J.B. v. District of Columbia Public Schools

UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA
J.B., a minor by and through her parent
ROBERT BELT,
Plaintiff,
Case No. 17-cv-1298 (CRC)
v.
DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA,
Defendant.
MEMORANDUM OPINION
Robert Belt thinks the District of Columbia Public School System (“DCPS”) has sold his
granddaughter J.B. short. In Belt’s view, DCPS has not done enough to ensure that J.B.—who
was diagnosed first with a learning disability and later an intellectual disability—makes
appropriate academic progress at her public elementary school. Belt and J.B. (collectively,
“plaintiffs”) sought remedies through the proper administrative channels, but an administrative
hearing officer denied their requests. Believing the hearing officer got it wrong, plaintiffs filed
this federal lawsuit in June 2017. They claim that DCPS violated J.B.’s right to a “free
appropriate public education” (“FAPE”) under the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act
(“IDEA”), 20 U.S.C. § 1400 et seq. Specifically, they allege that DCPS failed to develop an
adequate Individualized Education Program (“IEP”) for J.B. and failed to comply with the terms
of the IEPs it did produce. To right these alleged wrongs, plaintiffs want DCPS to subsidize
J.B.’s placement in a non-public school.
Plaintiffs moved for judgment on the pleadings and summary judgment; the District
responded with its own motion for summary judgment. The Court referred the motions to
Magistrate Judge G. Michael Harvey, who recommended that the Court deny Belt’s motions and
grant the District’s. Plaintiffs then filed objections to the recommendation, and the District
responded to those objections. After a fresh review of the magistrate judge’s work and plaintiffs’
objections, the Court adopts the magistrate judge’s recommendation and will grant summary
judgment in the District’s favor.
I. Background
A. Factual Background
Magistrate Judge Harvey’s Report and Recommendation provides a comprehensive
recitation of the facts, see Report and Recommendation (“R & R”) at 2-21, so the Court will give
only a brief summary.
When this case was filed in June 2017, J.B. was a 14-year-old eighth-grader at LaSalle
Backus Elementary School in the District of Columbia. Compl. ¶ 1. She had been given her first
IEP as a Specific Learning Disabled student in 2010. Administrative Record (“AR”) Exh. 2 at 1.
In 2013, J.B. was reevaluated and re-classified as intellectually deficient rather than learning-
disabled. Id. A modified IEP followed in October 2014, and once annually over the next three
years. Compl. ¶¶ 2, 4, 7, 15.
From the October 2014 IEP through January 2017, according to DCPS’s own
evaluations, J.B. made only limited—and in some categories, no—progress. See Compl. ¶ 19
(no change in performance in written expression and motor skills). J.B. stagnated in other areas
from 2015 to 2017. Id. (no change in social/emotional development). And while J.B. improved
in some competencies (like reading) from 2015 to 2017, the reading goals established for J.B. in
her IEP stayed the same. Id.1
1
The details of these IEPs, the meetings surrounding them, and documentation of J.B.’s
academic progress are discussed more fully in the R & R. See R & R at 3-14.
2
Unhappy with the pace of J.B.’s progress, plaintiffs filed an administrative due process
complaint with DCPS in January 2017. The complaint alleged that DCPS had denied J.B. a
FAPE by failing to (1) include a special education teacher in J.B.’s IEP planning meetings; (2)
develop an IEP in October 2016 and January 2017 that was reasonably calculated to provide
educational benefits; (3) identify an appropriate location of services; and (4) implement J.B.’s
IEPs effectively given that she had made minimal or no academic progress from October 2014 to
January 2017. AR Exh. 1 at 4-5. For relief, plaintiffs sought funding to subsidize J.B.’s
placement at a non-public school and enrollment in an extended-school-year program.
An administrative due process hearing took place in March 2017, at which plaintiffs
presented four witnesses and the District another two. AR Exs. 3-6; R & R at 3. Shortly
thereafter, the hearing officer determined that DCPS had fulfilled its obligation to provide J.B.
with a FAPE and denied plaintiffs’ requested relief. AR Exh. 1 at 14-15.
This lawsuit challenges that administrative determination. The plaintiffs moved for
judgment on the pleadings and for summary judgment. The District opposed both motions and
filed a cross-motion for summary judgment. The Court referred these motions to Magistrate
Judge Harvey, who issued his R & R on May 5, 2018, recommending summary judgment in the
District’s favor. Plaintiffs timely filed their objections to the R & R, the District has responded,
and the matter is now ripe for the Court’s resolution.
II. Legal Standards
A. Judgment on the Pleadings
A party is entitled to judgment on the pleadings under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure
12(c) when “no material issue of fact remains to be solved, and the movant is clearly entitled to
judgment as a matter of law.” Montanans for Multiple Use v. Barbouletos, 542 F. Supp. 2d 9, 13
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(D.D.C. 2008) (citations and alteration omitted). In considering a Rule 12(c) motion, “courts
employ the same standard that governs a Rule 12(b)(6) motion to dismiss,” McNamara v.
Picken, 866 F. Supp. 2d 10, 14 (D.D.C. 2012), meaning it must accept a complaint’s factual
allegations as true but need not accept its legal conclusions, Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly, 550
U.S. 544, 555 (2007).
B. Summary Judgment
Summary judgment is appropriate if the record demonstrates that there is no genuine
issue of material fact and that the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law. Fed R.
Civ. P. 56(c); Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 248 (1986). In a case under the
IDEA, where the Court reviews a hearing officer’s determination, the relevant record is that
developed in the administrative proceeding and any additional evidence introduced by the
parties. 20 U.S.C. § 1415(i)(2)(C). So where, as here, no additional evidence has been
introduced, a motion for summary judgment is in effect a motion for judgment based on the
administrative record. District of Columbia v. Ramirez, 377 F. Supp. 2d 63, 67 (D.D.C. 2005).
In reviewing the administrative record, courts must give “due weight” to the hearing
officer’s determination. Bd. of Educ. of Hendrick Hudson Cent. Sch. Dist., Westchester Cty. v.
Rowley, 458 U.S. 176, 206 (1982). Such deference is necessary because “courts lack the
‘specialized knowledge and experience’ necessary to resolve ‘persistent and difficult questions
of educational policy.’” Rowley, 458 U.S. at 208 (quoting San Antonio Ind. Sch. Dist. v.
Rodriguez, 411 U.S. 1, 42 (1973)). In practice, that means courts should consider a hearing
officer’s factual findings “prima facie correct” and “may not substitute their own views for those
of the hearing officer.” Ramirez, 377 F. Supp. 2d at 67 (citations omitted). Moreover, a party
challenging a hearing officer’s determination bears the “burden of persuading the court [by a
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preponderance of the evidence] that the hearing officer was wrong[.]” Reid ex rel. Reid v.
District of Columbia, 401 F.3d 516, 521 (D.C. Cir. 2005) (citation omitted).2
C. Review of Objections to the R & R
While the Court (and the magistrate judge) must accord “due weight” to the hearing
officer’s determination in the administrative proceeding, Rowley, 458 U.S. at 206, it reviews de
novo any portion of the R & R to which a party properly objects, Fed. R. Civ. 72(b)(3); Aikens v.
Shalala, 956 F. Supp. 14, 19 (D.D.C. 1997). After reviewing the record, objections, and any
responses thereto, the Court may “accept, reject, or modify” the R & R’s proposed disposition.
Fed. R. Civ. P. 72(b)(3).
These interlocking legal standards amount to this: the Court will review with fresh eyes
the portions of the R & R to which plaintiffs object, but in so doing, defer appropriately to the
hearing officer’s determination, just as the magistrate judge did.
III. Analysis
Plaintiffs raise nine objections to the magistrate judge’s R & R. 3 Objection to Report and
Recommendation (“Pls.’ Objections”) at 2. The Court takes them in the order plaintiffs present
them.
2
The D.C. Circuit has cautioned that, because the reviewing court can hear evidence not
considered in the administrative proceeding, less deference ought to be accorded to IDEA
determinations than is typical in other administrative contexts. See Reid, 401 F.3d at 521. But
that caveat is less salient here since the record before the Court is identical to that before the
hearing officer.
3
Technically, they raise ten, but one is simply a point heading without argument, see
Pls.’ Objections at 20, and the Court will not address it.
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A. The R & R Gives Inadequate Attention to J.B.’s Present Levels of Performance
Plaintiffs first object that the R & R paid too little attention to the IEPs’ present-levels-of-
performance sections, which are supposed to—but according to the plaintiffs, did not—
document J.B.’s current achievement in various academic categories. Pls.’ Objections at 17.
Plaintiffs’ argument fails for two reasons. First, it is incorrect on the facts: as the
magistrate judge documented, the IEPs do estimate J.B.’s current achievement and document her
progress. To take just one example—one highlighted in the R & R—the January 2017 IEP noted
that J.B. was “able to write and copy simple words and sentences with good letter to baseline
alignment” and remarked that she “has improved since the previous years.” AR Exh. 2 at 170;
see R & R at 37 (discussing January 2017 IEP). Second, even assuming the IEPs were deficient
in documenting J.B.’s present performance, plaintiffs must show that this procedural
shortcoming led to some substantive denial in the form of a lower-quality education. Lesesne ex
rel. B.F. v. District of Columbia, 447 F.3d 828, 834 (D.C. Cir. 2006) (collecting cases that stand
for this proposition). Plaintiffs come up short in this regard. While they contend generally that
an IEP cannot be tailored appropriately to the needs of the individual student without adequately
documenting the student’s current achievement levels, Pls.’ Objections at 18, they do not show
that any purported inattention to J.B.’s present performance led to J.B.’s halting academic
progress. The Court therefore overrules plaintiffs’ first objection.
B. The R & R Misapplies the Spoliation or “Missing-Evidence” Rule
Plaintiffs next complain that the R & R mistakenly rejected their “missing-evidence rule”
argument. Pls.’ Objections at 19-20. Plaintiffs assert that DCPS had control over additional
evidence regarding J.B.’s academic progress (or lack thereof) but chose not to introduce it into
the administrative record. Id. That obfuscation, plaintiffs contend, should compel the Court to
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draw an adverse inference against the District. But for the same reasons the R & R rejected this
argument—most importantly, that the District was under no obligation to provide the alleged
missing evidence during the administrative hearing—the Court overrules plaintiffs’ second
objection. See R & R at 39-40.
C. The R & R Overlooks Defendant’s Intentional and Deceptive Practices
Plaintiffs allege that the District answered their complaint with bad-faith evasions. Pls.’
Objections at 20. As with plaintiffs’ spoliation argument, the Court cannot improve on the R &
R’s analysis of this claim. See R & R at 25. In short, even assuming that the District’s answer
were improperly evasive—a proposition for which the Court finds little evidence—the plaintiffs
cannot show that any harm came of it. G.G. ex rel. Gersten v. District of Columbia, 924 F. Supp.
2d 273, 282 n.3 (D.D.C. 2013) (reasoning that because “the answer does not play a critical role
in narrowing the issues” in cases based on a preexisting administrative record, plaintiffs are not
prejudiced by inadequate answers). Plaintiffs’ third objection is overruled.
D. The R & R Gives Insufficient Weight to Defendant’s Failure to Provide Written
Notice in January 2017
Plaintiffs’ fourth objection highlights yet another perceived procedural error. This time
they take aim at the District’s written notice of proposed changes to J.B.’s January 2017 IEP.
Pls.’ Objections at 21-22. Plaintiffs argue that the written notice failed to accurately depict and
respond to Mr. Belt’s concerns about J.B.’s education. Id. Here again, even assuming that the
District mischaracterized Mr. Belt’s concerns in the notice, plaintiffs still must show that
somehow led to a substantive denial of a FAPE. R & R at 30. They cannot do so.
Mischaracterizing Mr. Belt’s own views in the notice of proposed changes in no way prevented
Mr. Belt from participating in J.B.’s IEP meetings and having his concerns taken into
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consideration. Id. The R & R properly rejected this argument, so the Court overrules plaintiffs’
objection to that portion of the R & R.
E. The R & R Incorrectly Assesses Mr. Belt’s Ability to Participate in the IEP Process
Plaintiffs’ fifth objection is a variation on the fourth. They argue that Mr. Belt was
denied the opportunity to adequately participate in the decision-making process regarding J.B.’s
education, and that this led to J.B. being denied a FAPE. Pls.’ Objections at 22-23. Plaintiffs’
best evidence is Mr. Belt’s absence from the October 2016 IEP meeting. Yet here, too, the R &
R correctly rejected plaintiffs’ argument. See R & R at 27-28. As the R & R notes, because Mr.
Belt was absent at the October 2016 meeting, the school continued to operate on the then-current
IEP and did not make any substantial changes until the January 2017 IEP meeting, at which Mr.
Belt was present and participative. AR Exh. 2 at 70, 87; id. Exh. 3 at 1 (Mr. Belt convincing
school to continue speech-language therapy despite a speech pathologist’s disagreement). Mr.
Belt’s isolated October 2016 absence therefore did not seriously impede his participation in the
IEP process. Johnson v. District of Columbia, 873 F. Supp. 2d 382, 386 (D.D.C. 2012) (holding
the same when parent did not attend one meeting but participated in next meeting). Plaintiffs’
fifth objection is overruled.
F. The R & R Incorrectly Concludes that DCPS Employee Shante Freeman did not
Withhold Data Regarding J.B.’s Performance
Plaintiffs maintain in their sixth objection that Ms. Freeman’s testimony at the
administrative hearing discussed performance data that was not included in J.B.’s IEP or
discussed at IEP meetings. Pls.’ Objections at 24. This, plaintiffs say, demonstrates that Mr.
Belt was not given all the information necessary to adequately participate in the IEP process. Id.The R & R, however, concluded that the factual record contradicted plaintiffs’ argument. R & R
at 31. The Court’s fresh review of the record confirms the R & R’s conclusion: Ms. Freeman
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testified that she gave Mr. Belt “copies of all of [J.B.’s] evaluations and reports,” AR Exh. 5 at
97, a contact log corroborates that testimony, AR Exh. 2 at 67, and plaintiffs offer only their
unsupported allegation to the contrary to rebut this statement. Accordingly, plaintiffs’ sixth
objection is overruled.
G. The R & R Gives Insufficient Weight to the Fact that the IEPs from 2014 to 2017 did
not Change Significantly
Plaintiffs next contend that the R & R should have been more troubled by the substantial
similarity between J.B.’s 2017 IEP and her 2014 IEP. Pls.’ Objections at 24-25. Precisely what
weight the R & R should have given this observation, plaintiffs do not say. But the Court
acknowledges the intuition behind plaintiffs’ argument: if DCPS truly were crafting effective
IEPs for J.B., and if it were indeed providing J.B. with a FAPE, one would expect the 2017 IEP
to look meaningfully different from the 2014 iteration. With time comes progress, one hopes,
and that progress should manifest itself in evolving IEPs.
Even so, the R & R thoughtfully accounted for the slight changes over J.B.’s four IEPs.
The R & R noted, for example, that while “J.B.’s goals and objectives have stayed fairly
consistent over the course of the relevant period,” her goals were modified once she had made
documented progress in certain areas. AR Exh. 2 at 80. In addition, the R & R emphasized that
there is no freestanding rule that IEPs evolve in any particular manner; rather, each individual
IEP should be judged by whether it is “reasonably calculated to enable a child to make progress
in light of the child’s particular circumstances.” R & R at 42 (citing Endrew F v. Douglas Cty.
Sch. Dist., 137 S. Ct. 988, 999-1001 (2018)). J.B.’s particular circumstances, the R & R found,
made for slower progress; that slower progress, in turn, meant the IEPs did not much change. Id.
at 42-43. That does not mean, however, as both the hearing officer and the R & R concluded,
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that each IEP functionally denied J.B. a FAPE. The Court thus overrules plaintiffs’ seventh
objection.
H. The R & R Gives Insufficient Weight to J.B.’s Limited Academic Progress and
Misapplies the Supreme Court’s Endrew F. decision
Plaintiffs’ eighth objection that the R & R should have ascribed more import to J.B.’s
limited progress is bound up with their ninth objection that the R & R misapplied the Supreme
Court’s decision in Endrew F., 137 S. Ct. at 999-1001. The Court therefore takes them together.
First things first: all agree that J.B. made only limited academic progress. Pls.’
Objections at 25; Defendants’ Response at 14 (discussing witness testimony at the administrative
hearing that J.B.’s progress was “very slight”). The disagreement is what to make of that
unfortunate reality. Plaintiffs appear to believe that fact alone establishes that J.B. was denied a
FAPE, especially in light of Endrew F. Pls.’ Objections at 26. The R & R concluded otherwise,
R & R at 40-43, and the Court agrees. In short, limited academic progress does not ipso facto
signal a violation of the IDEA any more so than does the existence of substantially similar IEPs
year over year. Magistrate Judge Harvey amply addressed plaintiffs’ Endrew F. argument; the
Court offers only this brief postscript.
It is important to clarify what the Supreme Court’s decision in Endrew F. did and did not
do. In Endrew, the Court rejected the Tenth Circuit’s rule that “a child’s IEP is adequate so long
as it is calculated to confer an ‘educational benefit [that is] merely . . . more than de minimis.’”
Endrew F., 137 S. Ct. at 997 (alteration in original) (citation omitted). Because that was an
improper interpretation of the Supreme Court’s decision in Rowley, the Court vacated the Tenth
Circuit’s decision and remanded the case for consideration of its facts under the correct legal
standard: “To meet its substantive obligation under the IDEA, a school must offer an IEP
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reasonably calculated to enable a child to make progress appropriate in light of the child’s
circumstances.” Endrew F., 137 S. Ct. at 999.
Now what Endrew F. did not do. It did not hold that any time a child makes limited, or
even zero, progress, that a school system has necessarily failed to provide a FAPE and violated
the IDEA. Endrew F. may have held that a school system cannot satisfy its statutory obligation
merely by pointing to something beyond de minimis progress; but it did not say that the presence
of only de minimis progress (or even less than that) equates to an IDEA violation. So while
Endrew F. clarified the appropriate legal standard for a challenge like this one, it certainly does
not stand for the proposition that any time a child makes negligible (or uneven) academic
progress, the school system has violated the IDEA. Indeed, on remand, the Tenth Circuit could
reach the same result—rejecting the student’s IDEA challenge—that it did the first time around,
so long as it does so under the correct legal rubric.
Here, though, both the hearing officer and the R & R applied the correct test. Both asked,
as Endrew F. mandates, whether J.B.’s IEPs were “reasonably calculated to enable a child to
make progress appropriate in light of the child’s circumstances.” 137 S. Ct. at 1001; see AR
Exh. 1 at 11; R & R at 43 (both discussing Endrew F.). J.B.’s unique circumstances, the hearing
officer and the R & R found, helped explain her modest progress and the slowly evolving IEPs.
See AR Exh. 1 at 14; R & R at 42-43. And plaintiffs have not carried their burden of showing
that the hearing officer got it “wrong.” Reid, 401 F.3d at 521. While plaintiffs point to
testimony at the administrative hearing that lamented J.B.’s pace-of-progress, AR Exh. 4 at 37-
39, 79, the hearing officer also had to consider testimony that J.B. “is wired in such a way that it
is going to take her a tremendous amount of time . . . to grow and change,” id. Exh. 6 at 21-22.
Moreover, and in spite of that, the administrative record shows that J.B. did make some
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progress—in reading, in speech and language, and in motor skills development. AR Exh. 2, 75-
84. In short, the record as a whole provides ample support for the hearing officer’s
determination that J.B.’s IEPs were “reasonably calculated to enable a child to make progress
appropriate in light of the child’s circumstances.” Endrew F., 137 S. Ct. at 1001. Because that is
all that Endrew F. requires, the R & R did not err in reaching the same conclusion. Plaintiffs’
final two objections are therefore overruled.
IV. Conclusion
For the foregoing reasons, the Court will adopt Magistrate Judge Harvey’s Report and
Recommendation in full and will grant the District’s motion for summary judgment. A separate
Order shall accompany this memorandum opinion.
CHRISTOPHER R. COOPER
United States District Judge
Date: September 6, 2018
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