Mosley v. Bank of America, N.A.

UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA
JACKSON PHILLIP MOSLEY,
Plaintiff
v. Civil Action No. 20-3065 (CKK)
BANK OF AMERICA, N.A.,
Defendant
MEMORANDUM OPINION & ORDER
(September 17, 2021)
Plaintiff Jackson Phillip Mosely, proceeding pro se, brings this action against Defendant
Bank of America, N.A., alleging violations of the Fair Credit Reporting Act (“FCRA”). Generally
speaking, Plaintiff alleges that Defendant has failed to correct its reporting of a credit account that
Plaintiff contends was fraudulently opened using his name. Presently before the Court is
Defendant’s [5] Motion to Dismiss pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6).
Upon review of the pleadings, 1 the relevant legal authority, and the record as a whole, for
the reasons set forth below, the Court GRANTS Defendant’s Motion to Dismiss, but shall allow
Plaintiff to amend his Complaint by no later than October 22, 2021, as he has requested. If
Plaintiff fails to file an amended complaint by that date, this case shall be dismissed based on the
Court’s present ruling on the Motion to Dismiss.
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The Court’s consideration has focused on the following materials:
x Def.’s Mot. to Dismiss (“Def.’s Mot.”), ECF No. 5;
x Def.’s Mem. in Support of Mot. to Dismiss (“Def.’s Mem.”), ECF No. 6;
x Pl.’s Opp’n to Def.’s Mot. to Dismiss (“Pl.’s Opp’n”), ECF No. 8; and
x Def.’s Reply in Support of Mot. to Dismiss (“Def.’s Reply”), ECF No. 9.
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I. BACKGROUND
For the purposes of the pending motion to dismiss, the Court accepts as true the well-
pleaded allegations in Plaintiff’s Complaint. The Court does “not accept as true, however, the
plaintiff’s legal conclusions or inferences that are unsupported by the facts alleged.” Ralls Corp.
v. Comm. on Foreign Inv. in U.S., 758 F.3d 296, 315 (D.C. Cir. 2014). Further, because Plaintiff
proceeds in this matter pro se, the Court must consider not only the facts alleged in Plaintiff’s
Complaint, but also the facts alleged in Plaintiff’s response to Defendant’s Motion to Dismiss. See
Brown v. Whole Foods Mkt. Grp., Inc., 789 F.3d 146, 152 (D.C. Cir. 2015) (“[A] district court errs
in failing to consider a pro se litigant’s complaint ‘in light of’ all filings, including filings
responsive to a motion to dismiss.”(quoting Richardson v. United States, 193 F.3d 545, 548 (D.C.
Cir. 1999)); Fillmore v. AT & T Mobility Servs. LLC, 140 F. Supp. 3d 1, 2 (D.D.C. 2015) (“[T]he
Court, as it must in a case brought by a pro se plaintiff, considers the facts as alleged in both the
Complaint and Plaintiff's Opposition to Defendant's Motion to Dismiss.”).
Plaintiff alleges that in February 2019 he discovered that a credit card account had been
opened with Defendant using Plaintiff’s name and personal information. Compl. at 2:15-17, ECF
No. 1-1. Although he previously held a corporate credit card with and made a loan application to
Defendant, Plaintiff claims that he did not open this credit account. Id. at 2:17-18. Plaintiff
reported the purported identity theft to the Federal Trade Commission and the District of Columbia
Metropolitan Police Department, and “fil[ed] identity theft disputes with the major credit bureaus.”
Id. at 2:18-20.
Plaintiff claims that “allegedly an investigation was performed by Defendant” and
Defendant determined that Plaintiff was responsible for the account, but “would not provide any
detailed findings to prove Defendant’s determination.” Id. at 2:20:22. Plaintiff claims that he
requested the results of Defendant’s investigation, which Defendant declined to provide. Id. at
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2:25-27. In addition, Plaintiff claims that he “contacted all the major credit bureaus and was
informed that no detailed information was provided by Defendant proving the results of
[Defendant’s] investigation.” Id. at 2:23-24. He alleges that he again disputed Defendant’s
account reporting with the bureaus, resulting in another determination that Plaintiff had opened
the disputed account. Id. 2:24-25. Plaintiff requested “proof from the findings of [Defendant’s]
investigation” and “was denied access; presumably because the proof did not exist.” Id. at 2:25-27.
Plaintiff alleges that Defendant’s “negligence” in “the initial verification of Plaintiff’s identify, in
maintaining detailed records, and in investigations into the matter” have led to “false information
being published on Plaintiff’s credit report” and led to him “being perceived as untrustworthy and
unreliable, both as a borrower of credit and as a potential employee.” Id. at 2:27-29. Plaintiff
claims that he was denied a “Public Trust Clearance” and a license as a “Mortgage Loan Officer”
due to this information on his credit report. Id. at 2:30-31.
Despite contending that he did not open this credit account with Defendant, Plaintiff
indicates that he paid off the balance of the account in August 2020. Id. at 2:34-35. Defendant
continues to report the account to major credit agencies with a status of “Paid charge-off account”
with a $0 balance. Id. at 2:35-36.
Plaintiff seeks an order directing Defendant to “[n]otify and delete errant information on
the reports maintained by all major credit bureaus[.]” Id. at 3:49-50. He explicitly notes that he
does not seek money damages. Id. at 3:47-48.
Plaintiff filed his Complaint against Defendant in District of Columbia Superior Court on
September 24, 2020. After being served with the Summons and Complaint on October 2, 2020,
Defendant timely removed the action to federal court on October 23, 2020. Notice of Removal
¶ 3, ECF No. 1. Defendant contends that Plaintiff’s Complaint asserts a claim under the Fair Credit
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Report Act (“FCRA”), 15 U.S.C. § 1681 et seq., and therefore the Court has jurisdiction pursuant
to 28 U.S.C. § 1331 and 28 U.S.C. § 1441. Defendant subsequently moved to dismiss Plaintiff’s
Complaint pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6). See Def.’s Mot. Thereafter,
because Plaintiff is proceeding pro se, the Court notified that him that his failure to respond to
Defendant’s motion might result in dismissal of the case. See Order at 1, ECF No. 7 (citing Fox v.
Strickland, 837 F/2d 507, 509 (D.C. Cir. 1988)). Plaintiff filed his response to Defendant’s motion
on November 30, 2020 and Defendant filed its reply on December 9, 2020. Accordingly, the
motion is now ripe for the Court’s consideration.
II. LEGAL STANDARD
“To survive a motion to dismiss, a complaint must contain sufficient factual matter,
accepted as true, to ‘state a claim to relief that is plausible on its face.’” Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S.
662, 678 (2009) (quoting Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 570 (2007)). “A claim has
facial plausibility when the plaintiff pleads factual content that allows the court to draw the
reasonable inference that the defendant is liable for the misconduct
alleged.” Id. (citing Twombly, 550 U.S. at 556). “[A] complaint [does not] suffice if it tenders
‘naked assertions’ devoid of ‘further factual enhancement.’” Id. (quoting Twombly, 550 U.S. at
557).
“A document filed pro se is to be liberally construed . . . and a pro se complaint, however
inartfully pleaded, must be held to less stringent standards than formal pleadings drafted by
lawyers.’” Brown v. Dist. of Columbia, 514 F.3d 1279, 1283 (D.C. Cir. 2008) (quoting Erickson
v. Pardus, 551 U.S. 89, 94 (2007)). “Nevertheless, ‘even a pro se complainant must plead factual
matter that permits the court to infer more than the mere possibility of misconduct.’” Ananiev v.
Wells Fargo Bank, N.A., 968 F. Supp. 2d 123, 130 (D.D.C. 2013) (quoting Atherton v. Dist. of
Columbia Office of Mayor, 567 F.3d 672, 681–82 (D.C. Cir. 2009)).
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III. DISCUSSION
Plaintiff’s Complaint does not explicitly raise a claim under the Fair Credit Reporting Act
(“FCRA”). However, the Court must “construe pro se filings liberally.” Betz v. Jefferson Cap.
Sys., LLC, 68 F. Supp. 3d 130, 35 (D.D.C. 2014). It is clear from Plaintiff’s complaint that he
claims that Defendant has inaccurately reported the credit account at issue to consumer reporting
agencies (“CRAs”). This claim falls under the FCRA, which prohibits “any person from
furnishing information to a CRA that the person knows is inaccurate” and imposes certain duties
on “furnishers of information” if a consumer disputes the accuracy of information. Himmelstein
v. Comcast of the Dist., LLC, 931 F. Supp. 2d 48, 52 (D.D.C. 2013). In his Opposition, Plaintiff
agrees that his Complaint alleges “multiple violations of the Fair Credit Reporting Act.” Pl.’s
Opp’n at 1. Accordingly, the Court shall proceed by assessing Plaintiff’s claims under the FCRA.
The FCRA was enacted “to ensure fair and accurate credit reporting, promote efficiency in
the banking system, and protect consumer privacy.” Safeco Ins. Co. of Am. v. Burr, 551 U.S. 47,
52 (2007). As pertinent to Plaintiff’s claims, section 1681s-2 of the FCRA imposes two sets of
obligations on so-called “furnishers of information”—those who, like Defendant, furnish credit
information to consumer reporting agencies (“CRA”). Subsection (a) requires “furnishers of
information” to provide accurate information to consumer reporting agencies and to correct and
update that information. 15 U.S.C. § 1681s-2(a)(1)–(2). Subsection (a) is “enforced exclusively”
by certain federal and state agencies. § 1681s-2(d). There is no private right of action under this
subsection, meaning an individual cannot sue to enforce that provision. Betz, 68 F. Supp. 3d at
134–35; Mazza v. Verizon Wash. DC, Inc., 852 F. Supp. 2d 28, 34 (D.D.C. 2012). Plaintiff,
therefore, cannot bring a claim for a violation of § 1681s-2(a). See Ihebereme v. Capital One,
N.A., 933 F. Supp. 2d 86, 111 (D.D.C. 2013). To the extent Plaintiff intends to assert a claim under
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section 1681s-2(a), the Court GRANTS Defendant’s Motion to Dismiss and DISMISSES that
claim with prejudice.
Section 1681s-2(b), which governs what furnishers of information must do upon notice of
a dispute by a consumer, is “the only section that can be enforced by a private citizen seeking to
recover damages caused by a furnisher of information.” SimmsParris v. Countrywide Fin. Corp.,
652 F.3d 355, 358 (3d Cir. 2011) (citing Chiang v. Verizon New England Inc., 595 F.3d 26, 35
(1st Cir. 2010); Gorman v. Wolpoff & Abramson, LLP, 584 F.3d 1147, 1154 (9th Cir. 2009);
Saunders v. Branch Banking & Trust Co. of Va., 526 F.3d 142, 149 (4th Cir. 2008)); see also
Mazza, 852 F.2d at 34 (collecting cases). “If a consumer notifies a CRA that he disputes the
accuracy of an item in his file, [the] FCRA requires the CRA to notify the furnisher of the
dispute.” Himmelstein, 931 F. Supp. 2d at 52. Once notified by a CRA, a furnisher must conduct
an investigation with respect to the disputed information, report the results of the investigation to
the CRA, and, if the investigation finds that the information is incomplete or inaccurate, it must
report those results to all other consumer reporting agencies. See § 1681s-2(b)(1). Although
“[n]othing in the language of the FCRA indicates the level of investigation required under
§ 1681s-2(b)(1),” courts consistently have held that furnishers have an obligation “to conduct a
reasonable investigation of their records to determine whether the disputed information can be
verified.” Akalwadi v. Risk Mgmt. Alternatives, Inc., 336 F. Supp. 2d 492, 510 (D. Md. 2004); see
also, e.g., Hinkle v. Midland Credit Mgmt., Inc., 827 F.3d 1295, 1302 (11th Cir. 2016) (holding
that “reasonableness” is an appropriate touchstone for evaluating investigations under
§ 1681s-2(b)); Bruce v. First USA Bank, N.A., 103 F. Supp. 2d 1135, 1143 (E.D. Mo. 2000)
(adopting reasonableness standard for investigations under § 1681s–2(b)); Betz, 68 F. Supp. 3d at
135 (same). “It is only when the furnisher fails to undertake a reasonable investigation following
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such notice that it may become liable to a private litigant under § 1681s-2(b).” SimmsParris, 652
F.3d at 359. At least one other circuit has indicated that “[a]s a general rule, whether an
investigation is “reasonable” under the FCRA is a question of fact for the jury.” Crabill v. Trans
Union LLC, 259 F.3d 662, 664 (7th Cir. 2001).
To make out a § 1681s-2(b) claim against a furnisher, a plaintiff must establish that: (1) he
notified a CRA of a dispute related to his credit information; (2) the CRA then notified the
furnisher of the information about the dispute; and (3) the furnisher failed to fulfill the obligations
enumerated in § 1681s-2(b)(1). See Mazza, 852 F. Supp. 2d at 35. Defendant does not appear to
dispute that Plaintiff’s Complaint satisfies the first two elements.
With respect to the third element, another court in this jurisdiction—confronting a
substantially similar Complaint by the same Plaintiff—recently concluded that Plaintiff’s factual
allegations survived a Rule 12(b)(6) motion to dismiss, even in the absence of a response to the
motion from Plaintiff. 2 See Mem. Op. & Order, ECF No. 5, Jackson Phillip Mosley v. Synchrony
Financial, Case No. 20-cv-3392 (APM) (D.D.C. May 10, 2021). That court cited some of the
same factual allegations Plaintiff raises here in support of its conclusion that Plaintiff had stated a
claim for relief under section § 1681s-2(b). See id. at 6 (Plaintiff was denied access to proof of
furnisher’s investigation “presumably because the proof did not exist”); id. (referencing furnisher’s
failure to perform a “detailed investigation[] into the matter”).
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The Court observes that Plaintiff has filed a number of other lawsuits containing similar—or, in
most cases, virtually identical—allegations as those alleged in the present case against various
other defendants. See, e.g., Compl., Mosley v. Synchrony Financial, 20-cv-3392-APM (D.D.C.
2020), ECF No. 1; Compl., Mosley v. Navy Federal Credit Union, 20-cv-3092-ABJ (D.D.C. 2020),
ECF No. 1-1; Compl., Mosely v. VW Credit, Inc, 20-cv-3039-CKK (D.D.C. 2020), ECF No. 1-1;
Compl., Mosley v. USAA Fed. Savings Bank, 20-cv-3209-DLF (D.D.C. 2020), ECF No. 1-1.
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Similarly, construing Plaintiff’s Complaint in this case liberally—as the Court is obligated
to do—Plaintiff alleges that he notified the CRAs of the disputed account, that the CRAs in turn
notified Defendant, and that Defendant failed to conduct a reasonable investigation into Plaintiff’s
claim. These allegations and the reasonable inferences drawn therefrom, are supported with
sufficient factual matter, taken as true, to state a claim for relief under § 1681-2(b) that is plausible
on its face.
Defendant’s principal argument in support of its Rule 12(b)(6) motion is that Plaintiff has
failed to show that its reporting is inaccurate: “if a furnisher’s reporting is accurate, then its
investigation cannot be unreasonable as a matter of law.” Def.’s Mem. at 4. But Defendant’s
argument requires the Court to determine as a factual matter that its reporting was accurate—a
question that is not properly before the Court at this procedural juncture. All of the cases cited by
Defendant in support of its argument that dismissal is appropriate when a furnisher accurately
reports an account involved more developed factual records than presently exists in this case. See
Chiang v. Verizon New Eng., Inc., 595 F.3d 26, 39-41 (1st Cir. 2010) (considering record before
the district court on summary judgment motion—including plaintiff’s failure to present evidence
to show factual inaccuracies in his credit report—to affirm district court’s grant of summary
judgment to furnisher); Anderson v. EMC Mortg. Corp., 631 F.3d 905, 909 (8th Cir. 2011)
(considering records produced by furnisher in affirming district’s court’s decision to grant
summary judgment and dismiss FCRA claim); Alcala v. Popular Auto, Inc., 828 F. Supp. 2d 437,
440-41 (D.P.R. 2011) (concluding on motion for summary judgment that plaintiff had failed to
produce sufficient evidence demonstrating that furnisher’s reporting was inaccurate); Edeh v.
Midland Credit Mgmt., Inc., 748 F. Supp. 2d 1030, 1039 (D. Minn. 2010) (concluding on motion
for summary judgment that plaintiff had failed to demonstrate that reporting was inaccurate); see
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also Mortimer v. Bank of Am., N.A., No. C-12-01959 JCS, 2013 WL 57856, at *9 (N.D. Cal. Jan.
3, 2013) (granting for judgment on the pleadings and dismissing Section 1681s-2(b) claim when
review of information revealed reporting was accurate). Plaintiff here alleges Defendant’s
reporting is inaccurate because he did not open the disputed account. Although Defendant disputes
that allegation, its resolution turns on disputes of fact that the Court cannot decide on the present
motion based on the Complaint alone.
Defendant also argues that Plaintiff’s claims should be dismissed as a matter of law because
Plaintiff seeks equitable relief, which is not available to private citizens under the FCRA. See
Def.’s Reply at 2; see also Brown v. Penn. Higher Educ. Agency, 2019 WL 2103127, at *2 (D.D.C.
May 14, 2019) (“Nothing in the text of the FCRA ‘allows private litigants to maintain a claim for
injunctive relief,’ Washington v. CSC Credit Servs. Inc., 199 F.3d 263, 268 (5th Cir. 2000), and
‘courts that have considered [the] issue have overwhelmingly concluded that the FCRA precludes
private litigants from seeking equitable relief,’ Owner-Operator Indep. Driver Ass’n, Inc. v. Usis
Commercial Servs., Inc., 410 F. Supp. 2d 1005, 1007 (D. Colo. 2005)[.]”). Although the Court
agrees with Defendant’s articulation of the available remedies under the FCRA, it does not find
that this requires the Complaint be dismissed as a whole. Rather, the Court shall GRANT
Defendant’s Motion to Dismiss without prejudice and shall allow Plaintiff to amend his
Complaint by no later than October 22, 2021 on the narrow issue of the remedy he seeks under
§ 1681s-2(b) of the FCRA, as he has requested in his Opposition. See Pl.’s Opp’n at 2.
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IV. CONCLUSION & ORDER
For the reasons set forth above, it is this 17th day of September, 2021 hereby
ORDERED that Defendant’s Motion to Dismiss is GRANTED to the extent Plaintiff
seeks to state a claim for relief under 15 U.S.C. § 1681s-2(a); it is further
ORDERED that Defendant’s Motion to Dismiss is GRANTED to the extent Plaintiff
seeks equitable relief under the FCRA; it is further
ORDERED that Plaintiff shall file an amended Complaint consistent with this
Memorandum Opinion and Order by no later than OCTOBER 22, 2021. Plaintiff’s failure to do
so will result in dismissal of the case.
The Clerk of Court shall PDLO a copy of this Memorandum Opinion & Order to Plaintiff’s
address of record.
SO ORDERED.
/s/
COLLEEN KOLLAR-KOTELLY
United States District Judge
Date: September 17, 2021
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