. Duggan

UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA
SIMON BRONNER, et al., :
:
Plaintiffs, : Civil Action No.: 16-0740 (RC)
:
v. : Re Document Nos.: 57, 59
:
LISA DUGGAN, et al., :
:
Defendants. :
MEMORANDUM OPINION
GRANTING PLAINTIFFS’ AMENDED MOTION TO EXTEND TIME TO ADD PARTIES [57];
GRANTING PLAINTIFFS’ MOTION FOR LEAVE TO FILE SECOND AMENDED COMPLAINT [59]
I. INTRODUCTION
Plaintiffs bring this suit against the American Studies Association (“ASA”) and several of
its current and former leaders, including Defendants Lisa Duggan, Curtis Marez, Avery Gordon,
Neferti Tadiar, Sunaina Maira, and Chandan Reddy (“Individual Defendants”), alleging that they
improperly introduced and implemented a resolution calling for the academic boycott of Israel.
This matter now comes before the Court on Plaintiffs’ Motion for Leave to File a Second
Amended Complaint, in which Plaintiffs seek to assert several new theories of liability for
breaches of fiduciary duties, breaches of contract, and ultra vires activity and to add four new
defendants to the suit: Jasbir Puar, J. Kehaulani, Kauanui, Steven Salaita, and John Stephens.
Pls.’ Mot. Leave File Second Amended Compl. (“Pls.’ Mot.”), ECF No. 59. For the reasons
stated below, the Court will grant the motion. However, the Court has also identified a potential
impediment to this Court’s subject matter jurisdiction and, therefore, it will require the parties to
submit additional briefing on that issue.
II. BACKGROUND
A. The American Studies Association
The ASA is a nonprofit organization whose object is “the promotion of the study of
American culture through the encouragement of research, teaching, publication, the
strengthening of relations among persons and institutions in this country and abroad devoted to
such studies, and the broadening of knowledge among the general public about American culture
in all its diversity and complexity.” See Const. & Bylaws of the Am. Studies Ass’n (“ASA
Const. & Bylaws”), Const., Art. I, § 2, ECF No. 21-3. The ASA’s founding documents provide
that the society was “organized exclusively for education and academic purposes.” Am. Verified
Compl. Derivative and Direct Claims (“FAC”) ¶ 24, ECF No. 19.
The ASA is overseen by a President and a “National Council.” The National Council is
charged with “conduct[ing] the business, set[ting] fiscal policy, . . . and oversee[ing] the general
interests of the [ASA].” ASA Const. & Bylaws, Const., Art. V, § 2. There are 23 voting
members of the National Council. FAC ¶ 74; ASA Const. & Bylaws, Const., Art. V, § 1. In
addition, there is a President who presides over the National Council and has a duty to “fulfill the
chartered obligations and purposes of the [ASA].” ASA Const. & Bylaws, Const., Art. IV, § 2.
Under the ASA’s bylaws, “[n]o substantial part of the activities of the [ASA] shall be the
carrying on of propaganda, or otherwise attempting, to influence legislation, and the corporation
shall not participate in, or intervene in . . . any political campaign on behalf of any candidate for
public office.” FAC ¶ 25. According to Plaintiffs, the ASA has conformed to these rules for
decades and has established a “uniform practice” that prevents the ASA from advocating for
particular positions on U.S. government policy. FAC ¶ 25. Based “solely on the condition and
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understanding that this practice would be followed,” Individual Plaintiffs donated time and
money to the ASA. FAC ¶ 26.
B. ASA’s Boycott Resolution
In November 2013, at the ASA’s annual meeting, ASA leadership introduced a resolution
advocating for the boycott of Israeli academic institutions (the “Boycott Resolution” or
“Resolution”) on the basis that Israel restricted academic activity in formerly Jordanian-occupied
territory that came under Israeli control after the Six Day War in 1967. See FAC ¶¶ 29, 41. The
Boycott Resolution states that the ASA is devoted to “the struggle against all forms of racism,”
that the United States helps enable Israel to illegally occupy Palestine, that there is “no effective
or substantive academic freedom for Palestinian students and scholars under conditions of Israeli
occupation,” and that the ASA is dedicated to the rights of students and scholars in Israeli
institutions. FAC ¶ 31. The Resolution’s operative clause states:
[i]t is resolved that the American Studies Association (ASA) endorses and will
honor the call of the Palestinian civil society for a boycott of Israeli academic
institutions. It is also resolved that the ASA supports the protected rights of
students and scholars everywhere to engage in research and public speaking about
Israel–Palestine and in support of the boycott, divestment, and sanctions (BDS)
movement.
FAC ¶ 31. During the presentations in support of the resolution, the proponents allegedly did not
present any data or research, did not address how the affected institutions were founded, and did
not specifically address “any . . . aspect of the actual state of academic freedom in the
[t]erritories at any time.” FAC ¶¶ 43–45. Instead, the speakers’ “principal focus” was on an
alleged apartheid state in the territories at issue and the need for the ASA to support the ending
of “the so-called settler-colonialist Zionist project” and America’s support for these policies.
FAC ¶ 48. Plaintiffs allege that no speakers in opposition to the resolution were invited to speak
during the course of the discussion, FAC ¶ 47, and that Defendants “actively prevented an
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informed and methodical discussion of the Boycott resolution” in part by actively preventing
opponents of the measure from being heard. FAC ¶ 46.
Ultimately, the resolution passed, but Plaintiffs suggest that Defendants manipulated the
vote. According to the complaint, members of the ASA who supported the resolution
encouraged their students to join the ASA because they knew the students would vote in favor of
the resolution. FAC ¶ 40. Around the same time, at least one Individual Plaintiff attempted to
vote but was told by ASA leadership that he could not “ostensibly because he renewed [his ASA
membership] too late to vote.” FAC ¶ 35. Plaintiffs allege that at least one other person who
renewed his membership just before the vote was allowed to vote despite the individual plaintiff
being barred from doing so under similar circumstances. FAC ¶ 38. At the end of voting, the
ASA asserted that the resolution passed. FAC ¶ 33.
Plaintiffs claim that, since the boycott, several members of the ASA have resigned in
protest of the boycott, financially depriving the ASA of membership dues for years to come.
FAC ¶ 60. Moreover, Plaintiffs allege that the ASA has experienced a significant decline in
reputation because of the boycott. FAC ¶ 61. The ASA is alleged to have suffered financial
harm as a result of the boycott because of an alleged decrease in donations and an increase in
public-relations spending required by the need to deal with the public backlash resulting from the
boycott. FAC ¶ 84. Although Plaintiffs do not allege any specific amounts of damages in their
complaint, they do, in their “Jurisdiction and Venue” section, assert that “the amount in
controversy exceeds $75,000.” FAC ¶ 9.
C. The Present Suit
Plaintiffs initially filed suit in this Court on April 20, 2016 and later amended their
complaint on June 23, 2016. Plaintiffs initially sought to challenge various acts leading up to the
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passage of the Boycott Resolution both in their individual capacities and derivatively on behalf
of the ASA, seeking damages, declaratory relief, and injunctive relief for alleged breaches of
fiduciary duties, ultra vires acts, breaches of contract, violations of the D.C. Nonprofit
Corporation Act, and corporate waste.
In response, Defendants moved to dismiss the suit on various grounds. Among other
arguments, Defendants claimed that the suit should be dismissed because this Court lacked
subject matter jurisdiction and that, alternatively, the derivative claims should be dismissed for
failure to make a pre-suit demand on ASA’s National Council. See Defs.’ Mot. Dismiss, ECF
No. 14. On the issue of subject matter jurisdiction, Defendants argued that jurisdiction was
lacking because Plaintiffs failed to satisfy the amount-in-controversy requirement necessary to
maintain a diversity suit under 28 U.S.C. § 1332. See Defs.’ Mot. Dismiss at 7–11. The Court
disagreed, holding that, because it was not a legal impossibility for Plaintiffs to receive a
judgment of at least $75,000, that the amount-in-controversy requirement was satisfied. Mem.
Op. at 11–13, ECF No. 28. However, the Court did agree with Defendants’ argument that
Plaintiffs had failed to make a pre-suit demand under circumstances in which it was required.
See Mem. Op. at 21–26. Accordingly, the Court dismissed all of the derivative claims. See
Mem. Op. at 29. In addition, the Court found that Plaintiffs had failed to state cognizable ultra
vires claims. See Mem. Op. at 29–34. The Court did, however, allow Plaintiffs to proceed on
their direct claims for waste,1 breach of contract, and violation of the D.C. Nonprofit Corporation
Act. See Mem. Op. at 2.
1
Defendants have since moved for judgment on the pleadings with respect to this claim,
arguing that a claim for waste may only be asserted by ASA itself and cannot be asserted by
Plaintiffs directly. Because the Court has identified a potential impediment to subject matter
jurisdiction, the Court will not resolve the Defendants’ motion unless and until the Court can
assure itself that it has subject matter jurisdiction.
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On November 9, 2017, Plaintiffs moved for leave to amend their complaint. See Pls.’
Mot. In their amended complaint, Plaintiffs have significantly expanded on their factual
allegations and now seek to add four new defendants who held senior leadership roles at ASA:
Jasbir Puar, J. Kehaulani Kauanui, Steven Salaita, and John Stephens (the “New Defendants”).
See Pls.’ Mot. at 1–2. In addition, Plaintiffs assert several new claims that they contend were
revealed in the course of discovery. Specifically, they assert several new claims sounding in
breach of fiduciary duties and claims for breach of contract and ultra vires acts. See Pls.’ Mot. at
1. Defendants have opposed Plaintiffs’ motion to amend. See Defs.’ Opp’n Mot. Leave File
Seond Am. Compl. (“Defs.’ Opp’n”), ECF No. 66
III. ANALYSIS
A. Motion for Leave to File Second Amended Complaint
Under the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, once a defendant has responded to a
complaint and more than 21 days have elapsed, the plaintiff may amend his or her complaint
“only with the opposing party’s written consent or the court’s leave.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 15(a)(2).
Because Defendants refuse to consent to an amendment, Plaintiffs have requested this Court’s
leave. “The grant or denial of leave to amend is committed to the sound discretion of the district
court.” De Sousa v. Dep’t of State, 840 F. Supp. 2d 92, 113 (D.D.C. 2012) (citation omitted).
However, “[t]he court should freely give leave when justice so requires,” Fed. R. Civ. P.
15(a)(2), which “severely restrict[s]” the court’s discretion to deny leave to amend and dismiss,
Caribbean Broad. Sys., Ltd. v. Cable & Wireless PLC, 148 F.3d 1080, 1084 (D.C. Cir. 1998)
(quoting Bank v. Pitt, 928 F.2d 1108, 1112 (11th Cir. 1991)). Courts have also recognized a
“policy in favor of hearing cases on their merits,” which weighs in favor of permitting
amendments. Id. Nevertheless, leave is properly denied in cases involving “undue delay, bad
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faith or dilatory motive on the part of the movant, repeated failure to cure deficiencies by
amendments previously allowed, undue prejudice to the opposing party by virtue of allowance of
the amendment, [and] futility of amendment.” Foman v. Davis, 371 U.S. 178, 182 (1962).
Here, Defendants argue that leave to amend should be denied because (1) the amendment
would cause undue prejudice to Defendants, (2) the Plaintiffs are acting out of bad faith or
dilatory motive, and (3) the amendment would be futile. See Defs.’ Opp’n at 1. The Court
addresses each of Defendants’ arguments below.
1. Prejudice
The Court begins its inquiry into Plaintiffs’ motion by considering what prejudice, if any,
Defendants might sustain if leave to amend were granted. Indeed, “[t]he most important factor
the Court must consider when deciding whether to grant a motion for leave to amend is the
possibility of prejudice to the opposing party.” Djourabchi v. Self, 240 F.R.D. 5, 13 (D.D.C.
2006) (citing Wright, Miller, & Kane, Federal Practice and Procedure, § 1487 (2d ed.1990)).
An amendment may be unduly prejudicial if it “substantially changes the theory on which the
case has been proceeding and is proposed late enough so that the opponent would be required to
engage in significant new preparation.” Id. (quoting Wright, Miller, & Kane § 1487). Likewise,
leave may also be denied where the non-moving party would be put to the additional expense
and burden of a more lengthy and complicated trial or where the issues raised by the amendment
are remote to the issues in the case. Id. “Where the proponent of the amendment establishes that
the additional claim would not ‘unduly increase discovery or delay the trial, and when the
opponent could not claim surprise,’ however, the amendment should be allowed.” Id. (quoting
Wright, Miller, & Kane, Federal Practice and Procedure, § 1487 (2d ed.1990)).
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Defendants generally complain that allowing the amendment would expand the
preparation and expenses necessary for them to litigate the new claims. See Defs.’ Opp’n at 12.
Specifically, they claim that the amendment would require additional discovery and, in
particular, document review of emails for the newly added defendants. See Defs.’ Opp’n at 15.
But, “[i]nconvenience or additional cost to a defendant is not necessarily undue prejudice,” City
of Moundridge v. Exxon Mobil Corp., 250 F.R.D. 1, 6–7 (D.D.C.2008) (emphasis added), and
“an amendment is not automatically deemed prejudicial if it causes the non-movant to expend
additional resources,” United States ex rel. Westrick v. Second Chance Body Armor, Inc., 301
F.R.D. 5, 9 (D.D.C. 2013); see also Kas v. Fin. Gen. Bankshares, Inc., 105 F.R.D. 453, 458
(D.D.C. 1984) (“While it is true that permitting the plaintiffs to amend their complaint may
require a postponement of the trial date to permit further discovery, this is not an adequate reason
to deny plaintiffs’ motion . . . [n]or does the need for additional discovery necessarily constitute
sufficient prejudice to deny an otherwise meritorious motion.”). Indeed, “[a]ny amendment will
[necessarily] require some expenditure of resources on the part of the non-moving party.”
United States ex rel. Westrick, 301 F.R.D. at 9. If the court “were to employ a policy of denying
plaintiffs leave to amend in every situation where an amended complaint may result in additional
discovery or expense, then this court would fail to abide by the legal standard of granting leave
‘freely . . . when justice so requires.’” Hisler v. Gallaudet Univ., 206 F.R.D. 11, 14
(D.D.C.2002) (quoting Fed. R. Civ. P. 15(a)).
The Court is not convinced that the additional discovery and expense that this
amendment might create for Defendants is so substantial as to warrant denial of the motion. To
start, Defendants do not offer evidence that the amended complaint would unduly prejudice their
legal strategy or their ability to present evidence. Plaintiffs do not depart drastically from the
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theories advanced in the first two complaints. Indeed, Defendants do not dispute that Plaintiffs’
new claims advance theories for relief that stem from and are otherwise related to the passage of
the Boycott Resolution. Instead, Defendants claim simply that, if new defendants are added,
Plaintiffs will likely seek “the same broad categories of documents” from them that Plaintiffs
have sought from the other Defendants. Defs.’ Opp’n at 15. But this fact does not speak of
undue prejudice—it suggests a simple reality in litigation that the addition of defendants will in
many cases entail additional discovery involving those defendants. Whatever prejudice
Defendants might endure is not undue and the Court will not deny a motion to amend on this
type of prejudice that typically inheres in all motions to amend. See Hisler, 206 F.R.D. at 14.
2. Bad Faith or Dilatory Motive
Defendants also argue that Plaintiffs have been dilatory in moving to amend their
complaint and that Plaintiffs’ motion is being made in bad faith. In this regard, Defendants make
two points. First, they contend that Plaintiffs have always known about the four proposed New
Defendants and their roles relative to the resolution. Defs.’ Opp’n at 8–10. Second, they suggest
that Plaintiffs are merely using the motion in a sort of public relations campaign intended to
dissuade third parties from adopting resolutions similar to the one at issue in this case. Defs.’
Opp’n at 10–12. The Court finds that neither of these arguments meets the bar necessary to
show bad faith or dilatory motive.
It is certainly true that a court may deny a motion to amend under circumstances when it
is apparent that the moving party has been dilatory and failed to amend their pleadings promptly.
But, “[c]ourts that have found an undue delay in filing have generally confronted cases in which
the movants failed to promptly allege a claim for which they already possessed evidence.”
United States ex rel. Westrick, 301 F.R.D. at 9; see also LaPrade v. Abramson, No. 97–10, 2006
9
WL 3469532, at *5 (D.D.C. Nov. 29, 2006) (finding the motion for leave to amend dilatory and
unduly delayed “because [the plaintiff] knew sufficient facts before the amendment deadline to
make the claims she now seeks to add”); see also McGee v. District of Columbia, 646 F. Supp. 2d
115, 121–22 (D.D.C.2009) (holding that “[t]he fact that claims [added] in an amended complaint
are based on the same legal duties or facts asserted in the original complaint is grounds for
denying leave to amend”). In this case, Defendants argue that plaintiffs were both aware of the
New Defendants and that they had a role in the Boycott Resolution. See Defs.’ Opp’n at 9.
Defendants point out that these New Defendants were identified in the Plaintiffs’ original
complaint and claims that they were discussed in certain early discovery requests and responses
(though Defendants have not included those discovery materials in its submission to the Court).
See Defs.’ Opp’n at 9–10. Nevertheless, it is one thing to be aware of someone’s existence and
general role in an enterprise or transaction, but it is quite something else to have a sufficient
factual predicate upon which to assert a claim. Plaintiffs argue in their motion that the proposed
complaint “rests on newly discovered evidence that the Plaintiffs could not have presented to the
Court earlier,” including “factual matters that . . . identify additional parties who are culpable.”
Pls.’ Mot. at 8 (emphasis added). Defendants give the Court no reason to doubt that this is the
case, and the fact that Plaintiffs might have been aware of these persons’ mere existence at an
earlier stage is neither surprising nor does it, in and of itself, suggest that Plaintiffs were dilatory
in asserting their claims.
Defendants also argue that, during a meet and confer in September 2017, Plaintiffs
indicated an intention to add two of the New Defendants by filing an amended complaint. See
Defs.’ Opp’n at 8. They contend that the two-month period between these statements and the
ultimate filing of this motion necessarily proves Plaintiffs’ dilatory intentions. See Defs.’ Opp’n
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at 8–12. The Court is not convinced. First, the length of delay here, in the context of the size
and complexity of this case, is relatively minor. Second, and more importantly, during this two-
month period, there was still a substantial amount of discovery that was apparently taking place.
Indeed, approximately two thirds of all of the documents produced by Defendants were produced
in mid-October alone. One can hardly fault Plaintiffs for waiting until they could review a
substantial portion of these documents before amending their complaint, for they might have
been forced to amend it once more after they were done. Finally, whatever delay there might
have been—which appears to have been minimal, if there was any at all—was hardly prejudicial
to Defendants. Indeed, this is not a case where a plaintiff seeks to amend his complaint on the
eve of trial or in an attempt to save an action from an already-pending motion for summary
judgment. Rather, Plaintiffs sought to amend their complaint before the close of discovery and
before any trial or pretrial dates have been scheduled. “Generally, [] a plaintiff is not dilatory in
seeking to amend a complaint when no trial or pretrial dates have been scheduled.” 27A T.
Bateman, et. al., Federal Procedure, Lawyers Edition § 62:273 (2018). And Defendants have
made no attempt to show that they have been prejudiced by any purported delay. Djourabchi,
240 F.R.D. at 13 (“delay alone is an insufficient ground to deny [a] motion [to amend] unless it
prejudices the opposing party”).
Apart from allegations of dilatory behavior, Defendants also claim that Plaintiffs have
other nefarious purposes in moving to amend their Complaint at this time. Specifically, they
speculate that Plaintiffs have timed their motion to coincide with an annual meeting of another
academic association that was considering an academic boycott of Israel. See Defs.’ Opp’n at
10–11. According to Defendants, the motion is, in reality, part of an elaborate public relations
campaign designed “to ‘ratchet up’ the pressure on third parties who might consider a boycott
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against Israeli academic institutions.” Defs.’ Opp’n at 10. But the Court cannot countenance
denial of a motion to amend based purely on this type of conjectural guess-work. “Preventing a
party from amending her complaint on the basis of bad faith generally requires an affirmative
showing by the nonmoving party.” Sherrod v. McHugh, 249 F. Supp. 3d 85, 87 (D.D.C. 2017)
(internal citations omitted). Typically, this entails a showing that “the proposed amendments are
similar to already-rejected claims or otherwise unlikely to succeed on their face.” Id. (citing
Hoffmann v. United States, 266 F. Supp. 2d 27, 34 (D.D.C. 2003)). Defendants have made no
such showing here. First, even if the motion does coincide with a meeting of another academic
institution, Plaintiffs have made a plausible showing that the timing of the motion was actually
the result of Defendants’ late production of large amounts of materials, rather than other
questionable purposes. Moreover, the new claims that Plaintiffs assert do not appear to be the
same as those that this Court has already rejected2 nor do they appear outlandish on their face.
Accordingly, the Court cannot find that the motion should be denied on the basis of bad faith.
3. Futility
Finally, the Court may deny leave to amend if the proposed amendment would be futile,
meaning the amended complaint could not withstand a motion to dismiss. BEG Investments,
2
Defendants do claim that Plaintiffs are attempting to repackage former derivative claims
as direct claims. But the Court does not view this alone as an indication of bad faith. The Court
dismissed the derivative claims because Plaintiffs had failed to make a demand on the National
Council, not because the claims themselves, if ASA had asserted them on its own, lacked merit.
The claims that Plaintiffs seek to assert sound in breaches of fiduciary duty, breaches of contract,
and ultra vires action, which the D.C. Court of Appeals has suggested may be asserted directly
by shareholders and members of non-profit organizations under certain circumstances. See
Jackson v. George, 146 A.3d 405, 415 (D.C. 2016); Daley v. Alpha Kappa Alpha Sorority, Inc.,
26 A.3d 723, 729–30 (D.C. 2011). Moreover, to the extent that Plaintiffs are asserting ultra vires
claims, it is apparent from the Complaint that Plaintiffs have made efforts to cure defects that the
Court identified in its prior opinion. In short, while the Court takes no position on whether the
claims would survive a motion to dismiss, the changes made to the Complaint are not so
egregious and lacking as to suggest to the Court that Plaintiffs are acting in bad faith.
12
LLC v. Alberti, 85 F. Supp. 3d 13, 23 (D.D.C. 2015) (citing Foman, 371 U.S. at 182; James
Madison Ltd. v. Ludwig, 82 F.3d 1085, 1099 (D.C. Cir. 1996)). The Court, however, will not
deny leave on this basis. There are two principle reasons for this decision. First and foremost, as
explained below, the briefing on the motion to amend has raised a serious question concerning
this Court’s subject-matter jurisdiction. Consequently, the Court declines to assess and evaluate
the legal issues implicated in Defendants’ various arguments until the Court can adequately
resolve the threshold jurisdictional issue. See Wesberry v. United States, 205 F. Supp. 3d 120,
134 n.12 (D.D.C. 2016) (“The Court cannot reach the merits of the case without assuring itself
that it has subject matter jurisdiction.”). Second, Defendants appear to have taken a rather
scattershot approach to arguing futility and have presented only bare-bones arguments with
almost no legal authority for their various positions. Given the rather complex nature of this
matter, the Court is not inclined to dismiss the proposed claims based purely on cursory
arguments that lack clear rationale and legal authority. See Fox v. District of Columbia, 851 F.
Supp. 2d 20, 39 (D.D.C. 2012) (“The Court declines to dismiss these [amended] counts
prospectively on the basis of futility when it has not been presented with a clear legal basis for
why they are futile.”); Doe v. Siddig, 810 F. Supp. 2d 127, 137–38 (D.D.C. 2011) (“courts need
not resolve arguments raised in a cursory manner and with only the most bare-bones arguments
in support.” (citing Wash. Legal Clinic for the Homeless v. Barry, 107 F.3d 32, 39 (D.C. Cir.
1997))). Consequently, the Court will not address the Defendants’ futility arguments at this
time; however, Defendants may re-raise these objections in a well-supported motion to dismiss
or motion for summary judgment. As a result of the foregoing, the Court finds that Plaintiffs
should be granted leave to amend their Complaint.
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B. Question of Subject Matter Jurisdiction
The Court now returns to a question concerning its own subject-matter jurisdiction. In
this Court’s prior opinion, it addressed arguments by the parties concerning subject-matter
jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1332. That statute provides that “district courts shall have original
jurisdiction of all civil actions where the matter in controversy exceeds the sum or value of
$75,000, exclusive of interest and costs, and is between,” among others, “citizens of different
states.” 28 U.S. C. § 1332(a). In the earlier round of briefing, the principal dispute between the
parties concerned whether Plaintiffs had satisfied the amount in controversy requirement. The
Court concluded that, because it was not legally impossible for Plaintiffs to recover at least
$75,000 in damages, they had satisfied their burden to demonstrate the existence of subject
matter jurisdiction. See Mem. Op. at 11–13, ECF No. 28. Despite having previously addressed
the issue, this Court has a continuing duty to examine its subject matter jurisdiction and must
raise the issue sua sponte when it comes into doubt. See Henderson ex rel. Henderson v.
Shinseki, 562 U.S. 428, 434 (2011) (“[F]ederal courts have an independent obligation to ensure
that they do not exceed the scope of their jurisdiction, and therefore they must raise and decide
jurisdictional questions that the parties either overlook or elect not to press.”). Although the
parties have not explicitly readdressed subject matter jurisdiction in their latest round of motions,
they have raised certain issues that have given this Court reason to revisit the amount in
controversy issue once more.
In the Complaint, the only damages that Plaintiffs seek are “damages from the individual
Defendants incurred by [ASA].” See Pls.’ Proposed Second Am. Compl. (“SAC”) ¶¶ 194, 197,
207, 215, 225; SAC at 82. All of those individuals either currently serve or have previously
served on ASA’s National Council, which is equivalent to a Board of Directors for purposes of
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the D.C. Nonprofit Corporations Act. See D.C. Code § 29-401.02 (“‘Board’ or ‘board of
directors’ means the group of individuals responsible for the management of the activities and
affairs of the nonprofit corporation, regardless of the name used to refer to the group.”). The
D.C. Nonprofit Corporations Act, however, provides that directors of nonprofit organizations are
not liable for money damages except in very specific situations. See D.C. Code § 29-406.31. Of
particular import here is D.C. Code § 29-406.31(d). That provision states:
[n]otwithstanding any other provision of this section, a director of a charitable
corporation shall not be liable to the corporation or its members for money damages for
any action taken, or any failure to take any action, as a director, except liability for: (1)
The amount of a financial benefit received by the director to which the director is not
entitled; (2) An intentional infliction of harm; (3) A violation of § 29-406.33; or (4) An
intentional violation of criminal law.
D.C. Code § 29-406.31(d).
In their opposition to the Plaintiffs’ motion for leave to amend, Defendants argued that
Plaintiffs did not “attempt to satisfy the requirements under the D.C. Nonprofit Corporations Act
to hold the individual defendants liable.” Def.’s Opp’n. at 5. Specifically, they pointed to D.C.
Code § 29-406.31(d), and noted that “Plaintiffs’ proposed second amended complaint alleges
none of [the] exceptions [under the statute], nor could [they].” Defs.’ Opp’n at 5. Plaintiffs have
not disputed this.
Instead, Plaintiffs responded in two ways. First, they argue that the suit may proceed
because “[s]ubsection (d) only applies to liability for money damages, not other forms of relief”
and, in this case, “Plaintiffs seek both declaratory and injunctive relief.” Pls.’ Reply at 10, ECF
No. 67. While it is true that subsection (d) applies to suits for money damages and that Plaintiffs
are pursuing both legal and equitable remedies, the implicit argument that § 29-406.31(d) is
somehow unimportant is plainly wrong. Indeed, not only does it affect the remedies that
Plaintiffs might ultimately obtain, it necessarily has important implications for this Court’s
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analysis of subject matter jurisdiction. Because Plaintiffs are only seeking money damages from
the Individual Defendants, if the D.C. Nonprofit Corporations Act precludes them from doing so,
then it would in fact be legally impossible for them to recover $75,000 in this action. Such a
finding would necessarily mean that this Court’s subject matter jurisdiction could not be founded
on 28 U.S.C. § 1332.
Plaintiffs also argue, however, that subsection (d) does not preclude damages because it
applies only to directors, not to officers. Thus, according to Plaintiffs, “[c]laims brought against
Individual Defendants for acts taken while they served as President are unaffected” by the
statute. Pls.’ Reply at 10. Likewise, they argue it does not “apply to John Stephens, a paid
employee and Executive Director of [ASA].” Pls.’ Reply at 10. Both of these arguments,
however, seem potentially problematic. First, the Court is rather skeptical of the assertion that
the statute does not apply to acts taken by ASA’s President. It is true that the “President” of
ASA is described in ASA’s Constitution as an “Officer.” See ASA Const. & Bylaws, Const.,
Art. IV, §1. But this label alone is not dispositive. Indeed, under the D.C. Nonprofit
Corporations Act, the term “director” is quite broad and means any “individual designated,
elected, or appointed, by that or any other name or title, to act as a member of the board of
directors, while the individual is holding that position.” D.C. Code § 29-401.02(9) (emphasis
added). Thus, even though the President is termed an “officer” under the ASA’s Constitution,
the position of President certainly seems to fit within the definition of “director” given that the
President, by the terms of ASA’s Constitution, is a member of the National Council. See ASA
Const. & Bylaws, Const. Art. IV, § 2; Art. V, § 1(a). And, in fact, based on the Constitution’s
description of duties for the President, the position would seem to be analogous to that of a
Chairman of a Board of Directors, given that the President presides over meetings of the Council
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and formulates policies and projects for presentation to the Council. See ASA Const. & Bylaws,
Const., Art. IV, § 2. Moreover, the President does not appear to have a clear role in day-to-day
management of the organization. Rather, the President and the National Council are to supervise
the Executive Director, who is described as the “chief administrative officer of the association”
and “oversee[s] the affairs of the association” with “responsibility for the continuing operations
of the association.” See ASA Const. & Bylaws, Const. Art. IV, Sec. 4. Consequently, it is
difficult to understand the position of President as being anything other than that of director for
purposes of the D.C. Nonprofit Corporations Act.
To the extent that Plaintiffs hang their hat on Defendant Stephens being a non-director,
the question seems closer. Mr. Stephens is ASA’s Executive Director and, as described above,
that position does involve oversight and responsibility for the everyday administration of ASA’s
activities. Nevertheless, like the President, ASA’s Constitution specifies that ASA’s Executive
Director is a member of the National Council, albeit a non-voting member. See ASA Const. &
Bylaws, Const. Art. V, § 1(g). Thus, it would seem that Defendant Stephens may also come
within the ambit of D.C. Code § 29-406.31(d).
Given that the parties have not addressed the impact that D.C. Code § 29-406.31(d) may
have on this Court’s subject matter jurisdiction, the Court will order the parties to provide
supplemental briefing addressing this threshold issue within thirty days of this opinion. In the
meantime, the case is stayed pending the Court’s consideration of its jurisdiction.
IV. CONCLUSION
For the foregoing reasons, Plaintiffs’ Amended Motion To Extend Time To Add Parties
(ECF No. 57) is GRANTED and Plaintiffs’ Motion For Leave To File Second Amended
Complaint (ECF No. 59) is GRANTED. In addition, the parties are directed to provide
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supplemental briefing on the issue of subject matter jurisdiction within 30 days of this opinion.
The case will remain stayed pending the resolution of that issue. An order consistent with this
Memorandum Opinion is separately and contemporaneously issued.
Dated: March 6, 2018 RUDOLPH CONTRERAS
United States District Judge
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