Morgan v. Saul

UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA
____________________________________
)
KIM M., 1 )
)
Plaintiff, )
)
v. ) Civil Action No. 20-cv-2072 (GMH)
)
KILOLO KIJAKAZI, Acting )
Commissioner of Social Security, 2 )
)
Defendant. )
____________________________________)
MEMORANDUM OPINION
Plaintiff Kim M. brought this action seeking to reverse the final decision of the Acting
Commissioner of Social Security, Kilolo Kijakazi (“Defendant” or “the Commissioner”), denying
Plaintiff’s application for Supplemental Security Income (“SSI”) benefits under Title II of the
Social Security Act, 42 U.S.C. § 405(g). Plaintiff alleges that the Administrative Law Judge
(“ALJ”) erred by (1) failing to undertake a function-by-function analysis in determining Plaintiff’s
RFC, (2) failing to properly consider record evidence that supported a limitation on Plaintiff’s
ability to stand and walk, and (3) applying an incorrect standard when assessing Plaintiff’s
subjective complaints. Plaintiff seeks reversal of the Commissioner’s decision, or alternatively
remand to the Social Security Administration pursuant to 42 U.S.C. § 405(g), on these grounds.
1
Plaintiff’s name has been partially redacted in accordance with the recommendation of the Committee on Court
Administration and Case Management of the Judicial Conference of the United States. See Memorandum from Hon.
Wm. Terrell Hodges, Chair, Comm. on Ct. Admin. & Case Mgmt. to Chief Judges of the U.S. Cts. of Appeals, Chief
Judges of the U.S. Dist. Cts., Clerks of the U.S. Cts. of Appeals, and Clerks of the U.S. Dist. Cts. (May 1, 2018),
https://www.uscourts.gov/sites/default/files/18-ap-c-suggestion_cacm_0.pdf (last visited Aug. 24, 2021).
2
Pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 25(d), the current Defendant has been substituted in place of her
predecessor. See Fed. R. Civ. P. 25(d).
The Commissioner argues that the ALJ properly determined Plaintiff’s RFC based on substantial
evidence.
Based on the parties’ arguments and review of the record, 3 Plaintiff’s motion for reversal
is denied, and Defendant’s motion for a judgment of affirmance is granted.
I. BACKGROUND
A. Statutory and Regulatory Framework
To be eligible for SSI benefits under the Social Security Act, the Social Security
Administration must find a claimant to be “disabled,” meaning that the individual is “unable to
engage in any substantial gainful activity by reason of any medically determinable physical or
mental impairment which can be expected to result in death or which has lasted or can be expected
to last for a continuous period of not less than twelve months.” 42 U.S.C. § 1382c(a)(3)(A). To
make that determination, an ALJ gathers evidence, holds a hearing, takes testimony, and performs
the following five-step, sequential inquiry of the disability claim:
Step one: whether the claimant is engaging in “substantial gainful activity”; 4
Step two: whether the claimant has a “severe” medically-determinable physical or
mental impairment or combination of impairments; 5
3
The relevant docket entries for purposes of this Memorandum Opinion and Order are (1) the administrative record
(ECF No. 11), (2) Plaintiff’s motion for judgment of reversal (ECF No. 15-1), (3) Defendant’s motion for judgment
of affirmance and opposition to Plaintiff’s motion for judgment of reversal (ECF No. 16), and (4) Plaintiff’s opposition
to Defendant’s motion for judgment of affirmance and reply to Defendant’s opposition to Plaintiff’s motion for
judgment of reversal (ECF No. 20). The page numbers cited herein are those assigned by the Court’s CM/ECF system.
4
“Substantial gainful activity” is work that “involves doing significant and productive physical or mental duties” and
is “done (or intended) for pay or profit.” 20 C.F.R. § 416.910; see also 20 C.F.R. § 404.1510 (defining “substantial
gainful activity” for the purposes of Social Security Disability Insurance Benefits (“DIB”) claims). “If [the claimant
is] doing substantial gainful activity, [the Social Security Administration (“SSA”)] will find that [the claimant is] not
disabled.” 20 C.F.R. § 416.920(a)(4)(i); see also 20 C.F.R. § 404.1520(a)(4)(i) (defining the step one inquiry for DIB
claims).
5
An impairment or combination of impairments is “severe” if it “significantly limit[s]” a claimant’s “physical or
mental ability to do basic work activities,” such as “walking, standing, sitting, lifting, pushing, pulling, reaching,
carrying, or handling”; “seeing, hearing, [or] speaking”; “[u]nderstanding, carrying out, and remembering simple
instructions”; exercising judgment; “[r]esponding appropriately to supervision, co-workers[,] and usual work
situations”; or “[d]ealing with changes in a routine work setting.” 20 C.F.R. § 416.922; see also 20 C.F.R. § 404.1522(defining a severe impairment for the purposes of DIB claims).
2
Step three: whether the claimant’s impairment is equivalent to one of the
disabling impairments listed in the appendix of the relevant regulation, 20 C.F.R.
Pt. 404, Subpt. P, App. 1 (the “Listings”);
Step four: whether the impairment prevents the claimant from performing his or
her past relevant work; 6 and
Step five: whether the claimant, in light of his or her age, education, work
experience, and RFC—i.e., the most he or she is able to do notwithstanding his or
her physical and mental limitations—in unable to perform another job available in
the national economy. 7
See 20 C.F.R. §§ 416.920, 404.1520; see also Butler v. Barnhart, 353 F.3d 992, 997 (D.C. Cir.
2004). “An affirmative answer to question 1 or negative answers to questions 2 or 4 result in a
determination of no disability. Affirmative answers to questions 3 or 5 establish disability.” Hines
v. Bowen, 872 F.2d 56, 58 (4th Cir. 1989).
The claimant bears the burden of proof at the first four steps of the evaluation. Callahan
v. Astrue, 786 F. Supp. 2d 87, 89 (D.D.C. 2011). At step five, the burden shifts to the
Commissioner to identify specific jobs available in the national economy that the claimant can
perform. Id. In making this determination, an ALJ may call a vocational expert to testify at the
hearing as to whether, based on the claimant’s RFC, he or she can perform other work that exists
in the national economy. Id. at 90.
6
“Past relevant work” is work “done within the past 15 years, that was substantial gainful activity, and that lasted long
enough for [the claimant] to learn to do it.” 20 C.F.R. § 416.960(b)(1); see also 20 C.F.R. § 404.1560(b)(1) (defining
“past relevant work” for the purposes of DIB claims). If the claimant can perform his or her past relevant work, a
finding of “not disabled” is mandated. 20 C.F.R. § 416.920(a)(4)(iv); see also 20 C.F.R. § 404.1520(a)(4)(iv)
(defining the step four inquiry for DIB claims).
7
At the fifth step, the ALJ may, “[i]n the ordinary case, . . . resort[ ] to the applicable medical vocational guidelines”
(also known as “the grids”) to determine whether the claimant is disabled. Rosa v. Callahan, 168 F.3d 72, 78 (2d Cir.
1999) (quoting Bapp v. Bowen, 802 F.2d 601, 604 (2d Cir. 1986)); see also 20 C.F.R. Pt. 404, Subpt. P, App. 2. “The
grids ‘take[ ] into account the claimant’s residual functional capacity in conjunction with the claimant’s age, education
and work experience.” Rosa, 168 F.2d at 78 (alteration in original) (quoting Zorilla v. Chater, 915 F. Supp. 662, 667
(S.D.N.Y. 1996)).
3
B. Plaintiff’s Disability Claims and Procedural History
Plaintiff was born in September 1965. ECF No. 11-6 at 2. She completed the eighth grade
and has previously worked as a hostess, home aide, and house cleaner. ECF No. 11-2 at 43–46.
Plaintiff filed an application for supplemental security income in September 2017. ECF No. 11-2
at 16. In the application, Plaintiff claimed disability due to a knee cyst, foot pain, breast cyst,
arthritis, and hip pain. ECF No. 11-6 at 14.
Plaintiff’s application was initially denied in January 2018, and upon reconsideration in
May 2018. ECF No. 11-2 at 16. She then requested a hearing before an ALJ, which was held in
September 2019. Id. at 37. Both Plaintiff and an impartial vocational expert testified at the
hearing. Id. at 42, 69. Plaintiff testified that she was disabled as a result of a pinched nerve in her
shoulder, left foot pain, a bunion on her right foot, a cyst in her breast, knee pain, and a herniated
disk in her back. ECF No. 11-2 at 48. Plaintiff also testified that although she had performed
some work during the prior fifteen years, she never made more than $500 per year. Id. at 44–46.
Plaintiff explained that she had not worked recently due to knee, foot, and back pain, which made
it difficult to walk; a pinched nerve, which made it difficult to raise her arm; and a “trigger finger,”
which made it difficult to grasp things. 8 ECF No. 11-2 at 47–49.
The ALJ then called the vocational expert to testify and asked whether jobs existed in the
national economy for an individual the same age as Plaintiff, with the same work experience and
education, who is able to perform light work but could never climb ladders, ropes, or scaffolds;
occasionally climb ramps and stairs, balance, kneel, crouch and crawl; frequently handle with the
left nondominant upper extremity; occasionally reach overhead with the left nondominant upper
8
A “trigger finger,” also known as stenosing tenosynovitis, “is a condition in which one of [the] fingers gets stuck in
a bent position,” such that it “may bend or straighten with a snap—like a trigger being pulled and released.” Trigger
finger, https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/trigger-finger/symptoms-causes/syc-20365100 (last visited
Aug. 31, 2021).
4
extremity; occasionally push and pull and operate foot controls with the bilateral lower extremities;
never have concentrated exposure to temperature extremes; and never be exposed to workplace
hazards, such as unprotected heights, dangerous moving machinery, and uneven ground. ECF No.
11-2 at 71. The vocational expert testified that such an individual could perform work as a cashier,
front desk clerk, and weight recorder. Id. at 71–72.
C. The ALJ’s Decision
The ALJ issued her decision denying benefits in October 2019. ECF No. 11-2 at 13–29.
That decision became the final decision of the Commissioner when the Appeals Council concluded
that there was no basis for granting Plaintiff’s request for review in June 2020. ECF No. 11-2 at
2. Because Plaintiff’s arguments all relate to the ALJ’s determination of Plaintiff’s RFC, the
following recitation focuses on that determination.
1. Substantial Gainful Employment, Severe Impairments, and the Listings
At step one, the ALJ found that Plaintiff had not engaged in substantial gainful activity
since September 8, 2017, the date she applied for SSI. ECF No. 11-2 at 18. At step two, he found
that Plaintiff had the following impairments that qualified as severe under the regulations: left
plantar nerve lesion, status post left foot surgery, right knee degenerative joint disease, right knee
osteoarthritis, and trigger finger. ECF No. 11-2 at 18.
At step three, the ALJ found that Plaintiff’s impairments did not meet or medically equal
the severity of any impairments in the Listings. Id. at 20. Specifically, she considered Listing
1.02 for major dysfunction of one or more joints due to any cause and concluded that Plaintiff’s
knee and foot impairments did not meet this listing because the record evidence did not indicate
that Plaintiff was unable to ambulate effectively, generally defined as “having insufficient lower
extremity functioning to permit independent ambulation without the use of a hand-held assistive
5
device that limits the functioning of both upper extremities.” Id. The ALJ explained that the
record evidence was inconsistent regarding whether Plaintiff required the use of an assistive device
at all, and there was no evidence that Plaintiff used an assistive device that limited the functioning
of both upper extremities. Id. The ALJ also concluded that Plaintiff’s trigger finger did not meet
Listing 1.02 because the record evidence did not include findings on appropriate medically
acceptable imaging of joint space narrowing, bony destruction, or ankylosis, resulting in the
inability to perform fine and gross movements effectively. Id.
2. Plaintiff’s RFC
At step four of the inquiry, the ALJ determined that Plaintiff had the following RFC:
[Plaintiff] has the residual functional capacity to perform light work as defined in
20 CFR 416.967(b) except that she can never climb ladders, ropes, or scaffolds; she
can occasionally climb ramps and stairs, balance, kneel, crouch, and crawl; she can
frequently finger with the left nondominant upper extremity; she can occasionally
reach overhead with the left nondominant upper extremity; she can occasionally
push and pull and operate foot controls with the bilateral lower extremities; she
must avoid concentrated exposure to temperature extremes; and she must avoid all
exposure to workplace hazards such as unprotected heights, dangerous moving
machinery, and uneven ground.
ECF No. 11-2 at 21. The regulations define “light work” as involving “lifting no more than 20
pounds at a time with frequent lifting or carrying of objects weighing up to 10 pounds. . . . [A] job
is in this category when it requires a good deal of walking or standing, or when it involves sitting
most of the time with some pushing and pulling of arm or leg controls.” 20 C.F.R. § 416.967(b).
More specifically, “the full range of light work requires standing or walking, off and on, for . . .
approximately 6 hours of an 8-hour workday.” Titles II and XVI: Determining Capability to do
Other Work—the Medical-Vocational Rules of Appendix 2, Social Security Ruling 83-10
[hereinafter, SSR 83-10], 1983 WL 31251, at *5–6 (S.S.A. Jan. 1, 1983).
In determining that RFC, the ALJ found that Plaintiff’s medically determinable
6
impairments could reasonably be expected to cause the alleged symptoms of knee swelling, limited
shoulder range of motion, difficulty grasping objects, difficulty walking, inability to lift objects
weighing more than eight pounds, and difficulty sitting and standing for more than 20 minutes at
a time. Id. at 21–22. However, the ALJ further found that Plaintiff’s statements as to the intensity,
persistence, and limiting effects of those symptoms were “not entirely consistent” with the record
evidence. Id. at 22. Specifically, following her review of Plaintiff’s testimony, treatment history,
and the objective medical evidence, the ALJ determined that, while the evidence showed Plaintiff
did have a history of left foot, right knee, and left middle finger impairments, those conditions had
generally responded well to treatment. Id. at 24–25.
Beginning with the Plaintiff’s left foot impairments, the ALJ acknowledged record
evidence that showed some limitations due to a lesion of the left plantar nerve and some left foot
pain following surgery. Id. at 11-2 at 21–22; see ECF No. 11-7 at 2, 5, 106; ECF No. 11-8 at 48,
50. Plaintiff alleged these impairments made it difficult to walk and stand. ECF No. 11-2 at 21–
22. The ALJ contrasted those representations with an October 2017 medical report from Plaintiff’s
treating physician noting that, following foot surgeries in August 2016 and September 2017,
Plaintiff’s “presurgical pain was mostly resolved and she only exhibited mild to moderate
tenderness.” Id. at 23; see ECF No. 11-8 at 52. Indeed, Plaintiff testified that the surgeries relieved
her symptoms and she continued to have only a “little pain every now and then.” ECF No. 11-2
at 53. Accordingly, the ALJ concluded that although Plaintiff had experienced impairments to her
left foot that caused significant pain, the record evidence indicated that the impairment largely
resolved with treatment. ECF No. 11-2 at 23. The ALJ determined that the evidence regarding
Plaintiff’s foot impairment supported limiting Plaintiff to light work, with additional postural and
environmental limitations. Id.7
Turning to Plaintiff’s knee impairments, the ALJ pointed to record evidence showing that
Plaintiff had been diagnosed with patellofemoral syndrome 9 in her right knee in July 2016, and
osteoarthritis in her right knee in September 2017. Id. at 23–24; see ECF No. 11-7 at 44, 47. She
also pointed to x-rays from August 2019 showing mild degenerative change. ECF No. 11-2 at 24;
see ECF No. 11-8 at 85. Plaintiff testified at the hearing that she was unable to ambulate without
a cane due to her knee pain; and the medical record reflects she rated the pain from her knee as
being a 10 out or 10 in August 2017 and an 8 out of 10 in December 2018. ECF No. 11-2 at 23–
24; see ECF No. 11-7 at 49; ECF No. 11-8 at 64. The ALJ contrasted those representations with
January 2017 treatment notes from Plaintiff’s treating physician, Dr. Evan Argintar, who noted
that Plaintiff’s right knee patellofemoral syndrome had “improved to such an extent with physical
therapy” that by January 2017 she had “absolutely no symptoms” and her condition was “clinically
resolved.” ECF No. 11-2 at 23, 25; see ECF No. 11-7 at 43. More, although Plaintiff rated her
right knee pain as 10 out of 10 in August 2017, Dr. Argintar noted that Plaintiff walked without a
limp, exhibited no tenderness to the knee, and exhibited a full range of motion in her knees. ECF
No. 11-2 at 23; see ECF No. 11-7 at 49–50. The ALJ further noted that Plaintiff continued to
complain of significant knee pain in December 2018 and August 2019, but that a physical
examination from August 2019 had unremarkable findings, showing that Plaintiff walked with
only a mildly antalgic gait, there was no significant erythema or warmth in the knee, and only mild
effusion. ECF No. 11-2 at 24; see ECF No. 11-8 at 83. Further, medical imaging in August 2019
showed only mild degenerative change in her knee. ECF No. 11-2 at 24; see ECF No. 11-8 at 85.
9
Patellofemoral syndrome “is pain at the front of [the] knee, around [the] kneecap (patella). . . . Simple treatments—
such as rest and ice—often help, but sometimes physical therapy is needed to ease patellofemoral pain.”
Patellofemoral pain syndrome, https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/patellofemoral-pain-
syndrome/symptoms-causes/syc-
20350792#:~:text=Patellofemoral%20(puh%2Dtel%2Do,that%20involve%20running%20and%20jumping (last
visited Aug. 31, 2021).
8
Although Plaintiff claimed at the hearing that she used a cane for the past three years (ECF No.
11-2 at 53), the ALJ’s decision highlighted record evidence that was inconsistent regarding
Plaintiff’ use of an assistive device. ECF No. 11-2 at 25. For example, the ALJ pointed to a record
from November 2016 indicating that Plaintiff did not require an assistive device (ECF No. 11-7 at
82), and noted that, even where Plaintiff exhibited an antalgic gait, she did not appear to use an
assistive device and did not need help getting on and off the examination table or rising from a
chair (ECF No. 11-7 at 72). ECF No. 11-2 at 23–25. Last, he emphasized podiatry treatment notes
from November 2018 reflecting that Plaintiff was ambulatory with a cane but had normal strength,
and from January 2019 where Plaintiff exhibited an antalgic gait but made no mention of a cane.
ECF No. 11-2 at 25; see ECF No. 11-8 at 71, 80. The ALJ thus concluded that the record evidence
indicated that Plaintiff has right knee pain, but that it is not as limiting as she alleges and is
consistent with Plaintiff’s ability to perform light work with additional postural and environmental
limitations. ECF No. 11-2 at 24.
Last, turning to Plaintiff’s trigger finger, the ALJ noted that Plaintiff was diagnosed with
trigger finger in 2017. Id.; see ECF No. 11-7 at 50. Plaintiff alleged that her trigger finger made
it difficult to grasp objects. ECF No. 11-2 at 21. The ALJ contrasted that claim with Plaintiff’s
own statement that a corticosteroid injection was very helpful for her trigger finger and following
Plaintiff’s trigger finger release surgery, there is little record evidence of the condition. Id. at 24–
25; see ECF No. 11-8 at 57–58, 94. The ALJ concluded the record evidence supported Plaintiff’s
ability to perform light work with additional manipulative limitations. ECF No. 11-2 at 24.
Next the ALJ considered the opinion evidence. The ALJ considered the opinions of the
state agency medical consultants, Dr. Eduardo Haim and Dr. Veronica Bedeau, to be “somewhat
persuasive” because they were consistent with each other and were supported by reference to
9
Plaintiff’s treatment record. Id. at 26; see ECF No. 11-3 at 2–13, 15–26. However, the ALJ noted
that neither consulting physician had the opportunity to review more recent record evidence. ECF
No. 11-2 at 26. The ALJ also considered the consultative examine Dr. Nolte’s opinion to be only
“somewhat persuasive.” ECF No. 11-2 at 26–27. She opined that Plaintiff had moderate
limitations in walking, climbing, and squatting and recommended that she avoid prolonged
standing, walking, squatting, kneeling, and crawling. Id.; see ECF No. 11-7 at 70–75. The ALJ
found that opinion only somewhat persuasive because it had support from Dr. Nolte’s examination
notes and other record evidence, but it was vague as to the meaning of “moderate limitations” and
“prolonged standing.” ECF No. 11-2 at 26. Last, the ALJ considered the opinion of Audrey
Harris, a nurse practitioner who served as Plaintiff’s primary care provider. ECF No. 11-2 at 27;
see ECF No. 11-8 at 17–18. She opined that Plaintiff could sit, stand, and walk for less than two
hours, and could lift/carry a maximum of less than 10 pounds at a time. ECF No. 11-2 at 27; see
ECF No. 11-8 at 17–18. The ALJ found this opinion to be unpersuasive because Nurse Harris did
not provide any support for her recommended limitations and those recommendations were not
consistent with the record evidence. ECF No. 11-2 at 27. For example, the ALJ found that Nurse
Harris’ opinion that Plaintiff could sit, stand, and walk less than two hours and lift/carry less than
10 pounds was not consistent with the record evidence that Plaintiff’s left foot and right knee
impairments improved with treatment. Id.
3. Past Relevant Work and Other Jobs Available in the National Economy
The ALJ next found that Plaintiff had no past relevant work. Id. At step five, relying on
the testimony of the vocational expert, the ALJ determined that there are jobs in the national
economy that an individual with Plaintiff’s age, education, work experience, and RFC could
10
perform; specifically, cashier, front desk clerk, and weight recorder. Id. at 28.
II. LEGAL STANDARD
A federal district court has jurisdiction over a civil case challenging a final decision of the
Commissioner. 42 U.S.C. § 405(g). A reviewing court must affirm the Commissioner’s decision
if it is based on substantial evidence in the record and the correct application of the relevant legal
standards. Id.; Butler, 353 F.3d at 999.
“[T]he plaintiff bears the burden of demonstrating that the Commissioner’s decision is not
based on substantial evidence or that incorrect legal standards were applied. Lane-Rauth v.
Barnhart, 437 F. Supp. 2d 63, 64 (D.D.C. 2006). Substantial evidence is “such relevant evidence
as a reasonable mind might accept as adequate to support a conclusion.” Richardson v. Perales,
402 U.S. 389, 401 (1971) (quoting Consol. Edison Co. v. NLRB, 305 U.S. 197, 229 (1938)). It
requires “more than a scintilla [of evidence], but can be satisfied by something less than a
preponderance of the evidence.” Fla. Mun. Power Agency v. FERC, 315 F.3d 362, 365–66 (D.C.
Cir. 2003) (quoting FPL Energy Me. Hydro LLC v. FERC, 287 F.3d1151, 1160 (D.C. Cir. 2002)).
“The substantial evidence standard requires considerable deference to the decision rendered by the
ALJ.” Crosson v. Shalala, 907 F. Supp. 1, 3 (D.D.C. 1995). The reviewing court may neither
reweigh the evidence presented to it nor replace the Commissioner’s judgment “concerning the
credibility of the evidence with its own.” Id.; see also Butler, 353 F.3d at 999 (finding that the
district court’s role is not to reweigh the evidence but only to determine whether the ALJ’s findings
are “based on substantial evidence and a correct application of the law”). However, “this standard
of review requires the Court to carefully scrutinize the entire record to ensure that the
Commissioner, through the ALJ, has both analyzed all of the evidence available and has
sufficiently explained his/her reasoning and the weights given to the facts.” Pinkney v. Astrue,
11
675 F. Supp. 2d 9, 14 (D.D.C. 2009); see also Lane-Rauth, 437 F. Supp. 2d at 65 (“[T]his standard
of review ‘calls for careful scrutiny of the entire record,’ to determine whether the Commissioner,
acting through the ALJ, ‘has analyzed all evidence and has sufficiently explained the weight he
has given to obviously probative exhibits[.]’” (second alteration in original) (quoting Butler, 353
F.3d at 999)). Moreover, the Court’s job is to “consider the grounds actually proffered by the
ALJ” rather than to make those determinations for itself, Ward v. Berryhill, 246 F. Supp. 3d 202,
210 (D.D.C. 2017), or credit “post-hoc rationalization[s]” advanced by the parties, Cooper v.
Berryhill, No. 16-1671, 2017 WL 4326388, at *5 (D.D.C. Sept. 28, 2017). See also SEC v.
Chenery Corp., 332 U.S. 194, 196 (1947) (holding that a reviewing court “must judge the propriety
of [an agency’s judgment] solely by the grounds invoked by the agency”); Jones v. Astrue, 647
F.3d 350, 356 (D.C. Cir. 2011) (citing Chenery, 332 U.S. at 196).
III. DISCUSSION
Plaintiff presents three arguments that the ALJ’s determination of her RFC was flawed. First,
she argues that the ALJ erred by failing to conduct a function-by-function analysis of Plaintiff’s
work-related abilities; specifically, walking and standing. ECF No. 15-1 at 5. Second, Plaintiff
argues that the ALJ erred by failing to properly assess Dr. Nolte’s opinion, which Plaintiff claims
supports a standing and walking limitation. Id. 8–10, ECF No. 20 at 3. Third, Plaintiff argues that
the ALJ erred by applying an improper standard to assess Plaintiff’s subjective complaints. ECF
No. 15-1 at 10. None of those arguments succeed.
A. Function-by-Function Analysis
In support of her first argument, Plaintiff relies on Social Security Ruling 96-8p, which
states that “[an] RFC assessment must first identify the individual’s functional limitations or
restrictions and assess his or her work-related abilities on a function-by-function basis” before the
12
RFC “may [ ] be expressed in terms of the exertional levels of work, sedentary, light, medium,
heavy, and very heavy.” Titles II and XVI: Assessing Residual Functional Capacity in Initial
Claims, SSR 96-8p [hereinafter SSR 96-8p], 1996 WL 374184, at *1 (S.S.A. July 2, 1996). She
asserts that the ALJ erred by failing to perform a function-by-function assessment of Plaintiff’s
work-related abilities; specifically, walking and standing. ECF No. 15-1 at 5–6. Plaintiff is
incorrect.
As the Commissioner explained in her brief, to the extent that Plaintiff contends that the
ALJ’s opinion must include an analysis that addresses in writing each and every work-related
function listed in SSR 96-8p, that position has been rejected. See ECF No. 16 at 16. “Although
the language of SSR 96–8p requires that the ALJ's RFC assessment ‘must address . . . the
remaining exertional . . . capacities of the individual,’ this does not require written articulation of
all seven strength demands”; instead, “[t]he narrative discussion requirement simply requires the
ALJ to explain an ‘individual's ability to perform sustained work activities in an ordinary work
setting on a regular basis,” and “describe the maximum amount of each work-related activity the
individual can perform based on the evidence available in the case record.’” Banks v. Astrue, 537
F. Supp. 2d 75, 85 (D.D.C. 2008); see also Contreras v. Comm’r of Soc. Sec., 239 F. Supp. 3d 203,
207 (D.D.C. 2017) (“This court has found that when ‘the ALJ provided a thorough narrative
discussion of [Plaintiff’s] limitations,’ and has built a ‘logical bridge’ from the evidence to his
conclusion, the RFC analysis does not require ‘written articulation of all seven strength
demands.’”) (quoting Banks, 537 F. Supp. 2d at 85); Nsiah v. Saul, No. 19-cv-00042, 2021 WL
372784, at *14 (D.D.C. Feb. 3, 2021) (“[A] narrative discussion ‘is sufficient for the ALJ to fulfill
[his] obligation to complete a function-by-function analysis that allows the [court] to conduct
meaningful review.’”) (quoting Davis v. Berryhill, 272 F. Supp. 3d 154, 172 (D.D.C. 2017);
13
Simmons v. Saul, No. 18-CV-1293, 2019 WL 12251882, at *13 (D.D.C. Sept. 30, 2019) (“To the
extent that Plaintiff argues that the absence of explicit and separate evaluations of each of the
relevant strength categories in itself requires remand (or reversal), he is mistaken.”), report and
recommendation adopted, 2019 WL 12251883 (D.D.C. Oct. 22, 2019). Indeed, although the D.C.
Circuit has not addressed that specific question, see Banks, 537 F. Supp. 2d at 84, a number of
other Courts of Appeals have indicated that “an ALJ need not expressly discuss a claimant’s
capacity to perform each work-related function before classifying the claimant’s RFC in exertional
terms,” Cichocki v. Astrue, 729 F.3d 172, 177 (2d Cir. 2013) (per curiam) (collecting cases from
the Sixth, Seventh, and Ninth Circuits).
Here, the ALJ clearly expressed the reasoning underlying her assessment of Plaintiff’s RFC
throughout her discussion of the medical and other evidence. As Plaintiff’s brief explains, Plaintiff
testified that she could only sit for 20 minutes, stand for 20 minutes, and walk for less than one
block. ECF No. 15-1 at 7. But the ALJ found that the record evidence indicated that Plaintiff was
not so limited. For example, although Plaintiff did have a history of left foot pain and right knee
pain and had been diagnosed with a lesion of the plantar nerve, osteoarthritis, and degenerative
joint disease, the ALJ pointed to record evidence showing that Plaintiff’s foot and knee
impairments responded well to treatment. ECF No. 11-2 at 23–24. Indeed, the ALJ explained that
following Plaintiff’s foot surgeries in August 2016 and September 2017, the record showed little
evidence of problems with Plaintiff’s left foot and Plaintiff testified that the surgeries relieved her
pain and she only has a “little pain every now and then” (ECF No. 11-2 at 53; see ECF No. 11-8
at 52), while Plaintiff’s treating physician noted that her right knee patellofemoral syndrome had
done “excellent” with therapy and she had “absolutely no symptoms” (ECF No. 11-2 at 23; see
ECF No. 11-7 at 43). More, the ALJ pointed to record evidence showing that Plaintiff did not
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consistently use a cane to ambulate, did not always walk with a limp, and at times exhibited full
range of motion in her knees. ECF No. 11-2 at 23; see ECF No. 11-7 at 49–50, 72, 11-8 at 64–65,
83. And although Plaintiff stated that her knee pain was eight to ten out of ten at times, treatments
notes were inconsistent with such statements because they indicated that Plaintiff either walked
without a limp or had only a mild antalgic gait, exhibited no tenderness to the knee, no significant
erythema or warmth in the knee, exhibited a full range of motion in her knees, and had only mild
effusion. ECF No. 11-2 at 23–24; see ECF No. 11-7 at 49–50; ECF No. 11-8 at 64, 83. Last, the
ALJ noted that x-rays of Plaintiff’s knees showed only mild degenerative change. ECF No. 11-2
at 24; see ECF No. 11-8 at 85. Accordingly, the ALJ concluded that the record demonstrated that
Plaintiff could perform light work, which involves either “a good deal of walking or standing,” or
“sitting most of the time with some pushing and pulling of arm or leg controls” 20 C.F.R. §
404.1567(b); 20 C.F.R. § 416.967(b), with additional postural and environmental limitations,
including never climbing ladders, ropes, or scaffolds, occasionally climbing ramps and stairs,
balancing, kneeling, crouching, and crawling, occasionally operating foot controls with the
bilateral lower extremities, and avoiding all exposure to workplace hazards. ECF No. 11-2 at 21,
23.
The ALJ also considered the opinion evidence. The ALJ only found the opinions of the
state agency consultants “somewhat persuasive” because they were consistent with each other and
with the treatment evidence; however, they did not have the benefit of later medical records
including the more recent evidence of Plaintiff’s foot and knee impairment that show continued
reports of pain, but little evidence of limitation on examination. ECF No. 11-2 at 26; see ECF No.
11-3 at 2–13, 15–26. Regarding Dr. Nolte’s opinion, the ALJ also considered it “somewhat
persuasive” because it was consistent with Dr. Nolte’s examination; however, it was vague as to
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the meaning of “moderate limitations” and her recommendation that Plaintiff avoid “prolonged
standing” and thus the ALJ could not determine whether her opinion was consistent with the
medical record. ECF No. 11-2 at 26–27; see ECF No. 11-7 at 70–75. Last, the ALJ did not find
the opinion of Plaintiff’s nurse practitioner persuasive because it recommended extreme
limitations, without any support, and was not consistent with the medical evidence in the record,
including the evidence that Plaintiff’s knee and foot impairments showed improvement with
treatment. ECF No. 11-2 at 27; see ECF No. 11-8 at 17–18.
Thus, the ALJ provided a sufficient discussion of the record evidence, connected that
discussion to the limitation included in Plaintiff’s RFC, and explained the weight she provided to
the opinion evidence and why. That is sufficient. See Goodman v. Colvin, 233 F.Supp.3d 88, 112
(D.D.C. 2017) (finding ALJ’s RFC discussion adequate where ALJ “considered the record as a
whole[,] [ ] discussed which evidence he found credible and why[,] [ ] clearly explained the
relevance of [the record evidence] . . . and [ ] provided a rational basis for finding that Plaintiff’s
claims regarding pain were not entirely credible); Banks, 537 F. Supp. 2d at 85 (concluding that
ALJ’s decision met the requirements of SSR 96-8p where he “provided a ‘logical bridge’ between
the evidence and his conclusion); cf. Lane-Rauth, 437 F. Supp. 2d at 67 (finding ALJ’s assessment
inadequate where ALJ simply listed all of the medical evidence in the record, without further
explanation or discussion, and then summarily concluded that the claimant was capable of
performing sedentary work); Simmons v. Saul, No. 18-cv-1293, 2019 WL 12251882, at *14
(D.D.C. Sept. 30, 2019) (finding ALJ’s assessment inadequate where ALJ simply listed all of the
medical evidence in the record and, without explanation, concluded that the claimant could
perform medium work, despite record evidence to the contrary).
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B. Consideration of Dr. Nolte’s Opinion
Plaintiff also argues that the ALJ erred by failing to include any limitation on Plaintiff’s
ability to stand or walk, despite Dr. Nolte’s opinion that Plaintiff had a moderate limitation in
walking and should avoid prolonged standing and walking. ECF No. 15-1 at 8–9; ECF No. 20 at
3. This argument fails for two reasons.
First, Plaintiff’s claim that the ALJ failed to include any limitation on Plaintiff’s ability to
stand and walk is simply inaccurate. ECF No. 15-1 at 9. An RFC restriction of light work itself
contains a limitation on standing and/or walking. The regulations define “light work” as involving
either “a good deal of walking or standing” or “sitting most of the time with some pushing and
pulling of arm or leg controls.” 20 C.F.R. § 416.967(b). SSR 83-10 expands on that definition,
recognizing that light work may require “standing or walking, off and on, for a total of
approximately 6 hours of an 8-hour workday,” or may allow for “sitting most of the time.” 1983
WL 31251 at *5–6. That is, light work includes an inherent limitation to less-than-constant
standing and walking, and at times can allow for sitting most of the time. Ellison v. Saul, No. 20-
cv-579, 2020 WL 7753294, at *10 (D.D.C. Dec. 8, 2020) (recognizing that light work includes an
inherent limitation on standing and walking), report and recommendation adopted, 2020 WL
7714734 (D.D.C. Dec. 29, 2020). Courts have found that a restriction to light work is appropriate
for an individual limited to a moderate amount of standing and/or walking, as Dr. Nolte found with
respect to Plaintiff. See Stanley v. Comm’r of Soc. Sec., No. 1:14-cv-870, 2015 WL 9473402, at
*3 (S.D. Ohio Dec. 2, 2015) (rejecting the argument that “a ‘moderate’ amount of standing and
walking is incompatible with the amount of standing and walking permitted by light work”), report
and recommendation adopted, 2015 WL 9460322 (S.D. Ohio Dec. 28, 2015). Indeed, the Eleventh
Circuit has ruled that an individual restricted to standing for two hours and walking for two hours
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in an eight-hour workday—that is, a limitation that is more restrictive than standing and/or walking
for six hours per day—may perform light work, noting that according to the regulation, “light work
may require either ‘a good deal of walking or standing, or . . . sitting most of the time with some
pushing or pulling of arm or leg controls.’” Freeman v. Comm’r, Soc. Sec. Admin., 593 F. App’x
911, 915 (11th Cir. 2014) (alteration in original) (quoting 20 C.F.R. § 404.1567(b)). The premise
of Plaintiff’s argument—that the ALJ failed to include a limitation on standing and walking in his
RFC—is thus faulty.
Second, to the extent that Plaintiff contends that Dr. Nolte’s opinion supported limiting
Plaintiff to sedentary work, that argument also fails. Plaintiff highlights that Dr. Nolte’s 2016
examination notes indicated that she had a very antalgic gait, could not walk on her heels and toes,
could not squat, and had limited range of motion. ECF No. 15-1 at 9; see ECF No. 11-7 at 70–75.
Dr. Nolte also opined that Plaintiff had a moderate limitation in walking and should avoid
prolonged standing and walking, among other things. ECF No. 11-7 at 70–75. Both are true, but
again, courts have found that moderate limitations on physical functioning are consistent with the
full range of light work, not sedentary work as Plaintiff appears to contend. See, e.g., Monserrate
B. v. Comm’r of Soc. Sec., No. 1:20-CV-700, 2021 WL 2587249, *4 (W.D.N.Y. June 24, 2021)
(“[A]n opinion of mild-to-moderate limitations in physical functions is consistent with the
demands of light work.”); April B. v. Saul, No. 8:18-CV-682, 2019 WL 4736243, at *5 (N.D.N.Y.
Sept. 27, 2019) (“Indeed, moderate limitations in standing and walking are consistent with light
work.”); Gurney v. Colvin, 2016 WL 805405, *3 (W.D.N.Y. March 2, 2016) (same) (collecting
cases). And, as discussed above, light work is also consistent with Dr. Nolte’s recommendation
that Plaintiff avoid prolonged standing and walking because light work may require either ‘a good
deal of walking or standing, or . . . sitting most of the time with some pushing or pulling of arm or
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leg controls.’” Freeman, 593 F. App’x at 915 (alteration in original) (first emphasis added)
(quoting 20 C.F.R. § 404.1567(b)). Thus, Plaintiff “has failed to point to any specific piece of
evidence not considered by the [ALJ] that might have changed the outcome.” Reid v. Comm’r of
Soc. Sec., 769 F.3d 861, 864 (4th Cir. 2014).
C. Evaluation of Subjective Complaints
Plaintiff last contends that the ALJ erred in his assessment of Plaintiff’s subjective
complaints. ECF No. 15-1 at 10–13. As the ALJ properly explained, “[i]n considering [a]
claimant’s symptoms,” 10 there is a “two-step process in which it must first be determined whether
there is an underlying medically determinable physical or mental impairment(s) . . . that could
reasonably be expected to produce [her] pain or other symptoms”; if there is such an impairment,
the second step is to “evaluate the intensity, persistence, and limiting effects of the [ ] symptoms
to determine the extent to which they [impose] . . . functional limitations.” ECF No. 11-2 at 21;
see 20 C.F.R. § 416.929. At the second step, the ALJ must “evaluate claimant’s statements as well
as ‘all [of] the available evidence,’ including ‘claimant’s medical history, medical signs and
laboratory findings; objective medical evidence of pain; the medical opinions of the claimant’s
treating physician[s]; and any other evidence that bears on the severity of the pain.’” Troy v.
Colvin, 266 F. Supp. 3d 288, 295 (D.D.C. 2017) (alterations in original) (quoting Butler, 353 F.3d
at 1004). “While an ALJ may not reject a claimant’s statements about pain ‘solely because they
are not substantiated by objective medical evidence,’ the ALJ may consider ‘whether there are any
inconsistencies in the evidence and the extent to which there are any conflicts between [the
claimant’s] statements and the rest of the evidence.’” McCormick v. Saul, No. 18-cv-1704, 2021
WL 2634732, at *9 (D.D.C. June 25, 2021) (alteration in original) (quoting Butler, 353 F.3d at10
The regulations define “symptoms” as claimants’ “own description of [their] physical or mental impairment.” 20
C.F.R. § 404.1502(i).
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1004–05). The assessment of a claimant’s subjective reports of pain and other symptoms “‘is
solely within the realm of the ALJ’ and is only to be disrupted when ‘an ALJ fails to articulate a
rational explanation for his or her finding.’” Davis v. Saul, No. 18-cv-204, 2020 WL 3542232, at
*4 (D.D.C. June 30, 2020) (quoting Grant v. Astrue, 857 F. Supp. 2d 146, 156 (D.D.C. 2012)).
Thus, where an ALJ has applied the correct legal standard and then “articulated the specific
reasons” supporting his finding, it will not be disturbed. Callaway v. Berryhill, 292 F. Supp. 3d
289, 298 (D.D.C. 2018).
Plaintiff objects only to the second step of the two-step analysis, arguing that the ALJ erred
in assessing her subjective complaints by “erroneously requir[ing] [ ] Plaintiff to prove the type
and degree of her subjective complaints by objective medical evidence.” ECF No. 15-1 at 11–14.
Not so. As a preliminary matter, Plaintiff does not actually identify any specific complaints or
symptoms that the ALJ failed to adequately assess. In any event, the Court finds that the ALJ
sufficiently considered each of Plaintiff’s subjective complaints and provided an adequate
explanation for why they were not consistent with the other record evidence.
Beginning with Plaintiff’s left foot impairments, the ALJ acknowledged that Plaintiff had
a history of left foot pain and surgeries. ECF No. 11-2 at 22. However, the ALJ determined that
the record evidence was inconsistent with Plaintiff’s claim that her left foot pain made it difficult
to stand and walk. Specifically, the ALJ explained that Plaintiff’s left foot pain had largely
resolved following her August 2016 and September 2017 foot surgeries and pointed to an October
2017 medical record where Plaintiff’s treating physician noted that Plaintiff’s presurgical pain was
mostly resolved and she only exhibited mild to moderate tenderness. Id. at 23; see ECF No. 11-8
at 52).
Turning to Plaintiff’s claim of significant right knee pain, the ALJ noted that although the
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record demonstrated a history of knee osteoarthritis and degeneration, Dr. Argintar’s January 2017
treatment notes indicated that, following physical therapy, Plaintiff’s right knee patellofemoral
syndrome had done “excellent” and Plaintiff had “absolutely no symptoms.” ECF No. 11-2 at 23;
see ECF No. 11-7 at 43. Then, in August 2017, despite Plaintiff’s claim of pain rated ten out of
ten, Dr. Argintar reported that the claimant walked without a limp, exhibited no tenderness to the
knees, and exhibited full range of motion in her knees. ECF No. 11-2 at 23; see ECF No. 11-7 at
49–50. More, looking at evidence two years later in August 2019, the ALJ noted that Plaintiff
complained of significant pain in her right knee, but a physical examination showed only a mildly
antalgic gait, no significant erythema or warmth in the knee, and only mild effusion. ECF No. at
11-2 at 23; see ECF No. 11-8 at 83. Plaintiff also claimed that she relied on a cane to walk because
of knee pain; however, the ALJ pointed to medical reports that contradicted that statement. For
example, the ALJ noted that at Plaintiff’s November 2016 consultative examination, Dr. Nolte
noted that Plaintiff did not use an assistive device at all, did not require help changing for the
examination or getting on and off the examination table, and rose from a chair without difficulty.
ECF No. 11-2 at 23; see ECF No. 11-7 at 72. More, the ALJ noted that in August 2019, Dr. Mark
W. Zawadsky stated that Plaintiff exhibited only a mildly antalgic gait and did not mention the use
of a cane. ECF No. 11-2 at 23; see ECF No. 11-8 at 83.
Last, considering Plaintiff’s trigger finger, the ALJ acknowledged Plaintiff’s diagnosis, but
concluded that the record evidence was not consistent with Plaintiff’s testimony that she had
difficulty grasping objects because Plaintiff had previously stated that a corticosteroid injection in
2017 was very helpful and, following a trigger finger release, the record showed little evidence of
the condition. ECF No. 11-2 at 23; see ECF No. 11-8 at 57–58, 94.
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Thus, contrary to Plaintiff’s argument, the ALJ did not make her determination by asking
whether there was objective corroborating evidence of Plaintiff’s subjective complaints. Rather,
she considered Plaintiff’s claims, but relied on all of the available evidence, including the
Plaintiff’s own statements, her medical history, and the objective medical evidence to conclude
that Plaintiff’s subjective complaints were inconsistent with the record evidence. That is sufficient.
See Troy, 266 F. Supp. 3d at 297 (rejecting the argument that the ALJ applied the incorrect standard
to assess plaintiff’s subjective complaints where the ALJ considered the plaintiff’s claims, the
objective medical evidence, statements made by the plaintiff’s treating physicians, and opinions
from state medical examiners to conclude that the plaintiff’s complaints were “not entirely
credible”); Callaway, 292 F. Supp. 3d at 297–98 (finding that the ALJ did not improperly reject
subjective complaints based on a lack of objective evidence where the ALJ considered the
plaintiff’s statements, the objective medical evidence, the opinion evidence, and the plaintiff’s
hearing testimony).
IV. CONCLUSION
For the reasons stated above, the Court will deny Plaintiff’s motion for judgment of reversal
and will grant Defendant’s motion for judgment of affirmance. An Order will be entered
contemporaneously with this Memorandum Opinion.
Digitally signed by G.
Michael Harvey
Date: 2021.09.03
Date: September 3, 2021 11:42:11 -04'00'
__________________________________
G. MICHAEL HARVEY
UNITED STATES MAGISTRATE JUDGE
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